This document provides an overview of surveying and civil engineering materials. It discusses the objectives and types of surveying, including plane surveying and geodetic surveying. It also describes the various equipment used in chain surveying like chains, tapes, ranging rods, and cross-staff. Common civil engineering materials are also listed like bricks, stones, sand, cement and concrete. The document categorizes surveying based on the nature of field work, object of survey, and instruments used. It provides principles of surveying and discusses distance measurement methods.
Civil engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining structures and infrastructure. The document outlines the main branches and scope of civil engineering. It discusses surveying and leveling, building planning and construction, advanced construction techniques, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and town planning. Civil engineers work on projects before, during, and after construction through tasks like feasibility studies, design, project management, construction supervision, and maintenance.
Civil engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining structures and facilities. It addresses areas like transportation, water resources, environmental protection, and more. The main tasks of civil engineers are planning, estimating, supervising construction, and managing projects. Civil engineering works encompass buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other structures. It has many branches including surveying, construction, geotechnical engineering, transportation, environmental engineering, and town planning. Civil engineers ensure structures are built safely and effectively to serve societal needs.
Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline. Civil engineers plan, design, construct, and maintain infrastructure projects like bridges, roads, water treatment facilities, and buildings. They solve problems related to pollution, traffic, drinking water, energy, urban development, and community planning. Civil engineering involves several specialty areas including construction engineering, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, and surveying. Civil engineers create the foundation for modern life by developing infrastructure, facilities, and systems.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics & present day Information technology followed it.
A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
Civil Engineering is everywhere. Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines that include structural engineering, water engineering, waste material management and engineering, foundation engineering etc. among many.
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
Ā
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides an overview of equipment used for road construction, including: hydraulic excavators for digging and material handling; motor graders for creating smooth, flat surfaces; wheel loaders for loading and material handling; rollers and compactors for compacting soil and materials; and asphalt pavers for laying new asphalt surfaces. The document also defines what a road is and distinguishes between roads and streets. It emphasizes choosing the right equipment for each job in road construction to maximize productivity and efficiency.
Civil engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining structures and infrastructure. The document outlines the main branches and scope of civil engineering. It discusses surveying and leveling, building planning and construction, advanced construction techniques, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and town planning. Civil engineers work on projects before, during, and after construction through tasks like feasibility studies, design, project management, construction supervision, and maintenance.
Civil engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining structures and facilities. It addresses areas like transportation, water resources, environmental protection, and more. The main tasks of civil engineers are planning, estimating, supervising construction, and managing projects. Civil engineering works encompass buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other structures. It has many branches including surveying, construction, geotechnical engineering, transportation, environmental engineering, and town planning. Civil engineers ensure structures are built safely and effectively to serve societal needs.
Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline. Civil engineers plan, design, construct, and maintain infrastructure projects like bridges, roads, water treatment facilities, and buildings. They solve problems related to pollution, traffic, drinking water, energy, urban development, and community planning. Civil engineering involves several specialty areas including construction engineering, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, and surveying. Civil engineers create the foundation for modern life by developing infrastructure, facilities, and systems.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics & present day Information technology followed it.
A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
Civil Engineering is everywhere. Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines that include structural engineering, water engineering, waste material management and engineering, foundation engineering etc. among many.
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
Ā
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides an overview of equipment used for road construction, including: hydraulic excavators for digging and material handling; motor graders for creating smooth, flat surfaces; wheel loaders for loading and material handling; rollers and compactors for compacting soil and materials; and asphalt pavers for laying new asphalt surfaces. The document also defines what a road is and distinguishes between roads and streets. It emphasizes choosing the right equipment for each job in road construction to maximize productivity and efficiency.
1. To develop skill among students to construct strong and durable structures by applying knowledge of material science.
2. To make the students aware of quality assurance and control in their real life as a professional.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
The document provides guidelines for measurement in construction projects. It discusses general rules for measurement of dimensions and units. It then describes the methods of measurement for various construction items like earthwork, concrete, brickwork, stone masonry, formwork, steelwork, roofing, ceiling/lining, flooring, and finishing. Measurement is typically done by area (sqm), volume (cum), length (rmt), or numbers, with specifications on deductions and additions for openings, joints etc. Proper measurement is important from project planning and estimation to completion and payment.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large construction projects. It discusses earthmoving equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers that are used for excavation and hauling. It also describes hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers. Further, it covers hoisting equipment such as cranes and conveying equipment used to transport materials. The document provides details on the working, applications and comparisons of different equipment types used widely in construction activities.
A report on use of waste plastic in concreteVed Jangid
Ā
The document appears to be a project report submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It investigates using plastic waste as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. The report includes sections on materials testing, mix design, casting of test specimens, testing of compressive and flexural strength, and analysis of results. The overall aim is to study the suitability of using plastic waste in concrete and determine the impact on properties like strength.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
Ā
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
The document discusses frames and trusses, which are structures consisting of bars, rods, angles, and channels pinned or fastened together to support loads and transmit them to supports. Trusses contain only two-force members that experience either tension or compression, while frames can contain multi-force members and experience transverse forces as well. Common truss configurations include pinned, gusset plate, and bolted or welded joints. Trusses are analyzed using methods of joints or sections to determine member forces.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
Bulk density is defined as the mass of an aggregate per unit volume and is affected by how densely the particles are packed, their size, shape, grading, and moisture content. Angular aggregates have lower bulk densities than rounded ones. Bulk density determines the type of concrete an aggregate can be used in and is needed to convert weight-based mix designs to volume-based ones. Fine aggregates experience bulking when moisture forms films around particles, keeping them farther apart and increasing volume by 15-30% typically. The maximum bulking occurs at an intermediate moisture content.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document discusses the selection of construction equipment. It begins by outlining the importance of efficiently using labor, materials, and equipment for good project management. The selection of equipment type and size can impact productivity. The document then covers types of earthmoving, concreting, and hoisting equipment and factors to consider for selection like site conditions, output requirements, and economic considerations. Selection depends on balancing multiple technical and cost factors for optimal results.
This document summarizes the design of a one-way slab for a multi-story building. Key steps include:
1) Determining the effective span is 3.125m based on the room dimensions and support thickness.
2) Calculating the factored bending moment of 5.722 kNm/m based on the loads and effective span.
3) Checking that the provided depth of 150mm is greater than the required depth of 45.53mm.
4) Sizing the main reinforcement as 130mm^2 based on the factored moment and concrete properties.
5) Specifying 10mm diameter bars spaced at 300mm centers along the shorter span.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This document discusses the classification and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It describes three main classifications of aggregates: 1) based on unit weight as normal, heavyweight, or lightweight, 2) based on size as fine or coarse aggregate, and 3) based on shape as rounded, irregular, angular, or flaky. It then discusses various physical and engineering properties of aggregates including size, shape, strength, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, water absorption, and soundness. The purpose is to provide information on aggregates for use in concrete mixtures in civil engineering applications.
Highway failure & their maintenance pptBeing Deepak
Ā
This document summarizes highway failure and maintenance. It discusses the main causes of highway failure such as rutting from temperature variations and heavy loads. The four major types of failure are cracking, surface deformation, disintegration, and surface defects. Highway maintenance aims to preserve and repair highways using materials like concrete, asphalt, and tar. It includes activities like sealing cracks, resurfacing, removing snow, and bridge upkeep to provide safety and efficient travel. Proper maintenance helps strengthen roads and reduce maintenance costs over time.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
1. The document discusses surveying and civil engineering materials. It covers topics like surveying principles and measurements, civil engineering materials like bricks and cement, and components of buildings like foundations, beams, and roofs.
2. It also covers mechanical engineering topics like the working principles of different power plants, internal combustion engines, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
3. Surveying is defined as measuring distances and angles to determine locations on earth. It can be plane surveying which neglects curvature or geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature using spherical trigonometry. Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and compasses.
This document outlines the key concepts and principles of civil engineering and surveying. It discusses the different types of surveying including plane, geodetic, land, marine and astronomical surveying. Key principles of surveying are establishing control points and measuring new points using two independent measurements. Chain surveying is described as measuring distances using a surveying chain. The accessories used in chain surveying include the surveying chain, chain pins, measuring tape and ranging rods. The document also provides an overview of compass surveying which involves measuring angles between lines using a prismatic compass.
1. To develop skill among students to construct strong and durable structures by applying knowledge of material science.
2. To make the students aware of quality assurance and control in their real life as a professional.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
The document provides guidelines for measurement in construction projects. It discusses general rules for measurement of dimensions and units. It then describes the methods of measurement for various construction items like earthwork, concrete, brickwork, stone masonry, formwork, steelwork, roofing, ceiling/lining, flooring, and finishing. Measurement is typically done by area (sqm), volume (cum), length (rmt), or numbers, with specifications on deductions and additions for openings, joints etc. Proper measurement is important from project planning and estimation to completion and payment.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large construction projects. It discusses earthmoving equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers that are used for excavation and hauling. It also describes hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers. Further, it covers hoisting equipment such as cranes and conveying equipment used to transport materials. The document provides details on the working, applications and comparisons of different equipment types used widely in construction activities.
A report on use of waste plastic in concreteVed Jangid
Ā
The document appears to be a project report submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It investigates using plastic waste as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. The report includes sections on materials testing, mix design, casting of test specimens, testing of compressive and flexural strength, and analysis of results. The overall aim is to study the suitability of using plastic waste in concrete and determine the impact on properties like strength.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
Ā
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
The document discusses frames and trusses, which are structures consisting of bars, rods, angles, and channels pinned or fastened together to support loads and transmit them to supports. Trusses contain only two-force members that experience either tension or compression, while frames can contain multi-force members and experience transverse forces as well. Common truss configurations include pinned, gusset plate, and bolted or welded joints. Trusses are analyzed using methods of joints or sections to determine member forces.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
Bulk density is defined as the mass of an aggregate per unit volume and is affected by how densely the particles are packed, their size, shape, grading, and moisture content. Angular aggregates have lower bulk densities than rounded ones. Bulk density determines the type of concrete an aggregate can be used in and is needed to convert weight-based mix designs to volume-based ones. Fine aggregates experience bulking when moisture forms films around particles, keeping them farther apart and increasing volume by 15-30% typically. The maximum bulking occurs at an intermediate moisture content.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document discusses the selection of construction equipment. It begins by outlining the importance of efficiently using labor, materials, and equipment for good project management. The selection of equipment type and size can impact productivity. The document then covers types of earthmoving, concreting, and hoisting equipment and factors to consider for selection like site conditions, output requirements, and economic considerations. Selection depends on balancing multiple technical and cost factors for optimal results.
This document summarizes the design of a one-way slab for a multi-story building. Key steps include:
1) Determining the effective span is 3.125m based on the room dimensions and support thickness.
2) Calculating the factored bending moment of 5.722 kNm/m based on the loads and effective span.
3) Checking that the provided depth of 150mm is greater than the required depth of 45.53mm.
4) Sizing the main reinforcement as 130mm^2 based on the factored moment and concrete properties.
5) Specifying 10mm diameter bars spaced at 300mm centers along the shorter span.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This document discusses the classification and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It describes three main classifications of aggregates: 1) based on unit weight as normal, heavyweight, or lightweight, 2) based on size as fine or coarse aggregate, and 3) based on shape as rounded, irregular, angular, or flaky. It then discusses various physical and engineering properties of aggregates including size, shape, strength, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, water absorption, and soundness. The purpose is to provide information on aggregates for use in concrete mixtures in civil engineering applications.
Highway failure & their maintenance pptBeing Deepak
Ā
This document summarizes highway failure and maintenance. It discusses the main causes of highway failure such as rutting from temperature variations and heavy loads. The four major types of failure are cracking, surface deformation, disintegration, and surface defects. Highway maintenance aims to preserve and repair highways using materials like concrete, asphalt, and tar. It includes activities like sealing cracks, resurfacing, removing snow, and bridge upkeep to provide safety and efficient travel. Proper maintenance helps strengthen roads and reduce maintenance costs over time.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
1. The document discusses surveying and civil engineering materials. It covers topics like surveying principles and measurements, civil engineering materials like bricks and cement, and components of buildings like foundations, beams, and roofs.
2. It also covers mechanical engineering topics like the working principles of different power plants, internal combustion engines, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
3. Surveying is defined as measuring distances and angles to determine locations on earth. It can be plane surveying which neglects curvature or geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature using spherical trigonometry. Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and compasses.
This document outlines the key concepts and principles of civil engineering and surveying. It discusses the different types of surveying including plane, geodetic, land, marine and astronomical surveying. Key principles of surveying are establishing control points and measuring new points using two independent measurements. Chain surveying is described as measuring distances using a surveying chain. The accessories used in chain surveying include the surveying chain, chain pins, measuring tape and ranging rods. The document also provides an overview of compass surveying which involves measuring angles between lines using a prismatic compass.
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
Ā
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
Surveying is used to determine the positions of objects on Earth's surface by measuring distances and preparing maps. It has many uses including creating topographic, cadastral, engineering, and contour maps. Surveying is classified as plane or geodetic based on whether Earth's curvature is considered. Chain surveying involves measuring sides of triangles directly using a chain or tape without angular measurements. It is suitable for small, level areas where triangles can be easily formed. The procedure involves dividing the area into triangles and trapezoids then measuring distances between stations along baseline and offsets perpendicularly.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. It includes measuring data, reducing and interpreting the data, and establishing relative positions according to measurement requirements. Surveying functions include determining existing horizontal and vertical positions for mapping, and laying out or marking positions of proposed structures. Common surveying methods include plane surveying for areas up to 260 sq km where earth curvature is ignored, and geodetic surveying for larger areas where curvature is considered. Surveying instruments include chains, tapes, theodolites, levels, and total stations.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
DEFINITIONS, PRINCIPLES AND CHAIN SURVEYINGKamal B
Ā
The document provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, principles, types, and classifications. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Surveying is classified based on whether it considers Earth's curvature (geodetic vs plane surveying) and the instruments used, such as chain surveying, triangulation, traversing, and leveling. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating points by at least two measurements. The uses and objectives of surveying are also outlined.
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
ā¢ Introduction About Surveying
.
ā¢ Primary Division Of Surveying ā¢ Classification Of Surveying ā¢ Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying ā¢ Principle Of Surveying ā¢ Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used ā¢ Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular ā¢ Obstacle In Chain Survey ā¢ Types Of Errors ā¢ Corrections of Tape ā¢ Off āSets ā¢ Ranging ā¢ Conclusion . ā¢ Homework And Next Lecture . ā¢ References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
ā¢ This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
ā¢ In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
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Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
This document provides information about surveying fundamentals. It discusses the principles and objectives of surveying, which include locating points on Earth's surface using reference points and working from whole to part to minimize errors. It also classifies surveys based on Earth's curvature and the type of area surveyed. Common surveying instruments are described, such as tapes, chains, and ranging rods. Methods for measuring distances and setting out right angles are explained. Errors in chaining and their types are defined. The document also covers compass surveying, including the use of magnetic declination and deflection angles to designate bearings.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying aRai University
Ā
This document provides information on surveying techniques and concepts. It discusses chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. It defines key terms like true meridian, magnetic meridian, declination, latitude, and departure. Measurement techniques for horizontal and vertical angles are described for chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. Adjustments, computations, errors, and applications are summarized for different surveying methods.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying aRai University
Ā
This document provides information on surveying and leveling techniques. It discusses the definition of surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances, and angles. Leveling is defined as determining relative heights of points in a vertical plane while surveying measures the horizontal plane. Common uses of surveying include preparing maps, fixing boundaries, and determining areas and volumes. Methods include chain surveying, triangulation surveys, and traverse surveys. Key instruments discussed are chains, tapes, ranging rods, and arrows.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and fundamental principles. It discusses plain surveying versus geodetic surveying and covers topics like triangulation, traversing, leveling, types of scales, and preparation of plans and maps. The key information presented includes classifications of surveying based on instruments, methods, purpose and nature of the field. Objectives and uses of surveying are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and plans/maps. It discusses plain surveying vs geodetic surveying, fundamental surveying principles of working from whole to part and locating points with two measurements, and classifications including based on instruments, methods, purpose, and nature of the field. Key types like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying are summarized.
This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
ā¢ On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
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2. Surveying
ā¢It is defined as the process of measuring
horizontal distances, vertical distances and
included angles to determine the location of points
on, above or below the earth surfaces.
ā¢ The term surveying is the representation of
surface features in a horizontal plane.
ā¢ The process of determining the relative heights in
the vertical plane is referred as leveling.
3. Objectives of Surveying
ā¢ The data obtained by surveying are used to prepare the
plan or map showing the ground features.
ā¢ When the area surveyed is small and the scale to which
its result plotted is large, then it is known as Plan
ā¢ When the area surveyed is large and the scale to which
its result plotted is small, then it is called as a Map
ā¢Setting out of any engineering work like buildings, roads,
railway tracks, bridges and dams involves surveying.
4. Main divisions of surveying
Concept:
ā¢ Since the shape of the earth is spheroidal, the
line connecting any two points on the earth
surface is not a straight line, but a curve.
ā¢ When the surveys extend over a large areas or
when the accuracy required is great, the curvature
of earth has also to be taken into account.
Types of Surveying
ā¢Plane surveying
ā¢ Geodetic surveying
5. Plane Surveying
ā¢ The surveying where the effect of curvature of
earth is neglected and earthās surface is treated as
plane, is called plane surveying.
ā¢ The degree of accuracy in this type of surveying
is comparatively low.
ā¢ Generally when the surveying is conducted over
the area less than 260 Sq.Km., they are treated as
plane surveying.
ā¢ Plane surveying is conducted for the purpose of
engineering projects.
6. Geodetic Surveying
ā¢ The effect of curvature is taken into account.
ā¢ It is also known as āTrigonometrical Surveyingā.
ā¢ It is a special branch of surveying in which
measurements are taken with high precision
instruments.
ā¢ Calculations are also made with help of spherical
trigonometry.
ā¢ It is generally adopted by the Great
Trigonometrical Survey Department of Indiaā.
(GTS).
7. Classification of surveying
Depending on the use and the purpose of the
resulting maps, surveys are
1. Classification Based upon the Nature of the
Field Survey
ļ§ Land Surveying
ļ§ Marine or Navigation or Hydrographic
Surveying
ļ§ Astronomical Survey
2. Classification Based on the Object of Survey
Engineering Surveys
8. Classification of surveying
ļ§ Military Surveys
ļ§ Mine Surveys
ļ§ Geological Surveys
ļ§ Archaeological Surveys
3. Classification Based on Instruments Used
ļ§Chain surveying , Theodolite surveying ,Traverse
surveying ,Triangulation surveying ,Tachometric
surveying , Plane table surveying , hotographic
surveying ,Aerial surveying ,Compass surveying
9. Classification of surveying
Land Surveying: Land survey is a one, in which the relative
points or objects on the earthās surface is determined.
10. Classification of surveying
Marine or Navigational or Hydrographic Survey:
Marine surveying is one in which in which the relative
position of objects under water is determined.
12. Classification of Land surveying
Topographical Survey:
ā¢ It is used for determining the natural and artificial
features of the country such as rivers, lakes, hills and canals.
13. Principles of Surveying
Principle 1:
ā¢ A number of control points are fixed in the area
concerned by adopting very accurate and precise
methods.
ā¢ The lines joining these control points will be
control lines.
ā¢ Other measurements are made to locate points
inside these control lines.
ā¢ Thus, main triangles and traverses are formed
first.
14. Principles of Surveying
Principle 1:
ā¢ The main triangles and traverses are divided into
smaller ones by using less rigorous methods.
ā¢ By doing so, accumulation of errors is avoided
and any local error can be easily identified.
ā¢ If survey work is started from a part (smaller
triangle or traverse) and proceeded to whole there
are chances of errors getting multiplied at every
stage.
ā¢ Hence any survey work should be from whole
to part and not from part to whole.
15. Principles of Surveying
Principle 2:
ā¢ New points should be fixed by atleast two
independent measurements.
l1 l2
P Q
R
Figure
1
P Q
R
Īø1 Īø2
Figure
2
P Q
R
Īø1
Figure
3
l1
16. Principles of Surveying
Principle 2:
ā¢ As per the Principle 2, the location of a new
point involves one of the following.
(a) Measurement of two distances.
(b) Measurement of two angles
(c) Measurement one angle and one distance
17. Principles of Surveying
Fig 1: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by
using the known distances of PR (l1) and QR (l2)
Fig 2: It shows the method of locating R with reference to the length PQ by using
the known angles QPR (Īø1) and PQR (Īø2)
Fig 3: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by
using the known distance of PR (l1) and known angle QPR (Īø1)
l1 l2
P Q
R
Figure
1
P Q
R
Īø1 Īø2
Figure
2
P Q
R
Īø1
Figure
3
l1
18. Measurement of Distances
The two main methods of determining the distances
between two points on the surface of the earth are:
a) Direct Method
Distances are measured using tapes, chains, etc.
b) Computative Method
Distances are obtained by calculation using
triangulation, tacheometry, etc.
19. Chain Surveying - Principle
ā¢ In chain surveying only linear distances on the
field are measured.
ā¢ These distances are used to define the boundary
of field and mark simple details.
Principle :
ā¢ It is to form a network of triangles by using the
distances measured.
ā¢ Better accuracy will be obtained if the triangles
thus formed are nearly equilateral in shape.
20. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
The different accessories used in chain surveying
are
(a) Metric Chain
(b) Chain Pins (arrows)
(c) Measuring Tape
(d) Ranging rod/Offset rod
(e) Cross staff
21. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Metric chain
ā¢ A surveying chain is a device used to measure distance
between two points on the ground.
ā¢ Metric chains are available in lengths of 5 m, 10m, 20m and 30
m.
ā¢ 20m ā 30 m chain is normally used for the field of surveying.
ā¢ A surveying chain contains brass handles with brass eyebolt
and collar, galvanized mild steel links and wire rings.
ā¢ In the case of 20 m and 30 m chains, brass tallies are provided
at every 5 m length and indicating brass wire rings are attached
at every metre length except where tallies are provided.
22. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Metric surveying chain
ā¢ The distance between the outside faces of handles of a fully stretched
out chain is the length of the chain.
ā¢ The length of the chain, like 20m is engraved on the handles.
ā¢ While measuring the long distance, the chain will have to be used a
number of times.
ā¢ Arrows are driven at the end of every chain length.
ā¢ For holding the arrows in position, grooves are cut in the outside face
of the handles.
ā¢The radius of the groove is the same as that the arrows.
ā¢For convenient handling of the chain, the handle joint is made flexible
so that it is possible to swivel to handle round the eye bolt.
23. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Chain Pins
ā¢ Chain pins or arrows are used with
the chain for marking each chain
length on the ground.
ā¢ The arrow is driven into the ground
at the end of each chain length is
measured.
ā¢ Chain pins the arrow should be
made of good quality hardened and
tempered steel wire of minimum
tensile strength of 70 kg/mm2.
ā¢ The overall length is 400 mm and
thickness is 4mm.
ā¢ The wire should be black enamelled.
ā¢ The arrow has a circular eye at the
one end is pointed at the other end .
24. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Measuring Tape
ā¢There are different types of tapes are used. They
are
(a) Cloth or linen type
(b) Metallic Tape
(c) Steel Tape
(d) Invar Tape.
Metallic tape and steel tapes are most commonly
used.
25. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Ranging Rod
Ranging Rod:
ā¢ It is also known as ranging pole or picket.
ā¢ Ranging rod is used for ranging or aligning long lines on the
ground in field surveying.
ā¢ Ranging is a straight line means fixing a series of pegs or other
marks such that they all lie on a straight line.
ā¢ Ranging rods are used marking points on the ground so that
the positions of the points are distinctly visible from some distant
way.
ā¢ The length of ranging rod may be 2 m and 3 m and its diameter
is 30 mm.
ā¢Ranging rod made of steel tube has an internal diameter of 32
mm.
ā¢ The ranging rods are made of well seasoned, straight grained
timber of circular cross section.
26. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Ranging Rod
ā¢Ranging rods should be
straight and free from warps.
ā¢ The deviation in
straightness should not exceed
5mm in a 2 m length.
ā¢ The ranging rod is painted
in red and white in alternate
band lengths of 200 mm each.
ā¢ The bottom end of the rod is
fitted with a pointed, hollow,
cast iron shoe or steel shoe of
15 cm length.
27. Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Cross Staff
ā¢ It is used to set out right
angles in chain surveying
ā¢ It consists of four metal arms
vertical slits mounted on a pole.
ā¢ Two opposite slits are
positioned along the length of a
line (Main Line)
ā¢ A line perpendicular to the
main line is formed or sighted
through the other two slits
28. Advantages and disadvantages of
chain surveying
Advantages:
ā¢It is simple
ā¢ It does not require any costly equipment
ā¢ It is adopted for preparing plans for small area
Disadvantages:
ā¢ It cannot be used for large areas
ā¢ It cannot be used in thick bushy areas with ups
and downs.
ā¢ Chain surveying is not always accurate.
29. Measurement of Angles
The instruments commonly used for measurement of angles are
(1) Compass (2) Theodolite and (3) Box sextant Ranging
Method of Measurement of Angles
The horizontal angles may be measured in two ways:
1. Included angles
31. Compass Surveying
ā¢ Whenever a number of base lines
are to be run for obtaining the
details as in traversing, just linear
measurements made by chain
surveying will not be sufficient.
ā¢ The angles included between the
adjacent lines should also be
measured
ā¢ Compass is one of the
instruments used to measure the
angles.
33. Prismatic Compass
Description:
ā¢ A magnetic needle is balanced over a pivot in a circular box of 85
mm to 110 mm in diameter.
ā¢ A graduated aluminium ring is attached to the magnetic needle.
ā¢ An agate cap keeps the aluminium ring stable.
ā¢ The box is covered by a glass lid.
ā¢ Object vane and eye vane are provided at diametrically opposite
ends.
ā¢ Eye vane caries a reflecting prism which can be raised or lowered as
desired.
ā¢ A vertical horse hair or fine wire is provided at the middle of the
object vane.
ā¢ The graduations in the aluminium ring are made in the clockwise
direction starting with 0o at South and 180o at North with inverted
markings.
34. Prismatic Compass
Description:
ā¢ A triangular prism fitted below the eye slit enables
magnification of readings to suit observerās eye.
ā¢ Based on this prism arrangement, the compass is
named prismatic compass.
ā¢ Compass is fixed over a tripod with ball and socket
arrangement.
ā¢ A braked pin is provided below the object vane to
damp the oscillations of the magnetic needle while
taking readings.
35. Prismatic Compass
Working Principle:
ā¢ The magnetic field aligns itself with the magnetic meridian (N-S
direction)
ā¢ The line of sight is actually the line joining the object vane and eye
vane
ā¢ The angle between the N-S direction and the line of sight is
observed in the compass
ā¢ This angle is actually the angle between N-S direction and the line
on the ground
ā¢ This angle made by the line with the N-S direction is called the
bearing of the line.
ā¢ Compass is used to measure the bearing of the different lines from
which the angles included between the adjacent lines are computed.
36. How to take reading using compass
ā¢ The compass is centered over the station by dropping a small
piece of stone from the centre of the bottom of the compass.
ā¢The compass is levelled by adjusting the ball and socket till the
top of the box is horizontal.
ā¢ The graduated ring should move freely after having levelled
the instrument.
ā¢ Suppose the bearing of a line PQ is to be observed.
ā¢ The compass is centered over P.
ā¢ It is levelled.
ā¢ The prism and the object vane are kept in vertical position.
ā¢ The compass is turned slowly till the ranging rod already
erected at Q is bisected.
37. How to take reading using compass
ā¢ In this position, the ranging rod, the object and
the eye vane all lie in the same line.
ā¢ The focusing prism is raised or lowered till the
readings were clear and sharp.
ā¢ The reading in the ring cut by the object hair line
is taken after damping the oscillations of the ring
by pressing the brake pin.
38. Levelling
ā¢It is a surveying method used to determine the level of
points/objects with reference to the selected datum.
ā¢It is also used to set out engineering works.
Uses of Levelling:
ā¢ To determine the difference in levels of points/Objects
ā¢ To obtain contour map of an area
ā¢ To obtain cross section of roads, canals etc.,
ā¢ To determine the depth cutting and filling in engineering
works.
ā¢ To establish points or erect machinery or construct a building
component at a predetermined level.
39. Important Terms
Bench Mark: It is surveyorās mark cut on a stone/
rock or any reference point used to indicate a level
in a levelling survey.
Reduced Level:
ā¢Reduced level of a point is the level of the point
with respect to the level of permanent feature or
bench mark.
ā¢ It indicates whether the point is above or below
the reference point.
40. Instruments used in levelling
Instruments used in levelling are,
(i)Levelling instrument
(ii)Levelling staff
Levelling Instrument :
ā¢ Simplest form of levelling instrument is dumpy
level.
ā¢ The different parts of levelling instrument are,
(a) Telescope (b) Eye-piece (c) focussing knob (d) level
tube (e) cross bubble (f) foot screws (g) levelling head
(h) diaphragm (i) ray shade
41. Thank You
Prepared by
S.Maniraj M.E., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Paavai
Engineering College,
Namakkal.
maniraj4016@gmail.com