Suman Jyoti
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical Collage. Gothatar, Kathmandu
The Report Includes:-
Building (Drawing, Theory and Estimation)
Highway ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Sanitary ( ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Irrigation (Theory only)
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the design and estimation of an RCC (reinforced cement concrete) road. The report was submitted by seven students to their lecturer at Indus Institute of Technology and Management in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2015. It includes sections on surveying, road specifications, field surveys, analysis of rates, design, estimation, and costing of the RCC road project.
The document is an internship report on Bharat Pride Park, a residential and commercial development project in Kalaburagi, India. It provides details about the project, including an overview of the consulting firm and the intern's responsibilities. The internship involved taking measurements to calculate quantities of materials, interpreting drawings, and assisting engineers and supervisors. The intern gained experience in construction processes and project documentation during the one-month internship.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONVed Jangid
This document provides a summer internship report for a civil engineering student's internship at the Public Works Department in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India from May 10th to July 10th, 2018. The internship involved working on the construction of a 10-room and 2-store building at the Revenue Research and Training Institute campus in Ajmer. The report details the project overview, building components, construction materials used, construction processes and the intern's weekly progress and conclusions.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
Industrial Training Report of Construction Site in Civil EngineeringRAVI KUMAR
This document provides details about Ravi Kumar's industrial training project at Arete India Project Pvt Ltd. It includes an index, acknowledgements, introduction to the project, project details, construction process, machinery used, quantity estimations, quality control tests and more. The project involved the construction of a multi-story residential and commercial building project called Imperia Aashiyara with 26 towers and 1136 flats over 48 months. Key steps in the construction process and machinery used are described.
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
minor project report on design of residential buildingtushar garg
This document is a minor project report submitted by Tushar Garg to Rajendra Kumar Khyalia for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, declaration, and table of contents sections. The content covers the aim of designing a residential building, including selecting a plot, surveying the site, requirements for residential buildings, building bye laws and regulations, room arrangements, and sanitation provisions. Drawings and photos are also included.
Report is about the Internship of a Civil Engineer.
This Report is for the students of civil engineering. In this report u can find the format of the Report, Mechanism of the internship report. It is very useful to understand some civil engineering terms.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the design and estimation of an RCC (reinforced cement concrete) road. The report was submitted by seven students to their lecturer at Indus Institute of Technology and Management in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2015. It includes sections on surveying, road specifications, field surveys, analysis of rates, design, estimation, and costing of the RCC road project.
The document is an internship report on Bharat Pride Park, a residential and commercial development project in Kalaburagi, India. It provides details about the project, including an overview of the consulting firm and the intern's responsibilities. The internship involved taking measurements to calculate quantities of materials, interpreting drawings, and assisting engineers and supervisors. The intern gained experience in construction processes and project documentation during the one-month internship.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONVed Jangid
This document provides a summer internship report for a civil engineering student's internship at the Public Works Department in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India from May 10th to July 10th, 2018. The internship involved working on the construction of a 10-room and 2-store building at the Revenue Research and Training Institute campus in Ajmer. The report details the project overview, building components, construction materials used, construction processes and the intern's weekly progress and conclusions.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
Industrial Training Report of Construction Site in Civil EngineeringRAVI KUMAR
This document provides details about Ravi Kumar's industrial training project at Arete India Project Pvt Ltd. It includes an index, acknowledgements, introduction to the project, project details, construction process, machinery used, quantity estimations, quality control tests and more. The project involved the construction of a multi-story residential and commercial building project called Imperia Aashiyara with 26 towers and 1136 flats over 48 months. Key steps in the construction process and machinery used are described.
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
minor project report on design of residential buildingtushar garg
This document is a minor project report submitted by Tushar Garg to Rajendra Kumar Khyalia for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, declaration, and table of contents sections. The content covers the aim of designing a residential building, including selecting a plot, surveying the site, requirements for residential buildings, building bye laws and regulations, room arrangements, and sanitation provisions. Drawings and photos are also included.
Report is about the Internship of a Civil Engineer.
This Report is for the students of civil engineering. In this report u can find the format of the Report, Mechanism of the internship report. It is very useful to understand some civil engineering terms.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHINIQUE FOR ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY BY GENERATING GROUND WATER QUALITY MAP
THIS IS THE ACTUAL TITLE OF PROJECT IN ABSOLUTE SENSE
THIS IS THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT OF BE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
AN INTERNSHIP REPORT ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONAbhishek Singh
This document appears to be an internship report submitted by four students - Abhishek Singh, Naval Tej Singh Ahuja, Sahil Thakur, and Swapnil Singh - to their supervisor Mr. Kapil Bhardwaj at Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd. in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The report provides details about a residential construction project called Universal Aura, including project specifications, building materials used, and work ongoing at the site during the students' summer internship from June 13 to July 13, 2016.
The document is a seminar report submitted by Vikas Sukhwal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report discusses bitumen roads constructed by Mahesh Construction Company. It includes sections on types of pavements, materials used, construction procedures, execution of joints, curing, and cost analysis of rigid pavements. The report was submitted under the guidance of Mr. Rajpal Singh, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
The document describes a topographic survey conducted for the construction of a new railway bridge. It discusses using a topographic map to identify potential alignment options for the railway track. A field survey was then carried out using a total station to determine the central line alignment and elevation levels at different points. Soil exploration work, including lab testing, was also performed. Following this, the land acquisition process began by contacting local authorities to purchase the necessary land from owners. Foundation excavation work then commenced based on the ground conditions. Piers were constructed using a total station to ensure proper alignment. Bed blocks were then marked for placing precast girders. Sleepers were later laid to allow for track alignment along the central line.
Summer training report in civil engineeringalok0025
This document provides a report on a summer training completed by Alok Kumar Singh from May 5th to July 4th, 2015 at a construction site for the Panchsheel Apartments project. The report details the construction process, materials used, safety procedures, and Alok's contributions during his training. It includes sections on site layout, excavation, foundation work, concrete mixing and pouring, wall and slab construction, quality control measures, and photos from the construction site. The training provided Alok with valuable practical experience in civil engineering and construction project management.
Summer Internship Report of Civil Engineering in Construction SiteRAVI KUMAR
The document provides details about the internship completed by Ravi Kumar at Fidesto Projects Private Limited from June 17 to July 30, 2019. It includes an acknowledgement, information about the organization and the proposed residential project in Pune on which Ravi Kumar worked. Safety protocols at construction sites like use of safety equipment and formwork are also summarized. The key steps involved in building construction are outlined.
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
Industrial Training report Civil Engineering.JAPJEETSINGH13
Industrial training report for civil engineering major training final year. All rights to the images, blueprints and content is reserved.
Only available for educational purposes.
This document is a training report submitted by Kunal Singhal for their B.Tech degree in Civil Engineering. It discusses road construction work done during a one month internship with the Provincial Division department of PWD in Dausa, India. The report provides details on soil testing, road network development in India, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana rural road program, flexible pavement types, and results from patching village road repairs.
final year civil engineering training report Poojan Patel
The document provides details about a training project involving laying RCC drainage gravity line by microtunneling method. It describes the project scope, which involves providing and laying 1400/1800 mm diameter RCC jacking pipes over 5.1 km between Gorwa A.P.S. and Shrenikpark Junction in Vadodara, Gujarat. It also provides information about microtunneling technology and its advantages over traditional open-cut construction methods. The training involved various construction activities like RCC pipe casting, shaft construction, MTBM launching, jacking and receiving.
PLANNING AND ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING PROJECT REPORT.pdfBaharAnjum
This document presents a project report on the planning, analysis and design of a commercial building with G+5 stories. It was submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur. The project involved drafting the layout of the proposed building using AutoCAD, designing and analyzing the building using STAAD Pro V8i. The objectives were to plan, analyze and design a typical multi-storied commercial building with shopping and office spaces using structural analysis and design software.
This document is a project report submitted by Anandita Portia towards her Master of Science in Interior Designing. It discusses arches, which were the topic of her project. The report begins with an acknowledgment thanking those who helped and supported her project. It then provides definitions of key technical terms related to arches, such as abutment, intrados, extrados, springing line, crown, keystone, span, spandril, and haunch. Finally, it outlines and provides examples of different types of arches, such as flat arches, semicircular arches, horseshoe arches, segmented arches, Gothic arches, and more.
Staad.Pro Training Report or Summer Internship Ravi Kant Sahu
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
Industrial trainning project report for Civil EngineeringPrakash Kumar Jha
This document provides details of a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It summarizes the industrial training completed at a construction site for a multi-story residential building project in Lucknow, India. The report describes the construction steps and processes, including site clearance, excavation, foundation work, concrete work, formwork used, and quality control measures. It also provides an overview of the materials and equipment used at the construction site.
This report summarizes the Ujjain Simhastha Bypass road project in India. The 14.29 km two-lane road with paved shoulders is being constructed to improve connectivity and reduce traffic congestion in Ujjain during the 2016 Simhastha Mela festival. Kalyan Toll Infrastructure Limited was awarded the design-build-finance-operate contract and is constructing the road over a 15-year concession period. The road will not have tolls collected during Simhastha to ease traffic. The report provides details on the road design standards, construction methodology and processes for the different pavement layers.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHINIQUE FOR ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY BY GENERATING GROUND WATER QUALITY MAP
THIS IS THE ACTUAL TITLE OF PROJECT IN ABSOLUTE SENSE
THIS IS THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT OF BE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
AN INTERNSHIP REPORT ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONAbhishek Singh
This document appears to be an internship report submitted by four students - Abhishek Singh, Naval Tej Singh Ahuja, Sahil Thakur, and Swapnil Singh - to their supervisor Mr. Kapil Bhardwaj at Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd. in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The report provides details about a residential construction project called Universal Aura, including project specifications, building materials used, and work ongoing at the site during the students' summer internship from June 13 to July 13, 2016.
The document is a seminar report submitted by Vikas Sukhwal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report discusses bitumen roads constructed by Mahesh Construction Company. It includes sections on types of pavements, materials used, construction procedures, execution of joints, curing, and cost analysis of rigid pavements. The report was submitted under the guidance of Mr. Rajpal Singh, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
The document describes a topographic survey conducted for the construction of a new railway bridge. It discusses using a topographic map to identify potential alignment options for the railway track. A field survey was then carried out using a total station to determine the central line alignment and elevation levels at different points. Soil exploration work, including lab testing, was also performed. Following this, the land acquisition process began by contacting local authorities to purchase the necessary land from owners. Foundation excavation work then commenced based on the ground conditions. Piers were constructed using a total station to ensure proper alignment. Bed blocks were then marked for placing precast girders. Sleepers were later laid to allow for track alignment along the central line.
Summer training report in civil engineeringalok0025
This document provides a report on a summer training completed by Alok Kumar Singh from May 5th to July 4th, 2015 at a construction site for the Panchsheel Apartments project. The report details the construction process, materials used, safety procedures, and Alok's contributions during his training. It includes sections on site layout, excavation, foundation work, concrete mixing and pouring, wall and slab construction, quality control measures, and photos from the construction site. The training provided Alok with valuable practical experience in civil engineering and construction project management.
Summer Internship Report of Civil Engineering in Construction SiteRAVI KUMAR
The document provides details about the internship completed by Ravi Kumar at Fidesto Projects Private Limited from June 17 to July 30, 2019. It includes an acknowledgement, information about the organization and the proposed residential project in Pune on which Ravi Kumar worked. Safety protocols at construction sites like use of safety equipment and formwork are also summarized. The key steps involved in building construction are outlined.
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
Industrial Training report Civil Engineering.JAPJEETSINGH13
Industrial training report for civil engineering major training final year. All rights to the images, blueprints and content is reserved.
Only available for educational purposes.
This document is a training report submitted by Kunal Singhal for their B.Tech degree in Civil Engineering. It discusses road construction work done during a one month internship with the Provincial Division department of PWD in Dausa, India. The report provides details on soil testing, road network development in India, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana rural road program, flexible pavement types, and results from patching village road repairs.
final year civil engineering training report Poojan Patel
The document provides details about a training project involving laying RCC drainage gravity line by microtunneling method. It describes the project scope, which involves providing and laying 1400/1800 mm diameter RCC jacking pipes over 5.1 km between Gorwa A.P.S. and Shrenikpark Junction in Vadodara, Gujarat. It also provides information about microtunneling technology and its advantages over traditional open-cut construction methods. The training involved various construction activities like RCC pipe casting, shaft construction, MTBM launching, jacking and receiving.
PLANNING AND ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING PROJECT REPORT.pdfBaharAnjum
This document presents a project report on the planning, analysis and design of a commercial building with G+5 stories. It was submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur. The project involved drafting the layout of the proposed building using AutoCAD, designing and analyzing the building using STAAD Pro V8i. The objectives were to plan, analyze and design a typical multi-storied commercial building with shopping and office spaces using structural analysis and design software.
This document is a project report submitted by Anandita Portia towards her Master of Science in Interior Designing. It discusses arches, which were the topic of her project. The report begins with an acknowledgment thanking those who helped and supported her project. It then provides definitions of key technical terms related to arches, such as abutment, intrados, extrados, springing line, crown, keystone, span, spandril, and haunch. Finally, it outlines and provides examples of different types of arches, such as flat arches, semicircular arches, horseshoe arches, segmented arches, Gothic arches, and more.
Staad.Pro Training Report or Summer Internship Ravi Kant Sahu
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
Industrial trainning project report for Civil EngineeringPrakash Kumar Jha
This document provides details of a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It summarizes the industrial training completed at a construction site for a multi-story residential building project in Lucknow, India. The report describes the construction steps and processes, including site clearance, excavation, foundation work, concrete work, formwork used, and quality control measures. It also provides an overview of the materials and equipment used at the construction site.
This report summarizes the Ujjain Simhastha Bypass road project in India. The 14.29 km two-lane road with paved shoulders is being constructed to improve connectivity and reduce traffic congestion in Ujjain during the 2016 Simhastha Mela festival. Kalyan Toll Infrastructure Limited was awarded the design-build-finance-operate contract and is constructing the road over a 15-year concession period. The road will not have tolls collected during Simhastha to ease traffic. The report provides details on the road design standards, construction methodology and processes for the different pavement layers.
IRJET - Delay Analysis of a Construction Project- A Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document analyzes delays in a 14-villa construction project in Bengaluru, India called Nature Walk. It found that the project was delayed 66 days beyond the original schedule. Critical activities that faced delays included foundation work, floor slab casting, block work, plastering, and painting. The delays were caused by factors like rain, labor shortages, materials shortages, and payment issues. As a result, the project cost Rs. 620200 more than planned. The analysis aims to identify causes of construction delays so owners can minimize risks of cost overruns and schedule delays on future projects.
IRJET- Optimization of Time and Cost of Building Construction using Fast ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the time and cost of building construction projects using fast tracking scheduling methods. It analyzes a case study of constructing linemen quarters using Microsoft Project software. The study found that using fast tracking and project management tools like MSP reduced the planned project duration from 381 to 328 days, a 53 day reduction. The total estimated cost remained nearly the same between traditional and MSP scheduling methods. Thus fast tracking can help complete construction projects faster while maintaining budget.
This document contains the resume of Tanawat Siriangkanon. It summarizes his personal details, education history, work experience, skills, training, and professional membership. He has over 15 years of experience in project planning, scheduling, and risk management roles in the engineering and construction industries, specializing in offshore oil and gas projects. His most recent role was as a Risk Engineer for Vinarco Services, where he managed risk processes on their Ubon oil and gas development project for Chevron Thailand.
This document provides details of a four month industrial training completed by Abdulrazak Yusuf at Legrande Engineering Services Limited from August to November 2015. It includes an acknowledgement, index, introduction about the training, student profile, project information including the site location and layout. The document then describes the various methodologies used in the construction work, including site clearance, excavation, blinding, foundation construction and other steps. It provides information about the company, equipment used, safety measures, quality control, drawings and the overall benefits gained from the training experience.
Report on Planning & scheduling of a Minor bridgeKundan Sanap
This document is a project report on planning and scheduling of minor bridge construction using MS Project 2016. It was written by Mr. Kundan Sahadev Sanap for their M.Tech in Construction Management at Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute under the guidance of Prof. Megha Sharma. The report discusses the methodology used, including developing a work breakdown structure, identifying activities and dependencies, assigning resources and durations, and creating a Gantt chart and network diagram to schedule the project in MS Project 2016. The conclusion evaluates the time required and resources needed to complete the actual bridge construction project.
This document contains lecture notes on construction management from Prof. Dr. Ata Atun of the Department of Civil Engineering at Near East University. The notes cover topics such as the parties involved in construction projects, the stages of a construction project from briefing to commissioning, project management teams and site installation. The notes are based on the professor's experience and reference textbooks on construction project management and planning.
IRJET- Analysis of Flood Resistant Rehab ShelterIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of a flood resistant rehabilitation shelter design. It begins with an abstract that outlines an initiative to quickly rehouse people who have lost homes during floods. It then provides background on floods in India, the need for sustainable and flood-resistant development. The document describes the methodology, including specifications for a residential building design that can be constructed rapidly. It details the site investigation and plan for the building. Finally, it explains the structural analysis of the building design using STAAD Pro software.
To develop a statement of work for the designing and fabrication of a solar w...Peachy Essay
This document is a statement of work for a project to design and fabricate a solar water heater. It outlines the purpose, scope, deliverables, goals, cost estimate, schedule, stakeholders, assumptions, and communication plan for the project. The project will design a simple and portable solar water heater using cheap materials that can heat water to 70°C in 20 minutes. It estimates a total cost of Rs. 1850 and schedule with tasks from preliminary design to project report completion between January 1-31, 2018. A precedence diagram and Gantt chart further detail the project tasks and timeline.
IRJET - Investigation of “Delays Occuring in Construction of Commercial B...IRJET Journal
This document investigates delays occurring in the construction of commercial buildings and road projects. It identifies common causes of construction delays through a questionnaire survey of contractors. Major causes included miscommunication between parties, lack of resources, unrealistic scheduling, weather issues, and changes to design documents. The study found that contractors were responsible for 44% of delays on average, while owners, consultants, and government agencies also contributed. Proper planning, scheduling, coordination between parties, and timely payments can help minimize delays.
most final report of industrial training for collegeindrajeet kumar
The topography survey provides essential information for planning and designing the highway project which includes:
- Establishing temporary and permanent benchmarks along the alignment to record elevations
- Mapping the existing road, structures, utilities, buildings, trees etc. within the right of way through coordinate and elevation recording
- Developing a base map showing all relevant existing features to aid the design process
- Transferring survey data to AutoCAD software for detailed drawing preparation
The survey facilitates design of proposed road geometry, structures, pavement layers and right of way requirements.
This document contains the resume of Mirza Abdul Wali Baig. It includes his contact information, education background, skills, and work experience. For work experience, it lists his positions at various construction and engineering firms in India, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE from 2007 to the present. It describes his responsibilities in each role, such as taking off quantities, cost estimating, coordination, and handling engineering projects. The objective stated is to work as an assistant professor.
This document provides details for a proposed recreational district project in Taylor's University, Malaysia. It includes sections on project management, architecture, civil and structural engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, landscape architecture, quantity surveying, and appendices.
Key aspects of the project include utilizing a light weight and fast construction method with container structures, preserving existing trees, incorporating sustainable design features like natural ventilation and rainwater harvesting, and completing construction within 1 year for under RM1.5 million.
The document outlines the project background, client and site information, precedent studies, organization structure, success criteria, work breakdown structure, schedules, and risk management plan to define and properly document the project. Consultants will provide designs and plans for
This resume is for Goutam Kumar Mondal, a civil engineer. He has worked as a trainee engineer, upazila coordinator for an NGO project, and currently works as a site engineer for a multinational company. His responsibilities have included site management, quality control, cost estimation, and supervising construction activities. He has a BSc in Civil Engineering and skills in engineering software, along with English and Bengali language proficiency. His career interests are in environmental and structural engineering.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Engr. Jerson R. Oducayen, a civil engineer from the Philippines. It summarizes his educational background which includes a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Mindanao and a master's degree from the University of Southeastern Philippines. It also outlines his professional experience over the past several years working on infrastructure projects for the Department of Public Works and Highways and as a project engineer for a construction company. His technical skills include design software like AutoCAD, Primavera, and structural analysis programs.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by civil engineering students. It discusses the objectives of the camp which were to enhance students' practical knowledge of surveying techniques. The camp involved topographic surveying, bridge site surveying, and road alignment surveying. Students gained experience with fieldwork including taking measurements, transferring elevations, and producing maps, plans and profiles from the surveyed data.
Research study on Optimization of Cost and Duration with Line of Balance by U...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on optimizing the cost and duration of construction projects using Line of Balance (LOB) planning and scheduling with Microsoft Project (MSP) and Primavera. It analyzes a case study of a housing project constructed using traditional formwork and MIVAN formwork technology. The results found that MIVAN technology could significantly reduce project duration in both MSP and Primavera scheduling. Specifically, using MIVAN reduced the project duration from 992 days conventionally to 476 days in MSP and 394 days in Primavera. While the initial investment in MIVAN was higher, it proved more cost-effective overall and delivered projects faster by enabling a 4-day cycle per
IRJET- Analysis, Design and Estimation of Multi- Storied Residential Buil...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes the analysis, design, and estimation of a multi-storied residential building (G+4) using ETABS software. Key steps included:
1. Modeling the building in ETABS and performing 2D and 3D analysis to obtain load effects like bending moments, shear forces, etc.
2. Designing structural elements like beams, columns, and footings based on the analysis results and code provisions.
3. Preparing detailed drawings and estimates of construction costs for the various building components.
The objective was to ensure the structural safety and economy of the building design.
This document discusses a proposed layout design for a project site according to guidelines from the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) in India. It aims to provide various amenities like roads, water supply, sewerage, and proposes a decentralized wastewater treatment system. The document analyzes factors for selecting land, outlines the objectives and methodology, presents the proposed layout plan and cost estimate, and concludes the design will help create a better society and healthy environment.
Similar to Major project report of diploma civil engineering at mamts gothatar to jorpati 100 pages (20)
त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा परिषद मानविकी संकाय अन्र्तगत द्वितिय वर्ष वि.ए समाज शास्त्रको ३० पुर्णाङ्कको परिपूर्ती यो अध्ययन तयार पारिएको हो। यस अध्ययनको लागि देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० को विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको भूमिका सम्बन्धी यो प्रतिवेदन तयार पारेकी छु ।
प्रस्तुत “विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको सहभागिताको अध्ययन” प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्नको निम्ति आवश्यक सल्लाह सुझावहरु दिएर सहयोग गर्नुहुने हाम्रा आदरणिय शिक्षक श्रीमान् करुण लम्साल ज्यू, श्रीमान् उद्यराज सिग्देल ज्यू प्रति आभारी छु । साथै यस कार्यका लागि आफ्ना व्यस्त समयको बाबजुद तथ्याङ्क संकलन तथा टिपणीको सिलसिलामा सोधिएका प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर दिएर सहयोग पु¥याउनुहुने देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० नवलपुरका प्रत्यक्ष घर परिवारलाई हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त गर्दछु ।
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It is a Thesis of B.Sc Civil by Suman Jyoti
info.sumn.ce@gmail.com
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Thesis of numerical simulation of flow through open channel with series of Groins
01 Determination of Normal Consistency of Cement.
02 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time of
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03 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
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04 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
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05 Determination of Total Evaporable Moisture Content
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07Determination of Bulk Unit weight and Voids in
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10 Determination of Slump of Fresh Concrete (Influence
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Los Angeles Machine.
SUMAN JYOTI
info.sumn.ce
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Suman Jyoti
Dhaka university of Engineering and Technology
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Major project report of diploma civil engineering at mamts gothatar to jorpati 100 pages
1. Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Tel: +01-4991748, Website: www.mamts.edu.np
Gothatar, Kathmandu
Major Project Report – 2018
SUBMITTED BY:
Suman Jyoti (sumanzyotei5@gmail.com)
Group Members
1. Suman Jyoti
2. Anita Chapagain
3. Sujan Shiwakoti
4. Manoj Budhathoki
5. Sabina Dhungana
6. Rupa Rokka
SUBMITTED TO:
Department of Civil Engineering
Er. Niraj Pudasaini
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Kathmandu, Nepal
Date:- 2018-Feb-21 to Aug-29
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Report is the outcome result of Major Project of Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical
School (Kageswori Manahara, Gothatar-Kathmandu) carried by the Group D, which is held up
to the date of 2018-Feb-21 to 2018-Aug-25.
The purpose of this fieldwork was to make each student independent to carry out the work in
real problem in the field. We think, the purpose is suitable for further work and which make us
to produce the report of the fieldwork in time. We are sincerely indebted to our collage
MAMTS, for providing opportunity to consolidate our theoretical and practical knowledge in
Engineering surveying, Architectural design/drawings, Building Estimation, Road quantity
Estimation, Highway and Canal Alignment fixed at site by providing excessive gradient etc.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Er. Niraj Pudasaini for their vital
encouragement and support in the completion of this project report. This Major Project gives a
lot of field experience. I would like to thank for, Storekeeper Mr. Manoj Khadka, who co-
operated with me in the matter of guidance to providing instruments.
I would also like to express our sincere gratitude to our subjected related teacher for their
helpful suggestions, friendly behavior and guiding any time during the field work an also
providing prompt comments and rectification necessary before finalization of the report for
their valuable instructions, during the fieldwork, without which it was very difficult to do the
work in the field and to produce the report.
3. PREFACE
ThisReportonMajorProject isthebriefDescriptionofalltheworksthatweredoneintheonesemesterduring
the spring season. The main objective of this project is to provide an opportunity to consolidate
and update the practical knowledge in engineering works.
This major project is truly based on our knowledge gained from field organized for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma in Civil Engineering encoded as EG 3205 CE
as per our syllabus in third year second part. This project has been able to impart us the great
opportunity to consolidate and review the practical and theoretical knowledge on different
engineering field, which we gained in diploma engineering syllabus.
Surveying in the actual field condition and habituate to work in differentenvironmentwithdifferent
people. InthisProject,wearesupposedtoRecciandSurveyagivenplotin all its aspect and work on road
alignment, Building Design and its Estimation, Calculation of Earthwork of Highway in proper
X-section, L-Section and its topography fulfilling all technical requirements.
ThisReportincludestheentiredescriptionofthepracticalcarriedoutduringtheMajorProjectandalsoincludes
the determination ofvarious orientations and curve fitting problems, slope and gradient maintain for Irrigation
canal.
ThisReporthelpsus inourfurtherEngineeringPractice.Thenumberofproblemsandcalculationsdone inthis
reporthelpsustodealwiththe similar problems in our further Engineering practice. Everyeffort has
been takento ensure the accuracy in this report. However some errors might have occurred. We will be very
muchgratefultotheviewerswho gothroughthisreportforbringingsucherrorsinournotice. Furthermorewe
wouldbeverythankfulfortheexaminersorviewers fortheirsuggestions in improving this report.
Our Surveying Team:
1. Suman Jyoti
2. Anita Chapagain
3. Sabina Dhungana
4. Sujan Shiwakoti
5. Manoj Budhathoki
6. Rupa Rokka
4. ABSTRACT
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of above, on, or beneath
the surface of earth, and is the most important part of Civil Engineering. The results of surveys
are used to map the earth, prepare navigational charts, established property boundaries.
Develop data of land used and natural resource information etc. Further survey maintains
highways, railroads, buildings, bridges, tunnels, canals, dams and many more.
Thus, the objective of Major Project was to make us gain the experience in this field by
performing designing suitable building plan in given land area, learning to propose road
alignment and select suitable gradient for Irrigation Channels.
The report reflects the methodology, observations, estimations and calculations made by the
students in the project with the corresponding drawings. The large portion of the course covered
with elements of topographic surveying, and then those of Road alignment and Irrigation
Channels follow it. The main objective of the Major Project organized for us is to take an
opportunity to consolidate and update our practical and theoretical knowledge in engineering
surveying in the actual field condition.
In this Project we have to prepare a 2.5 storey building design, providing a horizontal curve in
a highway and fixing preferable gradient for canals by fulfilling all technical requirements. In
this regard, we are required to carry out the necessary field works in our sub-group so that we
will get opportunity to the decision on planning and execution of field works. This Project
helps us to build in our confidence to conduct engineering survey on required accuracy
5. P a g e | 4
A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
CONTENTS
S.N TITLE PAGE
1 Building
1.1Introduction……………………………………………………....….1-1
1.2TypesofBuildings………………………………………….…...........1-1
1.2.1BasedonOccupancy……………………………………..…….1-2
1.2.2Basedontypeofconstruction…………..………………..……...2-2
1.3ComponentsofBuildings………..……………………………..….,......3-4
1.4TechnicalNormsandStandardsofBuildings………..………….…....…5-5
1.5ArchitecturalDrawings
1.6MeasureaplotoflandforbuildingLayout………..…………….…….....6-9
1.7QuantitycalculationandCostEstimate……..……………………..…...9-21
1.8Comment andConclusion……..………………………………….....21-21
2 WaterSupplyandSanitary
2.1OverviewofWaterSupply……………………………………...…....22-22
-2.1.1WaterSupply…………………………………...…………....22-22
-2.1.2MethodofWaterSupply……………………………….……..22-22
-2.1.3GeneralImportanceofWater…………………………………22-22
-2.1.4ObjectivesofWaterSupply…………………………………...22-22
-2.1.5WateranditsnecessityforLife……………………………..…22-23
-2.1.6VariousworkforWaterSupply……………………………….23-23
2.2OverviewofSanitarySystem………………………………..……….23-23
-2.2.1DefinationofTerms…………………………………...……...23-23
2.3Sewers………………………………………………………….….. 23-23
-2.3.1Designcriteriaofsewers………………………………..............24-24
2.4SepticTank………………………………………………………….25-25
-2.4.1ConstructionProcedure………………………………....……..25-25
-2.4.2DesigncriteriaofSepticTank…………………..…………...…25-25
-2.4.3ElevationofSeptictank……………………………...…...……26-26
-2.4.4DesignofSepticTank……………………………...…...……...26-27
2.5SoakPit….…………………………………………………..………28-28
-2.5.1ConstructionProcedure………………………………….……28-28
-2.5.2DesigncriteriaofSoakPit…………………………….......……28-28
-2.5.3DesignofSoakPit………………………………….......……...28-28
2.6EstimationofSepticTankandSoakPit………………………….…….29-32
3 HighwaySurveying
3.1Introduction…………………………………………………………33-33
3.2RoadPavement………………………………………………..……33-33
3.2.1TypesofPavement…………………………………….....……33-34
3.2.2FunctionsofPavement Structures…………………………...…34-34
3.2.3ElementsofRoadPavement……………………………...……34-34
3.3Curves……………………………………………………………....35-35
3.4Equipment Requried………………………………………..………..36-36
3.5Norms…………………………………………………………....….36-36
3.6Methodology…………………………………………………….…..37-38
3.7Calculation…………………………………………………….…….39-64
3.8EstimationofRoad(Cut/Fill)…………………………………………64-88
6. P a g e | 5
A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
3.9CommentsandConclusion……………………....…………………..89-89
3.10L-SectionandX-SectionGraphSheet
4 IrrigationCanals
4.1Introduction……………………………………………………...….90-90
4.2Scopeofirrigation……………………………………………..….....90-90
4.3MethodsofIrrigation…………………………………………….….90-90
4.4Headwork….……………………………………………...……..…91-91
4.4.1ComponentsofHeadwork……………………………………91-92
4.4.2SketchofHeadwork………………………............……………92-92
4.5TypicalHeadworkStructure………………………………..………..93-93
4.5.1Aqueduct………………………………………………….…93-93
4.5.2SyphonAqueduct………………………………………....…..94-94
4.5.3SuperPassage……………………………………………...…95-95
4.5.4Falls…………………………………………………….……95-95
4. CanalLining…………………………………………………...…….95-95
7. P a g e | 6
A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
Chapter One
Building
1.1 Introduction
A building, is a structure broadly consists with roof, floors and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. In other words, it is a permanent or temporary
structure within exterior walls and a roof, and including all attached apparatus, equipment, and
fixtures, that cannot be removed without cutting into ceiling, floors or walls.
Normally all buildings are constructed according to drawings and specifications prepared by
architects and designers.
The method adopted for construction and choice of material to be used in the building
depends upon a number of factors like character of occupancy, location of site, climate, local materials
and funds available.
1.2 Types of Buildings
1.2.1 Every building or portion of land shall be classified according to its use or the character of its
occupancy as a building of Occupancy, They are categorized into the following types:
Agricultural Buildings:
They are the structures designed for farmers and for agricultural practices, for growing and
harvesting crops, and to raise live stock. Cow Shed, Pigsty, Barn, Chicken coop, Farm house
etc. are the example of Agricultural Buildings.
Commercial Buildings:
They are the buildings, which are used exclusively for commercial use. Super Markets,
Sky Scrapers, Ware house, Bank, Automobile companies, Gas stations etc. are the
example of Agricultural Buildings.
Residential Buildings:
Residential Buildings means any hotel, motel, apartment house, lodging house, single and
dwelling, or other residential building which is heated or mechanically cooled. Building may
vary significantly between, single-family building, multi-family building or mobile homes.
Apartment, Villa, Bungalow etc. are the example of Residential Buildings.
Educational Buildings:
A building designed for various activities ina primary,secondary, or higher educational system
and often including living areas for students, such as dormitories. School, collage, Archive,
Museum, Library etc. are the example of Educational Buildings.
Government Buildings:
It is a building that, houses a branch of government. Capitol, Embassy, Prison, Fire Station,
Post Office etc. are the example of Governmental Buildings.
Industrial Buildings:
It defines industrial purposes as: Factories and other premises used for manufacturing,
altering, repairing, cleaning, washing, breaking-up, adapting or processing any article;
generating power or slaughtering livestock. These buildings are design to house
industrial operations and provide the necessary conditions for workers, and for the
8. P a g e | 7
A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
operation of industrial Equipment. Factory, Windmill, Water Mill, Tide Mill, Power
Plant etc. are the example of Industrial Buildings.
Military Buildings:
This building is a structure designed to house the functions, performed by a military unit.
Barracks, Bunker, Castle, Fortification, Citadel etc. are the example of Miltary Buildings.
Religious Buildings:
These are the buildings for religious purpose, with a large open interior and exterior or other
monumental qualities. They often have spires, towers, domes rising above the main structure.
Church, Temple, Mosque, Pyramids, Shrine etc. are the example of Religious Buildings.
Transportation Buildings:
This is structural buildings, which consists of the means of equipment necessary for the
movement of passengers or goods on land, water, and air ways. Air port, Railway Station, Bus
Station, Parking Garage, Light house etc. are the example of Transportation Buildings.
Mercantile Buildings:
These shall include any building or a part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market
for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
Hazardous Buildings:
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for the storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or product which are
liable to burn with extreme rapidly.
Assembly Buildings:
These shall include any buildings or part of a buildings where group of people congregate or
gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, perodic, civil, travel and similar purposes.
Theaters, motion picture house, assembly halls, exhibition halls, gymnasiums, place of dancing
and singing, club rooms, terminals of air etc. are the example of Assembly Buildings.
1.2.2 Classification of Buildings based on type of construction buildings:
Fire resistive Buildings
Non-Combustible Buildings
Ordinary Buildings
Heavy timber Buildings
Wood framed Buildings
Among then we will choose to design of 2.5 storey of Residential type of Buildings. This type of
building Norms, Specification, Architect Design and Estimation are shown below.
1.3 Components of Buildings
1. Foundation
A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a
manner that no damaging settlements take place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed
on good/solid ground.
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2. Plinth
A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and immediately after the
foundation. It raises the floor above the ground level and herewith prevents surface water from
entering the building.
3. Damp proof course (DPC)
Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement.
Walls are constructed above the damp proof course.
Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls.
Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it
affects the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance.
Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth
beam already performs like a DPC.
4. Plinth beam
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of the building and nature
of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and
earthquake damages.
5. Floor
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid over the filling of
the plinth and on subsequent floors.
Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below
the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising to the top and to
have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.
6. Walls
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be made of different
materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very
long, columns can be provided to carry the roof.
Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and protection against natural
elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.
Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation.
7. Openings
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators.
Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation.
Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab or a concrete slab.
Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.
Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In earthquake prone areas a
continuous lintel beam is provided all over the walls.
8. Stairs
A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent
between the floors and landings. The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located
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is called staircase. The space or opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway. There are
different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick
stair etc.
9. Roof
The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The roof rests on the
walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy
it. A roof can have different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping. Roof is typically made
of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc.
10. Surfaces / finishes
External finishes are the outer most layer of protection, which protect the structure from
weathering. Internal finishes are the layers given on internal faces. They give durability and
pleasing appearance to the inside.
1.4 Technical Norms and Standards for 2.5 Storey residential Buildings in terms of
Nepal.
Total occupy Land Area for purposed Buildings= 1000 sq. m
Span of Beam = 14 feet 8 inch (maximum)
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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
Floor Area = 145 sq. m (maximum)
Set Back
- For provide window = 5 feet
- For provide verandah = 8 feet
- Slab projection = 1 feet 6 inch
Minimum size of Column = 12 * 12 Inch
Slab Thickness = 5 Inch min.
Minimum floor Height = 9 Feet
Sill Level = 2 Feet 6 Inch
For Staircase
- Minimum width of Tread = 8 Inch
- Maximum height of Riser = 10 Inch
-Source: National Building Code (NBC) 205
1.5 Architectural Drawings (2.5 storey Buildings)
-Drawing are showing in A1 paper in Next page.
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1.6 Measure a plot of land for building layout.
(Location = MAMTS Ground Gothatar)
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Ground Floor Plan
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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
First Floor Plan
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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
Second Floor Plan
1.7 Quantity calculation and Cost Estimation (2.5 storey Buildings)
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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Council for Technical Educational and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF MAJOR PROJECT BUILDINGS
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
1. Site Clearance
-Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Along 4-4 to 5-5
1
1
8.890
1.524
8.407
3.276
----------
----------
74.742
4.994
m2
m2
(1 inch = 0.025 m)
Total 79.736 m2
2. Earthwork in Excavation in
Foundation
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
12
2
4
4
4
3
3
1.524
1.524
2.438
2.616
1.753
0.153
1.803
1.524
1.524
0.229
0.229
0.299
0.299
0.299
1.524
1.524
1.067
1.067
1.067
1.067
1.067
42.475
7.079
2.383
2.557
1.713
0.112
1.322
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Total 57.641 m3
3.
a)
R.C.C and P.C.C Work
Under Ground Level
-Foundation Base(Rectangular)
-Foundation Base(Circular)
Lower Tie beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
12
2
4
4
2
4
1.524
1.524
3.658
3.835
1.219
2.972
1.524
1.524
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.279
0.279
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
7.776
1.296
1.022
1.071
0.170
0.830
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
H = 11 inch from section
of foundation.
H = 1 feet lower tie
beam.
Location: Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Gothatar, Kathmandu
17. P a g e | 16
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
- Trapezium Section of Column at
Foundation base
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
3
3
14
12
2
1.676
3.023
1.346
0.229
0.229
0.305
0.305
0.351
0.633
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
L = 5’+3’10”/2 = 4’5”
D =3’6” = 1.067 m
A = Bd +Sd2
S= adopt 1.5 and B = 5 feet
A =
𝜋
4
x d2
1.524 x0.381+1.5 x 0.3812
11.160
0.305 0.305 0.838
0.838
0.935
0.122
𝜋
4
x 0.3052
Total 25.366 m3
b) Above Ground Level
Upper Tie beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
4
4
2
4
3
3
3.658
3.835
1.219
2.972
1.676
3.023
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
1.022
1.071
0.170
0.830
0.351
0.633
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Total 4.077 m3
Damp Proof Course
-Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Along 4-4 to 5-5
*Deduct*
-Column portion
1
1
14
8.890
1.524
0.305
8.407
3.276
0.305
--------
--------
--------
74.738
4.993
-1.302
m2
m2
m2
Adopt thickness of DPC
= 10 cm
Total 78.429 m2
18. P a g e | 17
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Total = 24.610 m3
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
c) Ground Floor
Flooring
-Along 1-1 to 4-4 up to 4cm thick
-Along 4-4 to 5-5 up to 4cm thick
Column
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
Slab (Ceiling)
-1st
portion (including all rooms)
-Remain Portion at balcony
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openingsr*
-Chain Gate
-Door (D1)
-Door (D2)
1
1
12
2
4
4
2
4
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
1
5
1
7.493
1.219
0.305
π/ 4
4.775
4.140
1.676
3.200
1.981
4.140
9.627
0.965
31.420
39.446
31.420
39.446
0.305
0.305
1.676
0.915
0.762
7.670
2.972
0.305
0.3052
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
8.890
3.582
0.228
0.101
0.228
0.101
0.305
0.305
0.228
0.228
0.228
0.040
0.040
2.743
2.743
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.127
0.127
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
2.299
0.145
3.062
0.802
1.334
1.157
0.234
0.670
0.415
0.867
10.870
0.439
0.724
0.402
0.724
0.402
0.113
0.113
-0.039
-0.105
-0.018
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
19. P a g e | 18
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Total = 24.599 m3
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
d) First Floor
Flooring
-Along 1-1 to 4-4 up to 4cm thick
-Along 4-4 to 5-5 up to 4cm thick
Column
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
Slab (Ceiling)
-1st
portion (including all rooms)
-Remain Portion at balcony
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openings*
-Door (D)
-Door (D1)
-Door (D2)
1
1
12
2
4
4
2
4
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
1
5
1
7.493
1.219
0.305
π/ 4
4.775
4.140
1.676
3.200
1.981
4.140
9.627
0.965
31.420
39.446
31.420
39.446
0.305
0.305
1.219
0.915
0.762
7.670
2.972
0.305
0.3052
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
8.890
3.582
0.228
0.101
0.228
0.101
0.305
0.305
0.228
0.228
0.228
0.040
0.040
2.743
2.743
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.127
0.127
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
2.299
0.145
3.062
0.802
1.334
1.157
0.234
0.670
0.415
0.867
10.870
0.439
0.724
0.402
0.724
0.402
0.113
0.113
-0.028
-0.105
-0.018
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
e) Second Floor
Flooring
-Along A-A to C-C up to 4cm thick
excluding Balcony.
Column
-Rectangular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
Slab (Ceiling)
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openings*
-Terrace Door
-Door (D1) with space
-Door (D2)
1
9
4
4
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
1
3
1
8.103
0.305
4.775
4.140
3.200
1.829
10.440
24.359
16.586
24.359
16.586
0.305
0.305
0.915
0.915
0.762
5.258
0.305
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
5.639
0.228
0.101
0.228
0.101
0.305
0.305
0.228
0.228
0.228
0.040
2.743
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.127
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
1.704
2.297
1.334
1.157
0.670
0.383
7.476
0.561
0.169
0.561
0.169
0.113
0.113
-0.021
-0.063
-0.017
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Total 16.606 m3
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S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
4.
a)
b)
1st
Class brickwork in 1:4 C:S mortar
Brickwork in Superstructure.
-9" thick Wall of length 3.658 m
-9" thick Wall of length 3.835 m
-9" thick Wall of length 2.972 m
-9" thick Wall of length 3.023 m
-9" thick Wall of length 1.676 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.658 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.835 m
-4" thick Wall of length 2.972 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.023 m
-4" thick Wall of length 1.676 m
-Terrace Parapet of length 1.219 m
*Deduct opening*
- Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
-opening at staircase
Brickwork in Sub-structure.
Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Portion
-Short Portion
Along 4-4 to 5-5
-Long Portion
-Short Portion
5
5
3
4
5
6
6
8
2
3
2
3
10
3
14
2
3
1
1
3
4
1
2
3.658
3.835
2.972
3.023
1.676
3.658
3.835
2.972
3.023
1.676
1.219
1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
2.134
8.128
7.798
2.972
1.219
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
0.381
2.134
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518
2.438
0.838
0.838
0.838
0.838
10.211
10.705
4.978
6.751
4.679
5.404
5.666
5.855
1.489
1.238
0.213
-1.787
-1.970
-0.492
-8.039
-0.765
-0.574
-1.574
-1.191
4.679
5.986
0.570
0.468
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
12’0” wall
12’ 7” wall
9’-9” wall
9’-11” wall
5’-6” wall
12’0” wall
12’ 7” wall
9’-9” wall
9’-11” wall
5’-6” wall
9” thick of 1’3” ht.
21’8” height at staircase
openings
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S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
c) Brickwork Soling in Foundation Base
14 1.524 1.524 0.102 3.317 m3
Soling at 4cm thick
Total 55.817 m3
5. Mild Steel including bending in
reinforcement in RCC work. Density of steel 78.5
q/cm
-R.C.C footing @0.5% 1 (20.232 x 0.5)/100 x 78.5 7.941 q
-R.C.C columns @1.7% 1 (11.082 x 1.7)/100 x 78.5 14.789 q
-R.C.C beams @1.0% 1 (28.528 x 1.0)/100 x 78.5 22.394 q
-R.C.C roof slab @0.8% 1 (30.094 x 0.8)/100 x 78.5 18.900 q
Total 64.024 q
6.
a)
12mm plaster 1:4 Cement Sand
mortar.
Inner Side Room
Room (13'-0" x 10'-8")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-0" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Kitchen Room (6'-8" x 5'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-6" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Toilet (8'-6" x 5'-6")
-Long Side
-Short Side
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x 3
2 x 3
3.962
3.251
3.962
3.302
2.032
1.778
4.115
3.302
2.590
1.676
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
65.206
53.505
43.471
36.230
33.443
29.262
45.150
36.230
42.626
27.583
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
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S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
b) Inner Side Passage
Passage (13'-0" x 10'-8"
-Long Side
-Short Side
*Deduct opening*
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
2 x 6
2 x 5
1 x 3
2x10
2 x 3
1 x14
1 x 2
1 x 3
1 x 1
3.962
3.251
1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
130.413
89.175
-0.837
-1.846
-0.462
-5.864
-0.558
-0.628
-0.209
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
Total 621.890 m2
c) Outer Side Room
Ground and First Floor
Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Side
-Short Side
Along 4-4 to 5-5 (Parapet)
-Long Side
-Short Side
Second Floor
Along A-A to C-C
- Long Side
-Short Side
Parapet
-1st
Floor
-2nd
floor excluding Roof
2 x 2
2 x 2
1 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 1
1
1
9.931
8.890
3.581
1.829
8.407
5.258
31.013
7.391
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
0.381
0.381
2.743
2.743
0.381
0.381
108.963
97.541
1.363
1.394
46.121
28.845
11.816
2.816
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
32' - 7" x 29' - 2"
Parapet ht. of plaster1
feet 3 inch only
11' - 9" x 6' - 0"
27' - 7" x 17' - 3"
excluding Balcony
Parapet ht. of plaster1
feet 3 inch only
24. P a g e | 23
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
*Deduct*
-11 feet 9 inch Gate
-Chain Gate of 5'6"x9'0"
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
1
1
2
5
14
2
3
1
3.581
1.676
1.219
0.914
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518
-9.823
-4.597
-5.203
-9.752
-35.106
-3.342
-2.506
-6.871
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
Total 288.455 m2
7.
a)
Painting Works.
Inner Side Room
Room (13'-0" x 10'-8")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-0" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Kitchen Room (6'-8" x 5'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-6" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Toilet (8'-6" x 5'-6")
-Long Side
-Short Side
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x 3
2 x 3
3.962
3.251
3.962
3.302
2.032
1.778
4.115
3.302
2.590
1.676
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
2.743
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
65.206
53.505
43.471
36.230
33.443
29.262
45.150
36.230
42.626
27.583
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
25. P a g e | 24
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
b) Inner Side Passage
Passage (13'-0" x 10'-8"
-Long Side
-Short Side
*Deduct opening*
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
2 x 6
2 x 5
1 x 3
2x10
2 x 3
1 x14
1 x 2
1 x 3
1 x 1
3.962
3.251
1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
130.413
89.175
-0.837
-1.846
-0.462
-5.864
-0.558
-0.628
-0.209
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
Total 621.890 m2
c) Outer Side Room
Ground and First Floor
Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Side
-Short Side
Along 4-4 to 5-5 (Parapet)
-Long Side
-Short Side
Second Floor
Along A-A to C-C
- Long Side
-Short Side
Parapet
-1st
Floor
-2nd
floor excluding Roof
2 x 2
2 x 2
1 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 1
1
1
9.931
8.890
3.581
1.829
8.407
5.258
31.013
7.391
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
0.381
0.381
2.743
2.743
0.381
0.381
108.963
97.541
1.363
1.394
46.121
28.845
11.816
2.816
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
32' - 7" x 29' - 2"
Parapet ht. of painting1
feet 3 inch only
11' - 9" x 6' - 0"
27' - 7" x 17' - 3"
excluding Balcony
Parapet ht. of painting1
feet 3 inch only
26. P a g e | 25
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
*Deduct*
-11 feet 9 inch Gate
-Chain Gate of 5'6"x9'0"
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
1
1
2
5
14
2
3
1
3.581
1.676
1.219
0.914
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
2.743
2.743
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518
-9.823
-4.597
-5.203
-9.752
-35.106
-3.342
-2.506
-6.871
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
Total 288.455 m2
8.
a)
R.C.C work excluding Steel for
Staircase
Dog legged Staircase
-Inclined Portion
-Landing
6
3
1.981
1.168
1.000
2.134
0.127
0.127
1.510
0.950
m3
m3
Density of steel 78.5
q/cm
-Steps 30 𝟏
𝟐
x 0.254 x 0.203 0.254 0.773 m3
b) Normal Staircase
-Inclined Portion 1 2.794 0.914 0.127 0.324 m3
-Steps 11 𝟏
𝟐
x 0.229 x 0.254 0.229 0.073 m3
Total 3.630 m3
c) RCC Staircase Slab- @0.8% 1 (3.630 x 0.8)/100 x 78.5 2.280 q
9. Openings Chaukhat
Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
Horizontal
Vertical
Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
Horizontal
Vertical
2 x 1
2 x 2
14x1
14x2
1.219
2.134
0.914
2.134
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.019
0.066
0.099
0.463
m3
m3
m3
m3
27. P a g e | 26
A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
Horizontal
Vertical
Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
Horizontal
Vertical
Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
Horizontal
Vertical
Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
Horizontal
Vertical
Ventilation (V2) of 3'0"x 21'8"
Horizontal
Vertical
3 x 1
3 x 2
14x2
14x4
2 x 2
2 x 3
6 x 2
6 x 2
1x12
1 x 3
0.762
2.134
1.829
1.372
1.219
1.372
0.914
0.914
0.660
6.604
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.018
0.099
0.397
0.596
0.038
0.064
0.085
0.085
0.061
0.154
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Total 2.244 m3
10. Panel Shutter
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
2
14
3
14
2
6
2.057
2.057
2.057
1.524
0.990
0.762
1.067
0.762
0.610
1.219
1.219
0.762
----------
----------
----------
----------
----------
----------
4.390
21.944
3.764
26.008
2.414
3.484
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
Total 62.004 m2
28. P a g e | 22
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
1.8 Comments and Conclusion
We should adopt design is easiest and the estimated cost of the building was done to
make most economical to being purposed building comfortable, safe and durable. All Design
Criteria like Norms, Specification, and Legal policies are follow while designing of Buildings.
29. P a g e | 23
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Chapter Two
Water Supply and Sanitary
2.1 Overview of Water Supply:
2.1.1 Water Supply:
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is
covered separately. It is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in
the water industry, commonly a public utility, of water resources of various qualities to
different users.
2.1.2 Methods of water supply:
a. Continuous System
-If the water is supplied to the consumer for all 24hrs from a system.
Advantages: Water is available in every time, We get fresh water every time, Adequate
water anytime for fire-fighting.
Disadvantages: More wastage of water, large volume wastage during leakage.
b. Intermittent System
-If water is supplied to the consumer’s only during fixed hours of a day.
Advantages: Useful in the place where sufficient quantity is not available, Repairing
can be done during non-supply hours, leakage does not cause large lost.
Disadvantages: No sufficient supply of water, Consumer has to be alert during
distribution time, large no. of valves are required to maintain this system.
2.1.3 General Importance of Water:
No life can exist without water.
It is as essential for life as air is.
Two- third of human body is constituted of water.
Provides luxuries and comforts to human beings.
2.1.4 Objectives of Water Supply:
To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers/ community.
To supply water in sufficient quantities.
To supply water at convenient points and timings.
To supply water at reasonable cost to the users.
To encourage personal and house hold cleanliness of users.
2.1.5 Water and its necessity for Life
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. It is one of the basic survival
needs of living things. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no
water, there would have not been life on earth. Apart from drinking people need water for
plenty of other uses.
In adjacent to this, our hygiene is also highly related with that of the liquid called
substance called H2O (Water). It is uncommon to wash our face or body with other liquids
30. P a g e | 24
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
such as gas or alcoholic drinks. So water did not have any other competitor in keeping our
hygiene, beauty, healthiness and much more.
Still water is needed to grow plants and it is also the dominant facilitator on supplying
and donating the released oxygen and help us being able to breath clean and comfy air. And
still again water is the potential source of power.
There are two main water supplies that we can access water from; surface and ground.
Surface water supply includes water from the lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams. These
water bodies are formed from direct rain, runoffs and springs. Ground water is taken out deep
from the ground. Source of water in different parts of the world may comprise of springs,
lakes, seas, rivers, and small ponds as well.
2.1.6 Various work of water supply:
2.2 Overview of Sanitary System:
2.2.1 Defination Terms:
a) Sanitary: Sanitary is a relating to the conditions that affect hygiene and health,
especially the supply of sewage facilities and clean drinking water. Sanitary refers more
especially to conditions affecting health or measures for guarding against infection or disease:
to insure sanitary conditions in preparing food.
b) Sanitation: Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy,
especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.
c) Sanitary Engineering: It is the branch of public health and environmental
engineering which studied about scientific and methodical collection, conveyance, treatment
and disposal of waste material so that environment can be protected from pollution and public
health can be protected from injurious substances.
2.3 Sewers:
Sewers are underground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to the point of discharge.
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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
2.3.1 Design criteria of sewers:
As sewage contains 99.9% liquid and 0.1% solid, its design is similar to water supply
pipe but the flow takes places under gravity. The following are the design criteria of
sewers:
a. Sewage quantity:
Determine the quantity of sanitary and storm sewage considering suitable design
period and future population. Normally, 25-30 years is considered for design period.
Population forecast as describe in water supply in water supply engineering and
estimated quantity of sanitary and storm sewage is done as described in sanitary
engineering.
b. Sewerage System:
Separate, combined and partially separated system is required to select. Generally
separate system is considered in the design. For separate system design is done
separately for 𝑸𝒔𝒂 and 𝑸𝒔𝒕. For partial separate system, storm water only from roof,
pavement and yards, are with 𝑸𝒔𝒂 in one sewer and other storm water is drained
separately.
c. Type and shape of sewer:
The closed type of sewer is used for sanitary sewage and may be open for storm flow.
Generally, circular shape sewer is used for closed sewer and rectangular sewer is used
for open sewers.
d. Sewer size range:
Sewer size should not be less than 15cm diameter but recommended is ϕ = 20cm. The
maximum available size is 3m.
e. Sewer gradient:
The sewer gradient are selected as per site condition. The minimum gradient should
be such that self-cleansing velocity is achieved and maximum gradient should be such
that velocity is does not exceed to non-scouring velocity. Minimum gradient should
be 1:100 (1%) and maximum gradient should be 1:20 (5%).
f. Sewer are design to flow to 2/3 full as pick or maximum discharge. The sufficient
free board is used in open storms drains.
g. Self-cleansing Velocity:
It is the minimum velocity at which solid particles will remain in suspension without settling
at bottom of sewer. The designed velocity of flow should not be less than self-cleansing
velocity of peak flow. It is normally 0.6 to 0.9 m/s for separate system and 0.75 m/s for
combined system. Self-cleansing velocity is found by Shield’s Formula:
𝑽𝒔 = √
𝟖 𝑲
𝒇
(𝑮𝒔 − 𝟏). 𝒈. 𝒅𝒔 in m/s 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
K = A dimensionless constant depends upon characteristics of solid and taken as 0.04 to 0.8.
f = Darcy’s friction factor taken as 0.03.
𝐺𝑠 = Specific gravity of solids in sewage ranges 1.2 to 2.65.
𝑑𝑠 = diameter of solid particles in sewage in meter.
Self-cleansing velocity of different diameter of sewers are:-
S.N Sewer diameter (cm) Self-cleansing Velocity (m/s)
1. 15-25 1.00
2. 30-60 0.75
3. > 60 0.60
32. P a g e | 26
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
2.4 Septic Tank
It is a tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to
decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a soak away.
A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for wastewater treatment
through the process of biological decomposition and drainage. Septic tanks allow a safe
disposal of wastewater and hence are widely popular in areas that have a poor drainage
system or are off the mains sewage network.
2.4.1 Construction Procedure:
It is a rectangular in plan with minimum width of 0.75 meter, length usually 2-4
times the breadth.
For smaller tanks liquid depth of 100 cm is provided for large tanks it may be up
to 180 cm, free board of 0.3 m to 0.45 m is provided.
Single elbow or T-Shaped outlet pipe is provided.
The baffle wall is usually placed 30 cm from the inlet pipe and remains 15 cm
above and 30 cm below the liquid level.
Usually RCC slab with C.I manhole cover is provided.
Ventilation pie is provided for taking out the foul smells. It is usually 7.5 – 10 cm
diameter of A.C or C.I.
2.4.2 Design criteria of Septic Tank:
Detention Time (t) = 1-3 days
Adopt Breadth (B) = 0.75 – 4 meter
Depth (D) = 1 - 1.8 meter
Free Board (F.B) = 0.3 – 0.45 meter.
𝑳
𝑩
= 2 – 4
Volume (V) = 𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑
where,
𝑽𝟏 = Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage (Q * E)
𝑽𝟐 = Volume of sludge digestion (0.0425 * N)
𝑽𝟑 = Volume of storage of digested sludge (𝑪𝒅𝒔 * N )
Time Duration 6 months 1 year 2 years 3 years
𝑪𝒅𝒔 0.0283 0.0490 0.0708 0.0850
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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
2.4.3 Elevation of
Septic tank
2.4.4 Design of Septic tank for 5 users where sewage flow is 350 liquid per capita day.
Assume necessary data.
Given,
Rate of sewage Flow = 350 lpcd
Assume, Sludge is cleaned 2 in years.
Now,
Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage, 𝑽𝟏 = No. of users x rate of sewage flow /1000
𝑽𝟏 = 5 x 350/1000 = 1.75 m3
Volume of sludge digestion, 𝑽𝟐 = 0.0425 x N
𝑽𝟐 = 0.0425 x 5 = 0.2125 m3
Volume of storage of digested sludge, 𝑽𝟑 = 𝐶𝑑𝑠 * N (𝑪𝒅𝒔 = 0.085)
𝑽𝟑 = 0.085 x 5 = 0.425 m3
Total effective Volume (V) = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 = (1.75 +0.2125 + 0.425) =2.388 m3
Here,
Provide depth as 1-1.8m
Take depth (d) = 1.5 m
Area (A) =
𝑉
𝐷
=
2.388
1.5
= 1.592m2
Taking, L = 2B
Now, L x b = A
2B x B = 1.592
34. P a g e | 28
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
B = √
𝟏.𝟓𝟗𝟐
𝟐
= 0.892 > 0.75 𝑠𝑜, 𝑜𝑘.
L = 2B = 2 x 0.892 = 1.784 m
Provide Free Board (F.B) = (0.3 to 0.45)
Take, 0.4 m
Then overall depth (D) = 1.5 + 0.4 = 1.9 m
Thus, Provide a Septic Tank of Size = (1.784m x 0.892m x 1.9m) for 5 users.
35. P a g e | 29
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
2.5 Soak Pit:
A soak pit or seepage pit is generally circular and it allows effluent from septic tank to
percolate in the soil. Soak pit can be used when ground water table in 2 m below surface. It
is not suitable if soil is thick clay or solid rock. It is economical, stable and high efficient.
The main purpose of soak pit is to dispose the septic tank effluent by absorption in the
surrounding soil.
2.5.1 Construction Procedure:
Soak pit may be lined or unlined. Unlined pit is filled with bricks, stone aggregates
and sand. So cover is not necessary. But in lined soak pit, is empty inside. But
filled with sand, gravel, aggregate outside and cover is required.
2.5.2 Design Criteria of Soak Pit:
Dimeter = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
NOTE: Ground water table should be at 2m below the base of soak pit.
I =
𝟏𝟑𝟎
√𝒕
Where,
I = maximum rate of effluent application in l/m2
/day
t = percolation rate in min/cm.
Area =
𝑸
𝑰
2.5.3 Design of Soak pit for 5 users of 350 liquid per capita day (lpcd) rate of
sewage flow. Assume necessary data.
Given,
Rate of sewage Flow (Q) = 350 lpcd
No. of users (N) = 5
We have,
I =
𝟏𝟑𝟎
√𝒕
Assume, t = 25 min/cm
i.e. I =
𝟏𝟑𝟎
√𝟐𝟓
26 l/m2
/day
Now, A =
𝑸
𝑰
=
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟔
= 67.308 m2
(where Q = 350 x 5 = 1750 l/day from septic tank)
Provide Depth = 1 m to 2.5 m
Take depth = 2.0 m
Area (A) = πd2
/4
67.308 = π x d2
/4
Thus, d = 9.25 m
Diameter is Criteria = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
So, adopt 3 soak pit of 3.5 m
Diameter of Soak pit = 3.5m
36. P a g e | 30
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Fig. (b) Plan of Septic tank
37. P a g e | 31
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
`
Fig. (b) Plan of Soak Pit
38. P a g e | 33
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Council for Technical Educational and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT
Location: Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Gothatar, Kathmandu
Observer: Group D
Estimated by: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF
ITEM
NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
1.
a)
Earthwork in Excavation
Septic Tank 1 2.46 1.63 1.75 7.017 m3
L = 1.66+0.4=2.46, B = 0.83+0.4=1.63
H = 0.30+1.20+0.05+0.20 = 1.75 m
b) Soak pit lower portion 2 𝜋
4
x 3.92 0.20 4.778 m3
D = 3.5 + 0.20+ 0.20 = 3.9
c) Soak pit up to 2m depth 2 𝜋
4
x 4.52 2.00 63.617 m3
D = 3.5+0.2+0.2+ 0.15+0.15+0.15+0.15
Total 75.412 m3
2.
a)
Cement Concrete 1:3:6
Floor and Foundation 1 2.46 1.63 0.20 0.802 m3
b) Sloping Floor 1 (1/2 x 1.66 x 0.1) 0.90 0.075 m3
Total 0.877 m3
3.
a)
1st Class Brickwork 1:4
mortar in Septic Tank.
Long Wall
-1st
Step
-2nd
Step
2
2
2.26
2.06
0.30
0.20
0.60
0.95
0.814
0.783
m3
m3
L = 1.66+0.30+0.30 = 2.26
L = 1.66+0.20+0.20 = 2.06
H = 1.2+0.05+0.30-0.60 = 0.95
b) Short Wall
-1st
Step
-2nd
Step
2
2
0.83
0.83
0.30
0.20
0.60
0.95
0.299
0.315
m3
m3
Total 2.211 m3
4.
a)
b)
2nd
Class Brickwork 1:6
mortar in Soak Pit
-Upper Portion
-Lower Portion
4
4
π x 3.7
π x 3.7
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
4.650
1.860
m3
m3
Total Q = 6.510 m
L = π, D = 3.5+0.1+0.1 = 3.7m
Here, D = 20/2 = 10 cm = 0.1m
39. P a g e | 34
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF
ITEM
NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
5. 2nd
Class Dry Brickwork
for Soak Pit 4 π x 3.7 0.2 2 18.598 m3
6.
a)
Pre-Cast R.C.C Work
Roof cover slab for Septic
Tank 1 2.060 1.230 0.075 0.190 m3
L = 1.66+0.2+0.2 = 2.06 m
B = 0.83+0.2+0.2 = 1.23 m
b) Roof cover slab soak pit 2 𝜋
4
x 3.92 0.075 7.168 m3
D = 3.5+0.2+0.2 = 3.9 m
c) Baffle wall in Septic tank 1 0.930 0.040 0.450 0.017 m3
L = 1.66+0.2+0.2, B = 0.83+0.2+0.2
D = 0.30+0.15 = 0.45 m
Total 7.375 m3
7.
a)
b)
12 mm thick 1:3 cement
Plaster work
Long Wall
Short Wall
2
2
1.66
0.83
----
----
1.500
1.500
4.980
2.490
m2
m2
Total 7.470 m2
8. 20 mm thick Cement
Plaster 1 1.660 0.830 ---- 1.378 m2
40. P a g e | 33
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Chapter Three
Highway
3.1 Introduction
Road is an important infrastructure for development. It occupies a pivotal position in the growth
of developing countries.
The advantage becomes particularly evident when planning the communications
system in hilly regions & sparsely populated areas. Road transport offers quick & assured
deliveries, a flexible service free from fixed schedules, door to door service, permits simpler
packing, has a high employment potential etc. The safe, efficient and economic operation of a
highway is governed to a large extent by the care with which the geometric design has been
worked out. Geometric design includes the design elements of horizontal & vertical alignment,
sight distance, X-section components, lateral & vertical clearances, control of access, etc. The
general guide-lines in selecting the alignment & locating route are:
Should handle the traffic most efficiently & serve inhabited localities.
Should have minimum Gradients & curvature, necessary for terrain.
Should involve least impact on the environment.
Should be located along the edge of properties. In case of hill road,
Should attain change in elevation by adopting ruling gradient in most of length.
Should avoid unstable hill features & areas prone to landslides.
Should avoid steep terrain.
Should avoid hair-pin bends.
Should align preferably on the side of hill exposed to sun during winter.
Should avoid deep cuttings & costly tunnels.
Should develop alignment to suit obligatory points like passes, saddles, valleys,
crossing points of major rivers.
In short, road should be short, easy, safe and economic as far as possible. Roads are specially
prepared ways between different places for the use of vehicles, people & animals. In countries
like Nepal, where there are less chances of airways& almost negligible chances of waterway, roads
formamajorpartofthetransportation system. Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration in saying
that the roads have an almost importance.
3.2 Road Pavement
Pavement:
Pavement is the artificially covered surface of a public through-fare or sidewalk. The primary
function of pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil, that will bear
travel.
A road pavement or surface is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to
sustain vehicular or for traffic, such as a road or walkway.
3.2.1 Types of Pavement:
Pavement can be divided into 3 major parts:
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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
1. Flexible Pavement: Wheels loads are transported by grain to grain contact of aggregate
through granular structure. The flexible pavement having less flexural strength acts like
a flexible sheet. Flexible pavement consists of number of layers. For exe. Bitumenious
Road.
2. Rigid Pavement: Wheel loads are transport to subgrade soil by flexural strength of
pavement which act as a rigid plate. For exe. Cement Concrete Road.
3. Composite Pavement: A thin layer of flexible pavement over rigid pavement. It is an
Ideal pavement with most durable characteristics.
3.2.2 Functions of Pavement Structures:
a) Surface Coarse
Surface coarse is a layer directly in contact with traffic load and generally contains
superior quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt
concrete.
Following are the functions of surface coarse:
- It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage etc.
- Also, it prevents the entrance of surface water into the underlying layers.
- It most be tough to resist the distortion under traffic and provide a smooth and skid
resistance riding surface.
- To protect the entire base and sub-grade from weakening effect of water.
b) Base Coarse
The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface coarse and
provides additional load distribution and contributes to sub-surface drainage. It may
composed of crushed stone, crushed slag and other untreated or stabilized material.
c) Sub-base Coarse
It is the layer of material beneath base coarse having primary function to provide
structural support, improve drainage and reduced the movement of fines from sub-grade
of pavement.
d) Sub-grade Coarse
The top soil or sub-grade is the layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stress from
layers above. It is essentials that at no time soil sub-grade is over-stress. It should be
compacted to desireable density near optimum moisture content. (OMC)
3.2.3 Elements of Road Pavement:
a) Camber: Camber is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the
transverse direction to drain off rain water from road surface. The objectives of
providing camber are:
Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads
Sub-grade protection by proper drainage
Quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety
b) Gradient: In terms of the vertical alignment of a road, one of the primary design
parameters is gradient. The slope of the grade between two adjacent Vertical Points of
Intersection (VPI), typically expressed in percentage form as the vertical rise or fall
along the center line of road
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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
c) Super elevation: To counter-act the effect of centrifugal force and reduce the
tendency of vehicle to overturn and to skid laterally outwards, pavement outer edge is
raised with respect to inner edge. Thus, providing a transverse slope is known as Super
elevation. It is represented by “e”.
3.3 Curves:
Curves are generally used on highways and railways where it is necessary to change the
direction of motion. A curve may be circular, parabola or spiral and is always tangential to two
straight directions. Circular curves may be simple, compound, & reverse.
1. Simple Circular Curves:
A simple circular curve is the curve, which consists of a single arc of a circle. It is tangential
to both the straight lines. The elements of simple circular curves are tangent length, external
distance, length of curve, length of long chord, mid-ordinate. The notations used are back
tangent, forward tangent, point of intersection, point of curve, point of tangency, external
deflection angle, normal chord, sub chord etc. The sharpness of the curve is either designated
by its radius or by its degree of curvature. Setting out of curves can be done by two methods
depending upon the instrument used.
i) Linear method: In this method, only a chain or a tape is used. Linear methods are
used when a high degree of accuracy is not required and the curve is short.
ii) ii) Angular method: In this method, an instrument like Theodolite is used with
or without chain or tape. Before a curve is set out, it is essential to locate the tangents,
point of intersection, point of curves and point of tangent.
1. Vertical Curves:
A vertical curve is used to join two intersecting grade lines of railways, highways or other
routes to smooth out the chainage in vertical motion .The vertical curve contributes to the
safety, increase sight distance , give comfort in driving and have a good appearance. A grade,
which is expressed as percentage or 1 vertical in N horizontal, is said
to be upgrade or + ve grade when elevation along it increases, while it is termed as
downgrade or -ve grade when the elevation decreases along the direction of motion.
The vertical curves may be of following types:
Summit curve: It is formed when an upgrade followed by a downgrade, an upgrade
followed by another upgrade, a down grade followed by another down grade.
Valley curve: It is formed when a down grade followed by an upgrade, an upgrade
followed by another upgrade, a down grade followed by another down grade. In vertical
curve all distance along the curve are measured horizontally and all offsets from the
tangent to the curve are measured vertically. The methods for setting out vertical curve
are:
The tangent correction method
Elevation by chord gradient method
Co-ordinate method
We can use the tangent correction method for setting of curve.
2. Transition Curves:
Transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight line and a circular
curve. While the vehicle moves on the straight line of infinite radius to the curve of finite radius,
the passenger feels uncomfortable and even the vehicle may overturn. This is due to the causes
of the centrifugal force couple with the inertia of the vehicle .To avoid these effects , a curve of
changing radius must be introduced between the straight and the circular curve, which is known
as the transition curve. The main functions of the transition curve are as follows:
43. P a g e | 36
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
To accomplish gradually the transition curve from the tangent to the circular curve, so
that the curvature increased gradually from zero to a specific value.
To provide a medium for the gradual introduction or change of required super elevation.
3.4 Equipment required:
The equipment used in the survey of road alignment were as follows:
Theodolite with Tripod Stand
Tape/ Chain
Auto Level with Tripod Stand
Ranging rod
Staff/Stadia Rods
Pegs/Arrows and Hammer
Prismatic Compass with Stand.
Marker or Enamel
3.5 Norms (Technical Specifications):
Recci alignment selection was carried out of the road corridor considering permissible gradient,
obligatory points, bridge site and geometry of tentative horizontal and vertical curves.
The road setting horizontal curve, cross sectional detail in 20m interval and longitudinal
profile were prepared.
While performing the road alignment survey, the following norms were strictly followed:
The road had to be designed starting at the side of Bridge and ending Near tower 3
If the external deflection angle at the I.P. of the road is less than 3°, curves need not be
fitted.
Simple horizontal curves had to be laid out where the road changed its direction,
determining and pegging three points on the curve - the beginning of the curve, the
middle point of the curve and the end of the curve along the centerline of the road.
The radius of the curve had to be chosen such that it was convenient and safe i.e. not
less than 12 m radius.
The gradient of the road had to be maintained below 8%.
Cross sections had to be taken at 20 m intervals and at the beginning, middle and end
of the curve, along the centerline of the road - observations being taken for at least 3m
and 6m on either side of the centerline. If undulations are there then section at that
place should be taken.
The amount of cutting and filling required for the road construction had to be
determined from the L-Section and the cross sections. However, the volume of cutting
had to be roughly equal to the volume of filling.
Design parameters:
The design standards are adopted according to Nepal road standard. The design parameters are
as follows:
S.N Design Parameters Adopted Values
1 Type of Road Two lane Black topped
2 Minimum radius in horizontal curve (m) 15
3 Maximum gradient (%) 12
4 Minimum gradient (%) 1
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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
5 Side slope of cutting 1:1
6 Side slope of embankment 1:1.5
3.6 Methodology:
1. Reconnaissance:
First of all reconnaissance were done by walking through the purposed road alignment,
where the actual alignment of road has to be run. After this pegging was done on the
proper position for instrument station for traversing ensuring that the preceding and succeeding
pegs were visible and simultaneously pegs were marked.
2.HorizontalAlignment:
The locations of the simple horizontal curves were determined carefully considering
factors like the stability of the area, enough space for the turning radius, etc. The I.P.s was fixed
so that the gradient of the road at any place was less than 7%. After determining the I.P.s for
the road, theodolite was stationed at each I.P. and the deflection angles measured. The distance
between one I.P. and another was measured by two way taping.
The horizontal curves were set out by angular methods using theodolite at I.P. and tape.
Horizontal alignment is done for fixing the road direction in horizontal plane. For this, the
bearing of initial line connecting two initial stations was measured using compass. The interior
angles were observed using Theodolite at each IP and then deflection angles were calculated.
Deflection angle = (360 or 180) - observed angle
Fig: Simple circular horizontal curve
Where,
BC: Beginning of curve
EC: End of curve
MC: Midpoint of curve
IP: Apex distance
If +ve, the survey line deflects right (clockwise) with the prolongation of preceding line and
deflects left if –ve (anti-clockwise). The radius was assumed according to the deflection angle.
Then the tangent length, EC, BC, apex distance along with their chainage were found by using
following formulae,
Tangent length (T L) = R x tan (/2)
Length of curve (L.C) = 3.142 x R x /180
Apex distance = R x 1/ (Cos (/2)-1)
Chainage of BC = Chainage of IP – Tangent Length
Chainage of MC = Chainage of BC +Length of Curve/2
Chainage of EC = Chainage of MC + Length of Curve/2
The BC and EC points were located along the line by measuring the tangent length
from the apex and the points were marked distinctly. The radius was chosen such that the
tangent does not overlap. The apex was fixed at the length of apex distance from IP along the
line bisecting the interior angle.
R
Tangent Length, BC1IP = R Tan /2
Apex distance, IPMC1= R(sec/2-1)
Length of chord, BC1MC1EC1=2RSin/2
IPBC= IPEC: Tangent length
: External deflection angle
R: Radius of curve
E
O
B
I
45. P a g e | 38
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
3. Topographic survey
Topographic survey of road corridor was done by taking the deflection angle at each point
where two straight roads meet. The chainage of intersection point, tangent point and middle
points were also taken by linear measurements and applying formula. The staff readings of
each of these points were also taken. The staff points were chosen at every change of slope,
important feature, existing electrical pole etc.
4. Vertical Alignment
Vertical profile of the Road alignment is known by the vertical alignment. In the L-section of
the Road alignment, vertical alignment was fixed with maximum gradient of 12 %. According
to Nepal Road Standard, the minimum gradient of road is about 1% so as to facilitate the flow
of drainage to specified direction. However the maximum of 12% was taken wherever not
possible.
5. Leveling:
The method of fly leveling was applied in transferring the level from the given T.B.M.toallthe
I.Ps.The R.L.ofbeginnings, mid points and ends ofthe curves as well as to the points along the center
line of the road where the cross sections were taken, are taken by tachometry.
The R.L. of the B.M. near the college gates of MAMTS was given to be 1352m.
The method of fly leveling was applied in transferring the level from the given B.M.
to all the I.Ps, beginnings, mid points and ends of the curves as well as to the points
along the center line of the road where the cross sections were taken.
After completing the work of one way leveling on the entire length of the road, fly
leveling was done making a closed link for check and adjustment.
The difference in the R.L. of the B.M. before and after forming the loops is less than
25√ k mm, where k is the total distance in km.
6. Longitudinal section:
For the longitudinal section of the road the staff reading was taken at the interval of every 20m
along the centerline of the road. Besides, these staff readings at beginning of the curve, ending
of the curve and apex were also taken. The RL of each point were calculated. For the
longitudinal section of the road the staff reading was taken at the interval of every 20m along the
centerline of the road.
The staff readings at beginning of the curve, ending of the curve and apex were also taken.
The RL of each point were calculated.
The profile was plotted on the graph at the horizontal scale of 1:1000 and vertical scale of
1:100; chainage of each point along the horizontal direction and RL in the vertical direction.
7. Cross-section:
Cross section was run at right angles to the longitudinal profile at 20 m interval on either side
up to 10m distances wherever possible. For this, staffs reading of respective points were taken
using theodolite.
Cross section was run at right angles to the longitudinal profile on either side up to 6m distances
wherever possible.
The change in the slope was directly measured using the staff intercept made by the horizontal
tape i.e. the stepping method.
Cross-section was plotted on graph where
-Horizontal scale =1:500
-Vertical scale =1:200
47. P a g e | 40
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Distance measurement Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT – 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018-April-02
Booker:- Sujan Shiwakoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
S.N Station Distances (m) Total
length
Mean
length
Error
(m)
Precision Remarks
From To
21. 𝐼𝑃20 𝐼𝑃21 8.712+7.630+12.200 28.542
28.536 0.012 1 in 2378.0
𝐼𝑃21 𝐼𝑃20 10.638+8.242+9.650 28.530
22. 𝐼𝑃21 𝐼𝑃22 7.342+10.8+8.142+11.712 37.996
37.994 0.004 1 in 9498.5
𝐼𝑃22 𝐼𝑃21 6.24+8.65+13.232+9.870 37.992
23. 𝐼𝑃22 𝐼𝑃23 15.674+14.422+8.100+12.
890+16.670 67.756
67.752 0.008 1 in 8469.0
𝐼𝑃23 𝐼𝑃22 13.242+14.138+10.452+1
5.360+14.556 67.748
24. 𝐼𝑃23 𝐼𝑃24 10.910 10.910
10.913 0.006 1 in 1818.8
𝐼𝑃24 𝐼𝑃23 10.886 10.916
25. 𝐼𝑃24 𝐼𝑃25 16.860+7.450+6.676+12.4
50+13.530+9.102+7.136 73.204
73.195 0.018 1 in 4066.4
𝐼𝑃25 𝐼𝑃24 15.234+10.864+8.752+14.
240+12.864+11.232 73.186
26. 𝐼𝑃25 𝐼𝑃26 6.504+5.494+7.182+7.524
+8.51+8.642+9.496+5.018 58.370
58.367 0.006 1 in 9727.8
𝐼𝑃26 𝐼𝑃25 4.326+5.684+8.646+7.39+
10.648+7.654+8.546+5.47 58.364
27. 𝐼𝑃26 𝐼𝑃27 12.370+10.962+9.656+12.
344+15.840 61.172
61.168 0.009 1 in 6796.4
𝐼𝑃27 𝐼𝑃26 13.632+12.354+8.694+11.
755+14.728 61.163
48. P a g e | 41
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Sabina Dhungana Date:- 2017- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar,Kathmandu)
Distance
BS FS
Distance
Height of
Instrument RL Remarks
T M B T M B
TBM 4.0 0.244 0.264 0.284 ------- ------- ------- ------- -------------- 1375.000
1 4.0 1.330 1.310 1.290 1.384 1.364 1.344 4.0 1374.736 1373.372
2 4.3 1.441 1.419 1.398 1.354 1.330 1.304 5.0 1374.682 1373.352
3 0.9 1.298 1.291 1.289 1.472 1.454 1.438 3.4 1374.771 1373.317
𝐼𝑃0
------- ------- ------- ------- 1.243 1.233 1.224 1.9 1374.608 1373.375
𝐼𝑃0
1.9 1.243 1.233 1.224 ------- ------- ------- ------- 1374.608 1373.375
1 5.9 1.142 1.113 1.083 1.121 1.102 1.084 3.7 1374.619 1373.506
2 5.2 1.280 1.254 1.228 1.294 1.269 1.245 4.9 1374.604 1373.350
TBM ------- ------- ------- ------- 0.364 0.398 0.431 6.7 -------------- 1375.002
Total 26.2 29.6
Here,
Total loop distance (k) = 55.8m= 0.0558km
Error 1375.002-1375.000 = 0.002 m = 2 mm
Precision = 25√𝑘 = 25√0.0558 = 5.90 mm
49. P a g e | 42
A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
ROAD ALIGNMENT SHEET (ROAD SURVEY SHEET)
Observer:-Suman Jyoti Date:- 2017- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar,Kathmandu)
IP Distance
between
IP (m)
Radius of
Horizontal
Curve (m)
Stati
on
Deflection
Angle (⧍)
Tangent
length
(R tan(⧍/2))
Length of
Curve
((πR⧍)/180)
Mid-ordinate
R(1-cos(⧍/2))
Apex distance
R(sec(⧍/2)-1)
Chainage of BC
(IP-T)
Chainage of MC
(BC+L/2)
Chainage of EC
(BC+L) Remarks
𝑰𝑷𝟎 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏 14.541 15 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏 63°25'10'' 9.268 m 10.603 m 2.240 m 2.632 m 05.273 m 10.575 m 15.876 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐 66.647 25 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐 12°11'10'' 2.669 m 5.317 m 0.141 m 0.142 m 70.586 m 73.245 m 75.903 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐 − 𝑰𝑷𝟑 17.936 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟑 51°59'40'' 5.852 m 18.890 m 1.214 m 1.350 m 85.318 m 94.413 m 104.208 m
𝑰𝑷𝟑 − 𝑰𝑷𝟒 37.690 15 m 𝑰𝑷𝟒 63°16'10'' 9.240 m 16.564 m 2.229 m 2.618 m 126.806 m 135.088 m 143.370 m
𝑰𝑷𝟒 − 𝑰𝑷𝟓 10.628 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
𝑰𝑷𝟓 − 𝑰𝑷𝟔 34.374 15 m 𝑰𝑷𝟔 42°54'00'' 5.890 m 11.231 m 1.116 m 1.116 m 173.242 m 178.858 m 184.473 m
𝑰𝑷𝟔 − 𝑰𝑷𝟕 39.596 30 m 𝑰𝑷𝟕 05°36'00'' 1.467 m 2.932 m 0.036 m 0.036 m 216.712 m 218.178 m 219.644 m
𝑰𝑷𝟕 − 𝑰𝑷𝟖 80.606 15 m 𝑰𝑷𝟖 57°32'20'' 8.236 m 15.060 m 1.850 m 2.112 m 290.547 m 298.077 m 305.607 m
𝑰𝑷𝟖 − 𝑰𝑷𝟗 46.960 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟗 48°12'20'' 5.368 m 10.096 m 1.046 m 1.146 m 338.963 m 344.011 m 349.059 m
𝑰𝑷𝟗 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟎 26.076 10 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟎 99°06'00'' 11.729 m 17.296 m 3.512 m 5.413 m 358.038 m 366.686 m 375.334 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟎 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟏 24.582 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟏 53°27'20'' 6.042 m 11.196 m 1.282 m 1.435 m 382.145 m 387.743 m 393.341 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟏 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟐 41.692 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟐 52°45'50'' 5.952 m 11.050 m 1.240 m 1.395 m 423.039 m 428.564 m 434.089 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟐 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟑 29.784 20 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟑 19°12'40'' 3.380 m 6.700 m 0.284 m 0.280 m 454.541 m 457.891 m 461.241 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟑 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟒 53.835 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟒 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟓 18.102 15 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟓 49°07'50'' 6.856 m 12.860 m 1.350 m 1.492 m 522.942 m 529.372 m 535.802 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟓 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟔 17.297 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟔 30°20'30'' 3.254 m 6.355 m 0.418 m 0.433 m 542.989 m 546.167 m 549.344 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟔 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟕 28.536 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟕 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟖 17.224 20 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟖 52°11'00'' 9.794 m 10.930 m 2.038 m 2.270 m 582.056 m 587.521 m 592.986 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟖 − 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟗 39.713 25 m 𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟗 31°19'20'' 7.010 m 6.560 m 0.928 m 0.963 m 615.895 m 619.175 m 622.455 m
𝑰𝑷𝟏𝟗 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟎 40.815 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟎 49°27'40'' 5.527 m 10.360 m 1.100 m 1.212 m 650.733 m 655.913 m 661.093 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟎 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟏 28.536 12 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟏 29°40'00'' 3.170 m 6.213 m 0.400 m 0.414 m 680.932 m 684.039 m 687.145 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟏 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟐 37.994 16 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟐 26°52'00'' 3.821 m 7.503 m 0.438 m 0.450 m 718.148 m 721.900 m 725.651 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟐 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟑 67.752 10 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟑 38°13'10'' 3.465 m 6.670 m 0.551 m 0.583 m 786.117 m 789.452 m 792.787 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟑 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟒 10.913 10 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟒 48°44'10'' 4.529 m 8.506 m 0.890 m 0.978 m 795.706 m 799.959 m 804.212 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟒 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟓 73.195 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- --------------
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟓 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟔 58.367 30 m 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟔 49°28'00'' 13.819 m 25.900 m 2.752 m 3.030m 917.426 m 930.376 m 943.326 m
𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟔 − 𝑰𝑷𝟐𝟕 61.168 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
Total Length of setting out of road alignment = 1024.559 m i.e. 1.025 km