1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
Surveying is used at various stages of a construction project from conceptual planning to maintenance. It involves measuring positions and elevations to determine spatial relationships and enable engineering design and construction. Common surveying methods include chain, compass, theodolite, plane table, tachometric, aerial photographic, and remote sensing surveys. Levelling specifically refers to determining relative elevations and is important for engineering works like establishing rail and road alignments and profiles. Key levelling instruments are dumpy level, tilting level, automatic level, and digital level.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
This document provides an overview of surveying from the Royal University of Bhutan. It defines surveying and its objectives, which include preparing maps and showing natural and man-made features. It also discusses the different types of surveying classified by accuracy, instruments used, methods, purpose, nature of field, and essential definitions. The primary divisions are plane surveying which ignores earth's curvature, and geodetic surveying which considers curvature over large areas.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
This document provides an introduction to basic surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. The main types of surveys are geodetic, which accounts for Earth's shape over large areas, and plane, which treats Earth as a flat surface for smaller areas. Common surveying operations include control, boundary, topographic, hydrographic, and construction surveys. Accuracy is important and errors can occur, including mistakes, systematic errors from instruments, and random errors. Repeating measurements and establishing a control network can help eliminate or handle errors to ensure survey reliability.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
Surveying is used at various stages of a construction project from conceptual planning to maintenance. It involves measuring positions and elevations to determine spatial relationships and enable engineering design and construction. Common surveying methods include chain, compass, theodolite, plane table, tachometric, aerial photographic, and remote sensing surveys. Levelling specifically refers to determining relative elevations and is important for engineering works like establishing rail and road alignments and profiles. Key levelling instruments are dumpy level, tilting level, automatic level, and digital level.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
This document provides an overview of surveying from the Royal University of Bhutan. It defines surveying and its objectives, which include preparing maps and showing natural and man-made features. It also discusses the different types of surveying classified by accuracy, instruments used, methods, purpose, nature of field, and essential definitions. The primary divisions are plane surveying which ignores earth's curvature, and geodetic surveying which considers curvature over large areas.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
This document provides an introduction to basic surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. The main types of surveys are geodetic, which accounts for Earth's shape over large areas, and plane, which treats Earth as a flat surface for smaller areas. Common surveying operations include control, boundary, topographic, hydrographic, and construction surveys. Accuracy is important and errors can occur, including mistakes, systematic errors from instruments, and random errors. Repeating measurements and establishing a control network can help eliminate or handle errors to ensure survey reliability.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
This document provides information about compass surveying and different types of traverses. It discusses open and closed traverses, with open traverses having starting and end points that do not coincide and closed traverses having starting and end points that do coincide. It also describes four methods of traversing: chain traversing, loose needle method, fast needle method, and angular measurement method. Finally, it lists common instruments used for angle measurement in surveying, including various types of compasses, a theodolite, and sextant.
The document discusses various topics in metrology and measurement. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and discusses standards used for measurement. It then describes different types of linear and angular measurement tools, including rules, calipers, micrometers, height gauges, protractors, and sine bars. The document also covers measurement terminology, types of errors, calibration, and comparators used for inspection.
This document provides instructions for using a digital theodolite to take horizontal and vertical angle measurements of reference points by following several steps:
1) Setting up the tripod and centering the theodolite over a reference mark.
2) Leveling the theodolite using circular and plate levels to precisely align it.
3) Taking multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical angle measurements in both face-left and face-right positions to reference points, and calculating the mean values.
4) Packing up the theodolite by reversing the setup steps.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
This document provides details on a field work report for a traverse survey conducted in August 2015. It includes an introduction to traversing and different types of traverses. It outlines the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, ranging poles, tapes, and other accessories. The document describes the objectives and field data collection process. It provides steps for computations including balancing angles, determining line directions, calculating latitudes and departures, adjusting misclosures, and determining coordinates. A conclusion discusses the results of the traverse survey.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
The document discusses various types of linear measurement instruments. It describes precision instruments such as vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges and depth gauges. Vernier calipers use two scales to increase measurement accuracy to 0.1mm. Micrometers can measure to 0.01mm using a screw mechanism and 50-division thimble scale. Precision instruments like depth micrometers and bench micrometers are used to measure internal features and provide repeated measurements.
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as the act of measuring size, length, or other attributes. Measurement is used for design, process control, performance evaluation, and testing components. There are various types of measurements including linear, angular, screw thread, gear, surface finish, temperature, and pressure. Instrumentation uses instruments to sense, measure, control, and monitor physical and chemical properties. Measurement has static characteristics like error, accuracy, calibration, and dynamic characteristics like speed of response and frequency response. Errors are differences between measured and true values and can be due to manufacturing defects, environment, human error, or adjustment. Metrology is the science of measurement and includes industrial and medical applications with objectives like minimizing costs and
The document discusses various linear and angular measuring instruments used in metrology. It describes direct measuring instruments such as vernier calipers, micrometers and slip gauges for linear measurements. It also discusses angular measuring devices like the universal bevel protractor, sine bar and autocollimator. Limit gauges including plug, ring and snap gauges are also introduced for inspection purposes. The key types and uses of these various instruments are summarized.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
1. The document discusses azimuth angles and how to determine them using a total station. Azimuth is defined as the horizontal angular distance to an object, measured clockwise from north.
2. The procedure involves setting up a total station on a point and aligning it with north using a compass. Readings of the angle and distance to other points are then taken.
3. The results show the azimuth angles and distances between 4 points, with the azimuths ranging from 164 to 347 degrees. The conclusion restates that azimuth is measured clockwise from north and discusses how the total station was used to determine azimuths between points.
1. The document discusses coordinate systems which are used to reference locations on Earth through the use of latitude, longitude, and elevation data.
2. It provides background on different types of coordinate systems and their components before describing a procedure to collect elevation data at various points.
3. The results section plots the collected elevation data to sketch the topology of the area.
1. The document describes a procedure for determining the angles of a triangle using known side lengths and the Law of Cosines. Equipment such as measuring tapes, steel rods, and ropes are used to construct triangles by connecting points on the ground.
2. Side lengths are measured and the Cosine Rule, c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2abcosθ, is applied to calculate the angles θ1, θ2, θ3, and θ4 of the two triangles formed by the diagonal lines.
3. The conclusion is that by knowing the side lengths of a triangle, the desired angles can be obtained using this method, which can also be applied to find the angles of a par
This document provides information on various measurement tools including vernier calipers, dial calipers, digital calipers, vernier teeth gears, depth verniers, height gauges, and universal bevel protractors. It includes diagrams of the tools, descriptions of their parts, and examples of taking measurements with a vernier caliper down to 0.02mm.
This document discusses various components and uses of compasses in civil engineering. It describes the key parts of a prismatic compass and surveyor's compass. It also explains different types of angular measurements including magnetic bearings, true bearings, arbitrary bearings and grid bearings. The document discusses how bearings are measured in the whole circle system and quadrant system, and how to convert between the two. It also provides information on magnetic declination and variations in declination.
1. A compass is an instrument that contains a magnetized pointer to indicate magnetic north and measure bearings. The two main types are the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass.
2. A prismatic compass is used for navigation and surveying to determine direction and calculate bearings. A surveyor's compass was used for measuring horizontal angles but has been replaced by the theodolite.
3. There are four types of bearings - true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary - which are the horizontal angles measured from different reference lines or meridians.
The document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including true meridian, magnetic meridian, magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, designation of magnetic bearings such as whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing, methods of traversing including compass traversing, theodolite traversing, and plane table traversing, and checks on closed and open traverses. It also provides examples of converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
The document discusses compass surveying and traversing. It defines important terms like true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, grid meridian, whole circle bearing, quadrantal bearing, reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. It describes methods of traversing including chain, compass, theodolite, and plane table traversing. It also discusses checks on closed and open traverses and provides examples of converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
This document discusses compass surveying and compass traversing. It defines important terms used in compass surveying such as true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, grid meridian, whole circle bearing, quadrantal bearing, reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. It also describes methods of traversing including chain traversing, compass traversing, and plane table traversing. It discusses checks that can be performed on closed and open traverses including checks on interior angles, exterior angles, deflection angles, and linear measurements. It provides examples of converting between whole circle bearings and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
Upon completing the course, the students will be able to:
1. Define and state the scope of surveying and geomatics in civil engineering
2. Understand the basic principles of surveying and geomatics engineering
3. Apply the different methods of surveying and geomatics to measure the features of interest
4. Analyze the traditional and advanced methods of surveying
5. Evaluate the different techniques of surveying and geomatics in solving real world problems.
6. Design and construct solutions for real world problems related to surveying and geomatics.
Compass surveying uses a prismatic compass to measure magnetic bearings. There are three types of meridians: true, magnetic, and arbitrary. Magnetic bearings are measured clockwise from north and are designated as either whole circle bearings from 0-360° or quadrantal bearings from 0-90° in the northeast, southeast, northwest, or southwest quadrants. Common surveying methods include chain, compass, theodolite, and plane table traversing. Traverses are checked using the interior and exterior angle sums and deflection angle sums. Problems involve converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating forward and back bearings.
Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is recommended when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details. The magnetic bearing is measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic north. A series of connected lines are established through traversing. The lengths are measured with a chain or tape while directions are measured with the compass. This process is known as compass traversing.
Traverse surveying involves using instruments to measure distance and direction to create a network of points. There are two main types of traverses - open and closed. Open traverses extend in one direction while closed traverses form a closed loop. Common surveying instruments and methods used in traverse surveying include chain, compass, theodolite, and plane table. Key terms in traverse surveying include bearings, meridians, and reductions of bearings. Traverse calculations involve adjusting angles or directions to ensure closure of the network of points. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate conversions between whole circle bearings, reduced bearings, and fore and back bearings.
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
Any line has a length and direction that can be measured using instruments like a chain, tape, or theodolite. A compass is used to measure direction with reference to magnetic north. There are two main types of compasses: the prismatic compass and the surveyor's compass. A compass contains a magnetic needle that points to magnetic north and allows the user to determine bearings by aligning the needle with an orienting arrow on a rotating housing marked with degrees.
This document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including:
1) Definitions of true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian.
2) Methods for designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing (0-360 degrees) and quadrantal bearing (0-90 degrees in four quadrants).
3) Concepts such as magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, and methods to correct for errors in a compass traverse.
4) Different methods for conducting a compass traverse including chain, compass, theodolite and plane table traversing.
5) Checks that can be performed on closed and open traverses.
Compass surveying
Bearing
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Conversion of bearings
Computation of angles
Declination and dip
Local attraction
Isogonic Lines
Agonic Lines
Detecting local attraction
For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line.
If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local
attraction.
If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that
reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.
This document discusses angular measurement in surveying. It describes the instruments used - compass, theodolite, total station - and how they are used to measure horizontal angles between survey lines in traversing. Traversing involves measuring linear distances with a tape and horizontal angles with a compass or theodolite. The document focuses on compass surveying, where magnetic bearings are measured with a prismatic compass and distances with a chain. It does not require triangulation networks and interior details are located by offsets from main lines. Finally, it describes the components and use of the prismatic compass.
This document provides an overview of field astronomy concepts. It defines key celestial coordinate systems used to specify the position of heavenly bodies, including the horizon system (using altitude and azimuth), independent equatorial system (using right ascension and declination), and dependent equatorial system (using declination and hour angle). It also describes the celestial latitude and longitude system. Spherical trigonometry formulas are presented for computing angles and distances on the celestial sphere. The astronomical triangle relating altitude, declination, and latitude is illustrated. Key terms like latitude, longitude, declination, and right ascension are defined.
The document discusses various topics related to surveying and navigation including traversing methods, types of meridians, bearing designations, magnetic declination, corrections for traverse, checks on closed and linear measurements, and examples of converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings. It provides formulas and explanations for surveying concepts and calculations.
The document discusses various topics related to surveying including chain surveying, compass surveying, traversing, prismatic compasses, bearings, latitude and longitude, and compass adjustments. It provides information on when different surveying methods are recommended based on terrain and area size. It also defines key terms like meridians, bearings, declination, inclination, and different bearing systems. Examples are given for calculating bearings and adjusting for magnetic attraction. Adjustments discussed for prismatic compasses include centering, leveling, and focusing the prism.
This document discusses concepts related to surveying and leveling. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian. It describes different methods of designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It discusses the conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing and the relationship between fore and back bearings. The document also provides information about compass surveying and the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It discusses concepts such as magnetic declination and dip and methods of correcting errors in a traverse.
This document provides definitions and methods related to compass traversing in civil engineering. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, and grid meridian. It describes methods for designating magnetic bearings using whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It also discusses reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. The document outlines two methods for correcting errors in a traverse and checks that can be performed on a closed traverse, including verifying interior and exterior angles sum to expected values and deflection angles sum to 360 degrees.
planning for smart cities
sustainable green building,
safety, security, disaster management, economy, cyber security, Project management.
AS PER GTU 7TH SEM SYLLABUS MODULE 2
This document provides information about Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It discusses that ITS uses advanced technologies like electronics, communications and sensors to improve transportation outcomes. Some key ITS applications discussed include Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) and Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). VICS provides real-time traffic and road information to drivers. ATIS provides travelers with information about delays and helps with optimal route selection. The document also outlines various benefits of ITS like reduced congestion, accidents and pollution. It notes that while ITS provides several advantages, high implementation costs are a challenge.
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
for the subject offered in GTU, BCT, ace, cm
module 4 demolition of the structure
for the 3rd sem & also for the 6th sem subject and for the master of construction management
The document discusses various types of organizational structures for project management including functional, pure project, matrix, line, and line and staff organizations. It also covers management levels, traits of a project manager, and roles of a project manager and coordinator. The classical functional structure groups employees by specialty while the pure project structure gives full authority to the project manager. A matrix structure combines functional and project management.
for the subject offered in GTU in the final year (8th semester), construction management
final year
Module:- 5 project scheduling and resource leveling
The document discusses selecting equipment for earthmoving projects based on analyzing the mechanical capabilities of machines and the properties of materials to be handled. It emphasizes that the contractor must choose equipment that can economically relocate and process bulk materials. Key factors in the decision process include the task properties of the material, and matching the machine's abilities. The engineer must calculate required power by considering rolling resistance and grade resistance to determine if a machine is suitable.
The document discusses the importance of construction equipment in major construction projects. It notes that construction equipment accounts for 25-40% of total project costs and aims to provide economy, quality, safety and timely project completion. It classifies equipment into intermittent, continuous flow and mixed types based on work cycles. The document also discusses factors to consider when selecting equipment such as standard vs special types, availability of spare parts, operating costs and utilization. It outlines various costs associated with equipment ownership and operation like depreciation, maintenance, fuel and outlines policies for equipment replacement.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger soils below. There are different types of piles based on material (concrete, steel, timber) and installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Factors like soil properties, groundwater, and load determine the best pile type. Pile foundations can support axial loads through end-bearing or side friction along the pile shaft. Pile failures may occur due to overloading, poor workmanship, or lack of design considerations for lateral loads.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of data collected by instruments without physical contact. It uses electromagnetic radiation as a carrier to transmit data from objects to sensors. The process involves an energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, recording by sensors, transmission and processing of data, interpretation and analysis, and applications. Common applications include weather forecasting, mapping, geology, agriculture, hydrology and disaster management.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites that orbit 11,000 miles above Earth. These satellites continuously broadcast their precise time and location. GPS receivers on Earth measure the time delay of signals from multiple satellites to determine the user's location via triangulation. The system has three segments - space (satellites), control (ground stations), and user (receivers). GPS provides accurate positioning, navigation, and timing services to civilian and military users around the world.
More from Shree Swami atmanand saraswati inst. of technology, surat (20)
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
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A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
1. 1.Kheni Jenil V.
2.Chaudhari Bhavin R.
3.Navadiya Dharmik V.
4.Patel Kevin U.
5.Mangukiya Hardik B.
Guided By : Prof. Raval Khushbu
Prof. Falguni Soneri
3. Basic field operation performed by a surveyor
involve linear and angular measurements.
Points on the ground or on map are related to
each other through a horizontal distance and a
horizontal angle (or direction).
Horizontal angular measurement are made
between survey lines to determine the angle
between the lines.
4. A horizontal angle is the difference between two
measured directions.
Measurement of horizontal angle is required in
traverse surveying and other types of surveying.
A survey line can only be plotted if its length and
direction both are known. So, it is necessary to
measure linear measurement (length) and angular
measurement (direction or horizontal angle) of a
survey line.
5. There are two types of compass.
1. The Prismatic Compass
2. The Surveyor’s Compass
6.
7.
8. 1. Cylindrical Metal Box
2. Pivot
3. Lifting Pin and Lifting Lever
4. Magnetic Needle
5. Graduated Circle or Ring
6. Prism
7. Object Vane
8. Eye Vane
9. Glass Cover
10. Sun Glasses
11. Reflecting Mirror
12. Spring Brake Pin
9. When the needle of the compass is suspended freely, It
always points towards the north. Therefore, all the angles
measured with prismatic compass are with respect to north.
While using the compass, it is usually mounted on a light
tripod which is having vertical spindle in the ball and socket
arrangement to which the compass is screwed. Its working
involves following three steps
1.Centering
2.Levelling
3.Focusing
10.
11. 1. Circular Brass box
2. Pivot
3. Agate Cap
4. Magnetic Needle
5. Rider
6. Glass Cover
7. Sight Vane
8. Object Vane
9. Sliding Piece
10. Graduated Circle
11. Lifting Lever
12.
13. When the bearing of a line is measured
with respect to magnetic north in
clockwise direction it is called magnetic
bearing or whole circle bearing.
The value of W.C.B. varies from 0º to
360º.
14.
15. In this system, the bearing of a survey
line is measured with respect to north or
south, in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction towards east or west.
The value of Q.B. varies from 0º to 90º.
16. True Bearing :
The true bearing of a line is the
horizontal angle between the true
meridian and the survey line. The true
bearing is measured from the true north in
the clockwise direction.
Magnetic Bearing :
The magnetic bearing of a line is the
horizontal angle which the line makes with
the magnetic north.
17. Grid Bearing :
The grid bearing of a line is the
horizontal angle which the line makes with
the grid meridian.
Arbitrary Bearing :
The arbitrary bearing of a line is the
horizontal angle which the line makes with
the arbitrary meridian.
18. Magnetic Meridian :
The direction shown by a freely suspended needle which is
magnetized and balanced properly without influenced by
any other factors is known as magnetic meridian.
True Meridian :
True meridian is the which passes through the true north
and south. The direction of true meridian at any point can
be determined by either observing the bearing of the sun at
12 noon or by sun’s shadow.
19. Arbitrary Meridian :
In case of small works or in places where true meridian or
magnetic meridian cannot be determined, then, any direction of
a prominent object is taken as a reference direction called as
arbitrary meridian.