PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHINIQUE FOR ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY BY GENERATING GROUND WATER QUALITY MAP
THIS IS THE ACTUAL TITLE OF PROJECT IN ABSOLUTE SENSE
THIS IS THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT OF BE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
The document is a project report for the preliminary design of a water treatment plant. It includes an index, acknowledgements, objectives, introduction and survey sections. The structural elements section describes the main components of the water treatment plant, including an aerator, alum dosing tanks, coagulation and sedimentation tank, rapid gravity filters, chlorinator, clear water reservoir and main distribution tank. The design specifications section provides specifications for designing components like the pre-sedimentation tank.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
Staad.Pro Training Report or Summer Internship Ravi Kant Sahu
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Ram1239
The document provides details about a married accommodation project in Phase II of Jalandhar Cantt, India. It includes information such as the number and locations of dwelling units, site plans, construction steps, project resources and materials. Specifically, it summarizes the construction of 528 dwelling units in Pocket G, including details of the raft foundation, columns, beams, slabs, stairs and other structures. Tests on materials like slump tests and aggregate grading are also described.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY S.MAHAMMAD FROM RAJIV GAND...Mahammad2251
Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. The foremost basic in
structural engineering is the design of simple basic components and members of a building viz., Slabs,
Beams, Columns and Footings. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the
particular building. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and the position of
columns are fixed.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
The document is a project report for the preliminary design of a water treatment plant. It includes an index, acknowledgements, objectives, introduction and survey sections. The structural elements section describes the main components of the water treatment plant, including an aerator, alum dosing tanks, coagulation and sedimentation tank, rapid gravity filters, chlorinator, clear water reservoir and main distribution tank. The design specifications section provides specifications for designing components like the pre-sedimentation tank.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
Staad.Pro Training Report or Summer Internship Ravi Kant Sahu
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Ram1239
The document provides details about a married accommodation project in Phase II of Jalandhar Cantt, India. It includes information such as the number and locations of dwelling units, site plans, construction steps, project resources and materials. Specifically, it summarizes the construction of 528 dwelling units in Pocket G, including details of the raft foundation, columns, beams, slabs, stairs and other structures. Tests on materials like slump tests and aggregate grading are also described.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY S.MAHAMMAD FROM RAJIV GAND...Mahammad2251
Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. The foremost basic in
structural engineering is the design of simple basic components and members of a building viz., Slabs,
Beams, Columns and Footings. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the
particular building. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and the position of
columns are fixed.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the design and estimation of an RCC (reinforced cement concrete) road. The report was submitted by seven students to their lecturer at Indus Institute of Technology and Management in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2015. It includes sections on surveying, road specifications, field surveys, analysis of rates, design, estimation, and costing of the RCC road project.
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
Mini projects for_civil_engineering_(3)_(1) (1) (1)arun naga sai
This document lists 163 potential mini project topics for civil engineering students in their second, third, or fourth year. The topics cover a wide range of areas related to civil engineering, including air and water pollution monitoring, use of industrial waste materials in construction, soil testing and stabilization, traffic studies, structural analysis, and municipal infrastructure design. The mini projects are intended to provide hands-on learning opportunities for students in their undergraduate studies.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
This document lists 47 water resource engineering projects available for students in BE/B.Tech and ME/M.Tech programs through Sree Samarth Project Solution located in Aurangabad, India. The projects cover a wide range of topics including groundwater inventory, water treatment, water quality analysis, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling and more. Contact is provided for Lakade Sagar at the listed phone number and email for more details on the available projects.
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
Design Intze Water tank mazor project Reportarnav singh
This document provides a major project report on the design and estimation of an Intze tank. It includes an abstract, acknowledgements, declaration, contents page, and various sections related to the design of the tank such as soil testing, load calculation, site layout, design, estimation, and conclusion. The objective of the project is to design an overhead circular water tank with a domed roof and conical base using the working stress and limit state methods. It provides background information on water tanks, classifications, design requirements, and site selection. It also includes calculations for population forecasting, water quantity estimation, and load calculations to size the tank appropriately.
The document provides details about the construction of a two-lane bridge over a railway crossing in Moradabad, India by UP State Bridge Corporation Limited. It summarizes the key components of the bridge, including pile foundations with friction piles, pier foundations, pier caps, pedestals, bearings, abutments, girders, deck slabs, and crash barriers. It also provides details on the materials used, such as concrete grades between M30-M40 and rebar sizes from 6mm to 32mm. Construction testing methods like slump tests, sieve tests, and cube tests are also summarized.
The document discusses software used in civil engineering. It begins by noting how technology has improved efficiency in the field. It then outlines several categories of software including architectural, structural, and project management. Specific software like AutoCAD, Revit, Lumion, SketchUp, Staad Pro, ETABS, SAP2000, TEKLA, ANSYS, Primavera, and Microsoft Project are described. The conclusion emphasizes how software has reduced construction time from 1-2 years to 6-9 months on projects.
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
Industrial Training report Civil Engineering.JAPJEETSINGH13
Industrial training report for civil engineering major training final year. All rights to the images, blueprints and content is reserved.
Only available for educational purposes.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material made of concrete and steel reinforcement. The purpose of reinforcement is to improve the tensile strength of concrete. The Limit State Method of design considers both the strength limit state and serviceability limit state, making it a more realistic and economical approach compared to other methods like Working Stress Method and Ultimate Load Method. Key factors of safety in the Limit State Method include partial factors for concrete γc = 1.5, and for steel γs = 1.15.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
Report on Industrial training at BRPNNL PatnaNarayan Gupta
This document appears to be a project report submitted by three students - Akhilesh Rajput, Narayan Gupta, and Mahendra Kumar - for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details their four month vocational training undertaking the construction of two flyovers in Patna, India - one connecting R-Block junction and another connecting Karbigahiya. It provides an overview of the project, acknowledges those involved in the training, and outlines the contents of the report which will explain the planning, execution, materials, testing, and safety aspects of the flyover construction.
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Nellikkuzhy Panchayat, Kerala, India. 11 physicochemical parameters were used to calculate a Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater samples collected during the monsoon and summer seasons. The WQI ranged from 50.47-63.18 during monsoon and 33.74-64.69 during summer, indicating the water quality was good at all locations according to the classification system. While some parameters like pH and electrical conductivity exceeded guidelines at some locations, overall the groundwater was determined to be suitable for drinking and irrigation based on WQI.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the design and estimation of an RCC (reinforced cement concrete) road. The report was submitted by seven students to their lecturer at Indus Institute of Technology and Management in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2015. It includes sections on surveying, road specifications, field surveys, analysis of rates, design, estimation, and costing of the RCC road project.
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
Mini projects for_civil_engineering_(3)_(1) (1) (1)arun naga sai
This document lists 163 potential mini project topics for civil engineering students in their second, third, or fourth year. The topics cover a wide range of areas related to civil engineering, including air and water pollution monitoring, use of industrial waste materials in construction, soil testing and stabilization, traffic studies, structural analysis, and municipal infrastructure design. The mini projects are intended to provide hands-on learning opportunities for students in their undergraduate studies.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
This document lists 47 water resource engineering projects available for students in BE/B.Tech and ME/M.Tech programs through Sree Samarth Project Solution located in Aurangabad, India. The projects cover a wide range of topics including groundwater inventory, water treatment, water quality analysis, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling and more. Contact is provided for Lakade Sagar at the listed phone number and email for more details on the available projects.
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
Design Intze Water tank mazor project Reportarnav singh
This document provides a major project report on the design and estimation of an Intze tank. It includes an abstract, acknowledgements, declaration, contents page, and various sections related to the design of the tank such as soil testing, load calculation, site layout, design, estimation, and conclusion. The objective of the project is to design an overhead circular water tank with a domed roof and conical base using the working stress and limit state methods. It provides background information on water tanks, classifications, design requirements, and site selection. It also includes calculations for population forecasting, water quantity estimation, and load calculations to size the tank appropriately.
The document provides details about the construction of a two-lane bridge over a railway crossing in Moradabad, India by UP State Bridge Corporation Limited. It summarizes the key components of the bridge, including pile foundations with friction piles, pier foundations, pier caps, pedestals, bearings, abutments, girders, deck slabs, and crash barriers. It also provides details on the materials used, such as concrete grades between M30-M40 and rebar sizes from 6mm to 32mm. Construction testing methods like slump tests, sieve tests, and cube tests are also summarized.
The document discusses software used in civil engineering. It begins by noting how technology has improved efficiency in the field. It then outlines several categories of software including architectural, structural, and project management. Specific software like AutoCAD, Revit, Lumion, SketchUp, Staad Pro, ETABS, SAP2000, TEKLA, ANSYS, Primavera, and Microsoft Project are described. The conclusion emphasizes how software has reduced construction time from 1-2 years to 6-9 months on projects.
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
Industrial Training report Civil Engineering.JAPJEETSINGH13
Industrial training report for civil engineering major training final year. All rights to the images, blueprints and content is reserved.
Only available for educational purposes.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material made of concrete and steel reinforcement. The purpose of reinforcement is to improve the tensile strength of concrete. The Limit State Method of design considers both the strength limit state and serviceability limit state, making it a more realistic and economical approach compared to other methods like Working Stress Method and Ultimate Load Method. Key factors of safety in the Limit State Method include partial factors for concrete γc = 1.5, and for steel γs = 1.15.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
Report on Industrial training at BRPNNL PatnaNarayan Gupta
This document appears to be a project report submitted by three students - Akhilesh Rajput, Narayan Gupta, and Mahendra Kumar - for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details their four month vocational training undertaking the construction of two flyovers in Patna, India - one connecting R-Block junction and another connecting Karbigahiya. It provides an overview of the project, acknowledges those involved in the training, and outlines the contents of the report which will explain the planning, execution, materials, testing, and safety aspects of the flyover construction.
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Nellikkuzhy Panchayat, Kerala, India. 11 physicochemical parameters were used to calculate a Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater samples collected during the monsoon and summer seasons. The WQI ranged from 50.47-63.18 during monsoon and 33.74-64.69 during summer, indicating the water quality was good at all locations according to the classification system. While some parameters like pH and electrical conductivity exceeded guidelines at some locations, overall the groundwater was determined to be suitable for drinking and irrigation based on WQI.
Assessment of Ground Water Quality at Kondapalli Industrial Region, Krishna D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in the Kondapalli industrial region of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Five groundwater sampling stations near industrial areas were tested for various physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, iron, calcium, magnesium and fluoride. The results found that several parameters exceeded drinking water standards, indicating groundwater quality has been impacted by industrial effluents. In particular, high levels of total dissolved solids and calcium were found, suggesting effluents from sewage, industries and seawater are contaminating the groundwater. The study concludes that treatment of industrial effluents is
IRJET- A Review of Hydrochemical Assessment and GIS Mapping of Groundwater in...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the hydrochemical assessment and GIS mapping of groundwater quality in rural and urban areas of Lucknow, India. Water quality parameters were analyzed and mapped using GIS to determine suitability for drinking and irrigation. The study found that potassium concentrations exceeded limits in over 60% of samples and that water quality is generally better in suburban versus urban areas with lower population densities.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
A REVIEW PAPER ON THE STUDY OF DELINEATION OF SUITABLE GROUND WATER QUALITY Z...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on delineating suitable groundwater quality zones for drinking in Samdoli village, Sangli, India using GIS software. Water samples were collected from different areas and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, and total dissolved solids. The results were then displayed on a map in GIS to show suitable and unsuitable zones. The review found that fertilizer and pesticide use in farming was increasing toxic substances in groundwater. It provided recommendations to minimize impurities and reduce health issues.
Comprehensive Assessment of Groundwater from various areas of Aurangabad city...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes groundwater samples from various areas of Aurangabad city, India. Physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were measured monthly from January to June. The results found that all parameters were within acceptable limits according to drinking water guidelines except for a few samples that showed slightly acidic pH, indicating potential industrial influence on groundwater quality in some areas. Overall, the study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region.
ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY USING WATER QUALITY INDEX WITHIN 4KM RADIU...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of effluent from a sugar distillery plant on groundwater quality within a 4km radius of the plant in Barbanki District, India. Water samples were collected from groundwater sources and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. A water quality index was calculated to evaluate suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes. The results showed degradation of groundwater quality due to contamination from the sugar industry effluent. Many parameters exceeded acceptable limits for drinking water. Therefore, the groundwater in the area requires treatment before consumption.
Assessing groundwater quality with special reference to the human, agricultur...Innspub Net
The twenty-first century faces enormous threats to fresh water and future wars are based on water issues. And Nations shows efforts toward water resource management. Because their attitudes are sensitive and highly important for water. Water is a great bestowal of nature. This lively liquid is essential for human survival and for their primary secondary and tertiary activities. The present study deals with the assessment of groundwater quality levels for human, industrial and agricultural use of Sargodha city Punjab Pakistan. The assessment based on water quality analysis of different water parameters like Electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium, chloride, hardness, magnesium, Total dissolve Solids, turbidity, Sulfate etc. The water for domestic use must be free from turbidity and the drinking water should be odor free. Color less and good test or test less. The harmful micro-organism should not be in the water. The assessment of water quality highly fluctuates in the study area. Water quality parameters are mostly unsafe for drinking and agricultural purposes in central part of the city which is highly built up. While it may use for some types of industries but in surrounding areas quality of water is much better for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Although overall water quality are unsafe for human use while very few areas have safe water for human drinking and domestic use agriculture also require less dissolve solids water but there are some crops to resist with high solids. Water may use for industries after purifying. Quality Criteria for Agricultural usage: Elements that makes water suitable or unsuitable for agricultural purposes or for irrigation are amount of silt, total salt concentration, relative properties of sodium to the other cations like calcium and magnesium, bicarbonate content and concentration of toxic element such as boron. Quality Criteria for Live Stock usage: Mainly total dissolved solids and concentration of toxic elements checked for livestock usage. Quality Criteria for Industrial usage: Water quality changed with the type of industry for example Pharmaceutical and paper industry demand of water is purest but in mining industry it is not required purest water. A medium quality of water is used for mining industry.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF MEENACHIL RIVER IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on assessing and improving the water quality of the Meenachil River in Kottayam District, Kerala, India. The river flows through many towns where it is used for drinking water and agriculture. However, with increasing population and development, pollution from various sources has become a concern. The study involved collecting and testing water samples from 13 locations on the river to analyze various water quality parameters. It aims to assess the current pollution levels, provide suggestions to improve the water quality, and compare results to previous studies. The objectives are to examine wet and dry season water quality, improve public health by reducing pollution impacts, and encourage better waste management. The scope includes continued monitoring and assessing pollution levels over time
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
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mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
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analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area
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Anthropogenic Activity-Induced Water Quality Degradation in GiritalIRJET Journal
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Complete final year project BE CIVIL
1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi-590018
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER
QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE
SENSING TECHNIQUE”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
For the academic year
2017-2018
Submitted by
1HK14CV044 SHAIK AHMED JAWAD
1HK14CV054 WASEEEM PASHA
1HK14CV016 LIKHITH HC
1HK15CV414 RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH
Under the guidance of
HOD: Dr. SYED ABU SAYEED MOHAMMED
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU)
22/1, Nagawara, Arabic College Post, Bangalore-45, Karnataka
Email: info@hkbk.edu.in URL: www.hkbk.edu.in
2. H.K.B.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
S.No.22/1, Nagawara, Bengaluru-560045
Department of Civil
Certificate
Certified that the Project Work entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER
QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE”, carried out
by SHAIK AHMED JAWAD (1HK14CV044), WASEEM PASHA (1HK14CV054), LIKHITH HC
(1HK14CV016) AND RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH (1HK15CV414) are bonafide students of HKBK
COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2017–18. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of 10CV85–Evaluation of Project Work and Viva-Voce prescribed
for the said Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1._________________________________ _____________________
2._________________________________ _____________________
3. V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our regards and acknowledgement to all who helped us in
completing this project successfully.
First of all we would take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to the
personalities of HKBK College of Engineering, Mr. C M Ibrahim, Chairman,
HKBKCE and Mr. Faiz Mohammed, Director, HKBKCE for providing facilities
throughout the course.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Muzammil Ahamed S., Principal, HKBCE
for his support and which inspired us towards the attainment of knowledge.
We consider it as great privilege to convey our sincere regards to Dr. Syed Abu Sayeed
Mohammed., Professor and HOD, Department of CE, HKBKCE for his constant
encouragement throughout the course of the project.
We would specially like to thank our guide, Dr. Syed Abu Sayeed Mohammed.,
Professor, Department of CE for his vigilant supervision and his constant
encouragement. He spent his precious time in reviewing the project work and provided
many insightful comments and constructive criticism.
Finally, We thank Almighty, all the staff members of CE Department, our family
members and friends for their constant support and encouragement in carrying out the
project work.
1HK14CV044 SHAIK AHMED JAWAD
1HK14CV054 WASEEEM PASHA
1HK14CV016 LIKHITH HC
1HK15CV414 RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH
4. IV
ABSTRACT
In this project, the physicochemical analysis of various physico-chemical parameters is
carried out for assessment of ground water quality. Total of 12 samples were collected
from 12 locations of bangalore urban area viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Muneshwara Nagar, Vishwanath Nagenahalli, Kacharakanahalli, Jakkuru-2,
Nagawara, Horamavu, Thanisandra, Kempegowda Ward, Byatarayanapura and
Jakkuru. These 12 water samples were collected from sampling points whose
connection was given to bore wells. Various physico-chemical parameters tested were
pH, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, lead content, total
solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity. For
geo-referencing of study area, Toposheet No D43R12 (57G/12) OF BANGALORE
URBAN – [between latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚0’ to 13˚15’ and between
longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚30’ to 077˚45’] was used. The quality of
groundwater is assessed in the study area based on water quality index model. The
softwares such as Google Earth Pro and ArcGIS 10.5 were used for the generation of
Study Area Map, spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical parameters and
ground water quality map.
5. V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO
TITLE PAGE
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 01-05
1.1 SYNOPSIS 02
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 03
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED WORK 04
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED WORK 05
2 METHODOLOGY 06-13
2.1 STAGES INVOLVED IN METHODOLOGY 7-13
3 PHYSICO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS 14-30
3.1 PH 15-17
3.2 ALKALINITY 17-19
3.3 SULPHATES 19-20
3.4 NITRATES 20-22
3.5 TOTAL HARDNESS 22-23
3.6 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 24-25
3.7 LEAD 26-27
3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 27-29
3.9 TURBIDITY 30
4 RESULTS 31-43
5 WATER QUALITY INDEX 44-54
6
MAP GENERATION BY APPLICATION
OF GIS
55-66
7 CONCLUSION 67
8 REFERENCES 68
8. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 2
CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SYNOPSIS
Water is one of the most important, universal and most precious natural resource. It is
essential in the life of all living organisms from the simplest plant and microorganisms
to the most complex living system such as of human body. Water is a combination of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with a chemical formula, H2O and it is known to be the
most abundant compound (70%) on earth’s surface. It is significant due to its unique
chemical and physical properties.
Ground water is the major source in India not only for domestic use, but also for
agriculture and industrial sector. At present scenario, 85% of domestic water
requirement in rural areas, 55% of irrigation water requirement of farmers, 50% of
domestic water requirement in urban areas and 50% of process water requirement of
industries are met by ground water.
Ground water is ultimate, most suitable fresh water resource with nearly balanced
concentration of the salts for human consumption.
Acceptable ground water quality shows that the ground water should be safe in terms
of its physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. International and local
agencies have established parameters to determine biological and physicochemical
quality of ground water. It has been estimated that the most common problems in
household water supplies is mainly to hardness, fluorides, sulphides, sodium chloride,
alkalinity, acidity, disease-producing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, etc. Thus,
if the physico-chemical constituents of ground water used for drinking exceed its
maximum permissible limits it causes adverse health effects on the mankind.
Water plays an important role for all living organism. Chemical formula of water is
H2O. It exists in the three states namely solid, liquid and gas. Water is universal solvent
used as media for bio-chemical as well as chemical reaction. Water is essential for all
living organism. Life cannot run without water. On earth 97.2% of water is salty and
9. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 3
2.8% is fresh water from which about 20% constitutes ground water (Rajesh Kumar,
2011
Rapid growth of industrialization, population urbanization spoil the ground water. Once
ground water get polluted, it cannot be restored by stopping the pollutants from their
source.
According to WHO, about 80% diseases in human being are caused by water (Neerja
Kalra, 2012). Also ground water is used by the people throughout the world for various
domestic purposes such as drinking, cooking, bathing, etc. So study of ground water
becomes very very important lest the people are using the ground water which is unsafe.
In India 90% of the rural and nearly 30% of the urban populations depend on
groundwater for meeting their drinking and domestic requirements.
Therefore, it is desirable to control the intake of these potentially toxic chemicals from
drinking water. Hence, the aim of this study is also to examine the levels of some
physico-chemical parameters of drinking water of few Urban Areas of Bangalore.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The quality of groundwater is deteriorating at a faster pace due to pollution ranging
from septic tanks (Olaniya and Saxena, 1977; Gillison and Patmont, 1983), land fill
leachates, domestic sewage (Eison and Anderson, 1980; Sharma and Kaur, 1995;
Subba Rao, 1995), agricultural runoff / agricultural fields (Banerji, 1983; Handa;
1986, Ramachandra et al., 1991; Datta and Sen Gupta, 1996, Somashekar et al.,
2000) and industrial wastes (Sharma and Kaur, 1995; Todd, 1995 and Rengaraj et
al., 1996; Indra Raj, 2000)
Recently, G. Sheeba, Anjaneyulu Jalaja and Padma Venkatasubramanian
(November 2017) conducted the study on various parameters of ground water in peri
urban Bengaluru. They found that the ground water was poor in quality with refence to
its chemical and various other parameters.
Dr. Balasubramanya N and Dr Shankar B.S (June 2014) conducted the study of
ground water quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Basin, Bangalore, India and it was found
10. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 4
that the groundwater of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human
consumption. Moreover, the progressive deterioration of the ground water quality was
observed
Therefore, it may be possible that the residents of Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, India
dwelling in Nagawara, Jakkuru, etc may be utilizing ground water which is unhygienic.
Thus, this is one of our motive to carry out this project.
Hence, if we do a research on the physico-chemical analysis of the ground water quality
this will help in determining the ground water quality of few areas of bangalore urban
where this sort of analysis has not been done yet.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED WORK
The physico-chemical analysis of ground water quality helps us to determine
whether the ground water is contaminated with impurities such as sewage or
not.
This analysis helps us to determine whether the polluted water has been
infiltrated into the groundwater.
This analysis also helps us to determine the extent to which groundwater is safe
for drinking, bathing, washing utensils, etc.
This enables us to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose
which is vital aspect of this project.
Furthermore, this analysis helps us to determine whether the ground water
quality is deteriorating or not by repetitive analysis.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED WORK
To Analyse the ground water quality of few areas of bangalore urban by
determining the physico-chemical parameters as shown below:
1. Alkalinity using phenolphthalein indicator (By Titrimetric Method)
11. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 5
2. pH using pH meter
3. Turbidity by using Nephelometer
4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total
Solids (TS) (By Gravimetric Method)
5. Electrical Conductivity (EC) using Conductivity Meter
6. Total hardness of water (By EDTA Titrimetric Method)
7. Sulphate content (By Titrimetric Method)
8. Nitrate Content (By Spectrophotometer)
9. Dissolved oxygen content (By Azide Modification / Winkler’s Method)
10. Lead content of various water samples
To learn and apply the technique of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING for
ground water quality assessment.
One of the main objectives of the ground water quality monitoring is to
assess the suitability of ground water for drinking purposes. The physical
and chemical quality of ground water is important in deciding its
suitability for drinking purposes
To generate spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical
parameters
To generate ground water quality map by using ArcGIS Software on the
basis of Water Quality Index Model
1
1
1
12. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 6
CHAPTER:2
METHODOLOGY OF
PROPOSED WORK
13. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 7
CHAPTER 2:
METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED WORK
2.1STAGES INVOLVED IN METHODOLOGY OF OUR PROJECT
The methodology of our project consists of several stages which are explained below
Selection and Study of area
Selection of sampling points
Sampling of groundwater from selected sampling points
Transportation of collected water samples to the laboratory
Preservation of collected water samples in the laboratory
Selection of required volume of water sample
Analysis of various physico-chemical parameters
Enumeration of results
Application of REMOTE SENSING and GIS technique
Generation of spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical
parameters
Generation of Ground Water Quality Map
Discussion of Conclusion
The Methodology of our project can be illustrated with the help of flowchart as
shown
15. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 9
2.1.1 SELECTION AND STUDY OF AREA
In this phase, under the guidance of our guide we selected the study area i.e., the area
taken into consideration for the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality
Then we decided the twelve no of locations viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Muneshwara Nagar, Vishwanath Nagenahalli, Kacharakanahalli, Jakkuru-2,
Nagawara, Horamavu, Thanisandra, Kempegowda Ward, Byatarayanapura and
Jakkuru
2.1.2 SELECTION OF SAMPLING POINTS
In this phase, after literature survey we decided the exact location of sampling to be
taken into consideration for physico-chemical analysis
Finally, under the guidance of our guide we selected total of twelve sampling points
from 12 selected locations
2.1.3 SAMPLING OF GROUNDWATER FROM SELECTED SAMPLING
POINTS
In this phase of our project, sampling of groundwater was undertaken from the 12
selected sampling points located in the above mentioned 12 locations.
This was done with the help of sampling cans of 5 litre as shown
Fig 2.2: SAMPLING CANS OF 5 LITRE CAPACITY
16. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 10
2.1.4 TRANSPORTATION OF COLLECTED WATER SAMPLES TO THE
LABORATORY
In this phase, the collected water samples were brought to the laboratory
2.1.5 PRESERVATION OF COLLECTED WATER SAMPLES IN THE
LABORATORY
In this phase, preservation of collected groundwater samples was done by storing the
sampling cans in the refrigerator
2.1.6 SELECTION OF REQUIRED VOLUME OF WATER SAMPLE
At this stage of our project, required volume of water sample was selected and the
desired volume is taken in the sampling bottles.
After taking small quantity of ground water samples in the small sampling bottles of
100 ml, physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples was carried out.
The sampling bottles is as shown below:
Fig 2.3: SAMPLING BOTTLES OF 100 ml
2.1.7 ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
In this phase, physico-chemical analysis was carried out i.e., the analysis of various
physico-chemical parameters was carried out in environmental laboratory
In other words, the experimental procedures were adopted for obtaining the content of
physico-chemical parameters present in collected groundwater samples
17. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 11
The acceptable limit and permissible limit of the physico-chemical parameters is taken
from IS 10500:2012 (SECOND REVISION)
The experimental procedures are discussed in detail in upcoming chapters
Various physico-chemical parameters for which this sort of analysis is done were listed
in the previous chapter
2.1.8 ENUMERATION OF RESULTS
In this phase all results were obtained by various calculations i.e., the amount of
physical and chemical parameters present in groundwater was ascertained by various
calculations.
The graphs depicting the variation of various physico-chemical parameters were plotted
which is discussed in upcoming chapters.
Also, in this phase the water quality index is calculated for all 12 samples which is also
discussed in detail in upcoming chapters
To calculate Water Quality Index (WQI), standard values of physico-chemical values
are required which are taken from IS 10500:2012 (Second Revision).
2.1.9 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUE
In this phase, the GPS DATA (REMOTE SENSING DATA) was collected with the
help of device as shown
18. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 12
Fig 2.4: GPS DEVICE
GPS data of all the 12 Selected Sampling points was collected in terms of latitude
north of equator and longitude east of meridian as shown
Table 2.1: REMOTE SENSING DATA
19. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 13
Also, generation of various maps such as study area map, spatial variation maps,
ground water quality maps were carried out which is mentioned in upcoming
chapters.
2.1.10 DISCUSSION OF CONCLUSION
In this phase, discussion of conclusion is done by comparing results with drinking water
specifications of BIS (BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS) IS10500:2012
(SECOND REVISION) to ascertain the status of groundwater quality
This is also discussed in detail in upcoming chapters
21. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 15
CHAPTER 3
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
3.1 pH
Theory: pH stands for the “power of hydrogen”. The pH value of water is defined as
the log of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in that water
The logarithmic scale of pH indicates that as pH increases, the H+ concentration will
decrease by a power of 10 i.e., each number below 7 is 10 times more acidic than the
previous number when counting down. Likewise, when counting up above 7, each
number is 10 times more basic than the previous number. Thus, at a pH of 0, H+ has a
concentration of 1 M. At a pH of 7, this decreases to 0.0000001 M. At a pH of 14, there
is only 0.00000000000001 M H+.
If the pH of water is 7, it is neutral
If pH of water is less than 7, it is acidic and if the pH of water is more than 7, it is basic
Fig 3.1: LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF pH
22. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 16
3.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF pH
In our project this was carried out by pH paper and pH meter
Apparatus: An electronic pH meter, Laboratory glassware including volumetric
flasks, a wash bottle filled with distilled water.
pH meter is as shown below
Fig 3.2: pH METER
Reagents: Buffer Solutions of pH 4, 7 and 9.3.
Experimental Procedure:
Prepare buffer solutions according to instructions, being careful that the tablets
remain intact until use.
Place about 30 mL of each buffer solution and also of the sample in separate 50
mL beakers.
Place the electrodes from the pH meter into each of the buffer solutions in turn.
If necessary adjust the instrument to the pH of the particular solution.
23. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 17
Place the electrodes into the sample and record the pH shown on the meter.
Acceptable range of pH: 6.5 – 8.5
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: If the pH of water
sample is beyond this range, it affects the mucous membrane
Environmental Significance of pH:
If water whose pH levels are less than 7 is consumed in excess quantity, it may increase
the acidity of the mouth which can cause the demineralization of tooth enamel which
in turn can lead to tooth decay.
Any liquid with a pH of 10 or more can cause burns depending on the tissue it touches
and how long the tissue is exposed
pH values greater than 11 can cause skin and eye irritations, as does a pH below 4.
A pH value below 2.5 will cause irreversible damage to skin and organ linings
pH can also affect the solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy metals in the
water. Lower pH levels increase the risk of mobilized toxic metals that can be absorbed,
even by humans
High pH levels can have negative impact on gastrointestinal system
In addition to that, pH levels outside of 6.5-9.5 can damage and corrode pipes and other
systems, further increasing heavy metal toxicity.
If the pH of water is too high or too low, the aquatic organisms living within it will die
3.2 ALKALINITY
Theory: Alkalinity is the measure of ability of water to neutralize acids. The major
portion of alkalinity in natural waters is caused by carbonates, bicarbonates and
hydroxides. It affects the boilers by forming scales on it.
3.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF
ALKALINITY
24. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 18
Apparatus: Titration Apparatus
Reagents:
a) Titrant: Standard Sulfuric acid (H2SO4 – 0.02N)
b) Indicator: Phenolphthalein
c) Distilled Water
d) Sodium Thiosulphate (0.1N)
Experimental Procedure:
Take about 100 ml of sample in a conical flask
Add 1 drop of sodium thiosulphate (0.1N) to remove residual chlorine if present
Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, “if sample turns to pink colour”,
titrate with standard sulfuric acid (H2SO4 – 0.02N) to remove pink colour. Note
down the ml of titrant used (V1)
“If sample doesn’t turn to pink”, add methyl orange indicator 2-3 drops
Now sample turns to yellow
Continue the titration till yellow colour changes to orange and note down ml of
total titrant (V2)
Formula:
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) in (mg/L) as CaCo3
=
Total Alkalinity (T) in (mg/L) as CaCo3
=
Where 1000 = Conversion to mg/L
Equivalent weight of CaCo3 = 50
Procedure to calculate equivalent weight of CaCO3:
(V1) x Normality of Titrant x 1000 x Equivalent weight of CaCo3
ml of sample taken
(V2) x Normality of Titrant x 1000 x Equivalent weight of CaCo3
ml of sample taken
25. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 19
Equivalent weight = molecular weight of compound ÷ charge on compound.
Molecular weight of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate):
Atomic weight of calcium+ atomic weight of carbon + atomic weight of oxygen.
Atomic weight of Calcium: 40
Atomic weight of Carbon:12
Atomic weight of Oxygen:16
So, 40+12+16(3) = 100
Charge on CaCO3 = ca^2+ + CO3^2-
Charge = 2.
So equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 100÷2
Thus, Equivalent weight of CaCO3 =50
Acceptable limit of Total Alkalinity: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Total Alkalinity in absence of alternate source: 600 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this limit,
the taste of the water becomes unpleasant
Environmental Significance of alkalinity:
Drinking too much alkaline water may disrupt the body's normal pH. This can lead to
a condition called metabolic alkalosis, which may cause confusion, nausea, vomiting,
hand tremors, muscle twitching, and tingling in the face, hands or feet.
3.3 SULPHATES
Theory: The sulphate ion is one of the major anion occurring in natural water.
Sulphate is one of the major dissolved components of rain
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE
CONTENT IN WATER
Apparatus: Titration Apparatus, Hot pan, Filter paper, etc.
26. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 20
Reagents:
a) Hydroxylamine chloride
b) Benzidine hydrochloride
c) Titrant: NaOH (0.05 N)
d) Indicator: Phenolphthalein
Experimental Procedure:
Take about 125 ml of sample in a clean beaker
Add 5ml of hydroxylamine chloride and then add 10ml benzidine hydrochloride
Stir the mixture vigorously and allow the precipitate to settle
Filter the solution and wash the beaker and the filter paper with DW
Pierce the filter paper in the funnel and wash the precipitate formed on the filter
paper to the original beaker with 100 to 150 ml DW
Heat the beaker to dissolve the contents for 20 to 30 minutes
Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
Titrate with NaOH (0.05N) until pink colour is developed
Formula:
Concentration of Sulphate (mg/L)
=
Acceptable limit of Sulphate content: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Sulphate content in absence of alternate source: 400 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this limit,
gastro intestinal irritation is caused in presence of sodium or magnesium
Environmental Significance of sulphates:
The higher concentration of sulphates in water may cause irritation to eyes, skin, or
scalp
3.4 NITRATES
ml of NaOH (0.05N) x 38.4
ml of sample taken
27. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 21
Theory: The nitrates can be present in excess quantity in the ground water if sewage
percolates into the ground water due to improper management of sewage disposal
FIG 3.4: SPECTROPHOTOMETER
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF NITRATE
CONTENT IN WATER
Apparatus: UV Spectrophotometer, Quartz Cuvettes, etc.
Reagents: Stock Nitrate Solution (1 ml = 0.1 mg of NO3)
Experimental Procedure:
Switch on the UV-Spectrophotometer
Select wavelength of 220nm
Select number of standards as 5 and their concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ppm)
Select display of unit as ppm
After performing of the above steps, take absorbence @ 420nm
Thus, this is how nitrate content is determined
28. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 22
Acceptable limit of Nitrate content: 45 mg/L
Permissible limit of Nitrate content in absence of alternate source: 100 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this limit,
methemoglobinemia occurs
Note: Methemoglobinemia, or blue-baby syndrome, is a condition caused by the
inability of the blood to deliver enough oxygen to the body
Environmental Significance of nitrates:
Excess levels of nitrates in water can create conditions that make it difficult for aquatic
insects or fish to survive.
3.5 TOTAL HARDNESS
Theory: Hardness in water is that characteristic which prevents the formation of
sufficient lather with soap. The hardness is usually caused by the presence of calcium
and magnesium salts present in the water which form scum by reaction with soap.
Thus, hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions which make it more
difficult for the water to form a lather with soap
Dissolved magnesium ions and calcium ions can get into the water when it comes into
contact with limestone and other rocks that contain calcium compounds.
There are 2 types of hardness of water:
Temporary hardness or carbonate hardness: It is caused by the bicarbonates and
carbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by boiling
Permanent hardness or non-carbonate hardness: It may be caused by the sulphates and
chlorides of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by ion-exchange process, etc.
29. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 23
Hardness is most commonly expressed as milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent
per litre
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL
HARDNESS IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
Titrimetric method
Apparatus: Titration Apparatus
Reagents:
a) Buffer Solution
b) Titrant: EDTA (0.01 M)
c) Indicator: Eriochrome Black – T
d) Indicator: Murexide
e) Sodium hydroxide NaOH (1 N)
Experimental Procedure:
Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean conical flask
Add 2 drops of buffer solution to maintain pH
Add 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator
Titrate with (EDTA (0.01 M) till colour changes from wine red to blue
Note down the volume of the titrant (A) in ml.
Formula:
Total Hardness as CaCo3 (mg/L)
=
Acceptable limit of Sulphate content: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Sulphate content in absence of alternate source: 600 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Encrustation in
water supply structure and adverse affect on domestic uses
Environmental Significance of total hardness:
A x 1000
ml of sample taken
30. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 24
If no concern is given to protect water from hardness it causes formation of scales on
boilers, it makes food tasteless
3.6 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Theory: Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the
water. Oxygen enters the water by direct absorption from the atmosphere, by rapid
movement, or as a waste product of plant photosynthesis.
Water temperature and the volume of moving water can affect dissolved oxygen
levels. Oxygen dissolves easier in cooler water than warmer water.
Adequate dissolved oxygen is important for good water quality and necessary to all
forms of life.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED
OXYGEN IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by Azide Modification / Winkler’s Method
Apparatus: BOD bottles, titration apparatus
Reagents:
a) Manganous Sulphate (MnSO4.xH2O)
b) Alkali iodide azide
c) Conc. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
d) Titrant: Std. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) [NaS2O3]
e) Indicator: Starch
Experimental Procedure:
Take about 300 ml of sample in a clean BOD bottle
Add 2 ml of Alkali iodide azide solution and 2 ml MnSO4, re-stopper the bottle
Mix the solution by repeatedly inverting the bottle
If no DO is present in the sample, the manganous ion reacts with hydroxide ion
due to which a “White precipitate” of Mn(OH)2 is formed.
If oxygen is present, some Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn4+ and precipitates as a
brown coloured manganic oxide.
31. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 25
i.e., Mn2+ + 2(OH-) →Mn(OH)2 [White precipitate]
Mn2+ + 2(OH-) + (1/2) O2 →MnO2 (Brown) + H2O
After shaking allow sufficient time for all oxygen to react
Due to this the chemical precipitates settles down and a clear liquid is formed
in the upper surface
2 ml of conc. H2SO4 is added to dissolve the precipitate formed
Re stopper the bottle and invert the bottle 2 to 3 times until the suspension is
dissolved & uniform yellow colour is observed
Mn2+ + 2(I-) + 4H+ →Mn2+ I2 + 2H2O
Measure a volume of 203 ml in to the conical flask and titrate it immediately
with sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) until the colour changes to pale or straw
yellow
Then add 2-3 drops of starch indicator and continue titration with sodium
thiosulphate (0.025 N) until blue colour disappears to colourless.
Note down the volume of titrant used (V) in ml
Formula:
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
=
Good range of D.O content: 6 and >6 mg/L
Moderate range of D.O content: 5 to 5.9 mg/L
Poor range of D.O content: 4 to 4.9 mg/L
Environmental Significance of D.O Content determination:
BR x Normality of titrant x Equivalent weight of O2
(8) x 1000
ml of sample taken
32. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 26
A high DO level in a community water supply is good because it makes drinking water
taste better. However, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes.
The amount of dissolved oxygen often determines the number and types of organisms
living in that body of water. For example, fish like trout are sensitive to low DO levels
(less than eight parts per million) and cannot survive in warm, slow-moving streams or
rivers
If dissolved oxygen concentration is less than 4 ppm fishes are most likely to be killed,
especially in summer months since warm water holds less oxygen.
3.7 LEAD
Theory Lead can enter drinking water when service pipes that contain lead corrode,
especially where the water has high acidity or low mineral content that corrodes pipes.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
WATER
In our project this was carried out by Atomic Spectrometer
Apparatus: Atomic automated adsorption spectrometer, beaker, etc
Experimental Procedure:
Switch on the Atomic automated adsorption spectrometer
Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean beaker
Dip the tube of spectrometer in the beaker
Note down the value of lead in ppm or mg/L
Acceptable limit of Lead content: 0.01 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this, the
water becomes toxic
Environmental Significance of lead content:
33. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 27
Young children, infants, and foetuses are particularly vulnerable to lead because the
physical and behavioural effects of lead occur at lower exposure levels in children than
in adults.
A dose of lead that would have little effect on an adult can have a significant effect on
a child.
In children, low levels of exposure have been linked to damage to the central and
peripheral nervous system, learning disabilities, shorter stature, impaired hearing, and
impaired formation and function of blood cells.
3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Theory: The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids
dissolved in water -TDS, which stands for Total Dissolved Solids.
The electrical conductivity of the water depends on the water temperature: the higher
the temperature, the higher the electrical conductivity would be.
The electrical conductivity of water increases by 2-3% for an increase of 1 degree
Celsius of water temperature
34. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 28
Fig 3.4: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY METER
Fig 3.5: MAGNETIC STIRRER
35. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 29
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF ELETRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER
Apparatus: Electrical digital conductivity meter, magnetic stirrer, electrodes,
sampling bottle, beaker, etc
Experimental Procedure:
Switch on the conductivity meter, attach the electrodes to the instrument and
rinse them in the distilled water
Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean sampling bottle
Transfer sufficient quantity of water sample into the clean beaker
Place the beaker over the magnetic stirrer, start the stirrer and adjust the speed
of stirrer to medium
Now dip the electrode into the beaker containing water sample
Note down the electrical conductivity
Rinse the electrodes with distilled water between one sample to other to avoid
interference
Excellent range of Electrical Conductivity: < 250 µS/cm
Good range of Electrical Conductivity: 251 - 750 µS/cm
Moderate range of Electrical Conductivity: 751 - 2250 µS/cm
Poor range of Electrical Conductivity: 2251 - 4000 µS/cm
Very Poor range of Electrical Conductivity: > 4000 µS/cm
Environmental Significance of Electrical Conductivity:
There are a number of sources of pollutants which may be indicated by increased EC
36. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 30
3.9 TURBIDITY
Theory: Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of
individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in
air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Turbidity may be caused by particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light
making the water appear cloudy or murky. Particulate matter can include sediment -
especially clay and silt, fine organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic
compounds, algae, and other microscopic organisms.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by Nephelometer / digital turbiditymeter
Apparatus: Digital Turbiditymeter, Glass Cuvettes, etc.
Reagents:
a) 100 NTU Std Solution
b) Distilled Water
Experimental Procedure:
Calibrate the instrument by using distilled water for zero & 100 NTU solution
for adjustment to 100 on the display
Keep the true represented known volume of unknown sample and observe the
constant display for less turbid waters and maximum read out for high turbid
waters
Note down the value of turbidity
Acceptable limit of Turbidity content: 1 NTU
Permissible limit of Turbidity absence of alternate source: 5 NTU
50. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 44
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
Acceptable limit as per IS10500:2012 is 500 ppm
Permissible limit as per IS10500:2012 is 2000 ppm
51. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 45
CHAPTER 5
WATER QUALITY INDEX
5.1 GENERAL
Water quality index (WQI) provides information about water quality in a single value.
WQI is commonly used for the detection and evaluation of water pollution and may be
defined as a reflection of composite influence of different quality parameters on the
overall quality of water (Horton, 1965).
WQI indices are broadly classified into two types, they are physico-chemical and
biological indices. The physico-chemical indices are based on the values of various
physico-chemical parameters in a water sample, while biological indices are derived
from the biological information. Here attempt has been made to calculate the water
quality index of the study area based on physico-chemical data.
Water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality at a
certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of
water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is
understandable and usable by the public. A single number cannot tell the whole story
of water quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included in
the index. However, a water quality index based on some very important parameters
can provide a simple indicator of water quality. In general, water quality indices
incorporate data from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation
that rates the health of a waterbody with number.
WQI CALCULATION
Calculation of WQI was carried out in this work by Horton’s
method. The WQI is calculated by using the expression given in Equation (7.1).
WQI = qn Wn / Wn (7.1)
Where, qn = Quality rating of n th water quality parameter.
Wn= Unit weight of n th water quality parameter.
241
5.2.1 Quality rating (qn)
52. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 46
The quality rating (qn) is calculated using the expression given in Equation (7.2).
qn = [ ( Vn – Vid) / ( Sn- Vid) ] x 100 (7.2)
Where,
Vn = Estimated value of nth water quality parameter at a given sample location.
Vid = Ideal value for n th parameter in pure water. (Vid for pH = 7 and 0 for all other
parameters)
Sn = Standard permissible value of n th water quality parameter.
5.2.2 Unit weight
The unit weight (Wn) is calculated using the expression given in Equation (7.3).
Wn = k / Sn (7.3)
Where,
Sn = Standard permissible value of n th water quality parameter.
k = Constant of proportionality and it is calculated by using the expression given in
Equation (7.4).
k = [ 1 / ( 1/ Sn=1,2,..n) ] (7.4).
242
5.3 WQI AND STATUS
The ranges of WQI, the corresponding status of water quality and their possible use are
summarized in Table 7.1.
53. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 47
5.4 STANDARD VALUES AND UNIT WEIGHTS OF WATER
QUALITY PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY AREA
The water quality parameters are selected based on its direct involvement in
deteriorating water quality for human consumption. The standards for the drinking
water, recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)and Indian
Standards Institution (ISI) are considered for the computation of quality rating (qn)
and unit weights (Wn).
For the purpose of calculation of WQI for the study area, 9 water quality parameters
have been selected. They are TDS, pH, TA, TH, NO3, Cl, Fe and SO4. The values of
these parameters are found high above the permissible limits in some of the samples
of the study area. The higher values of these parameters would increase WQI value.
The standard values of water quality parameters and their corresponding ideal values
and unit weights are given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Standard values of water quality parameters and their corresponding ideal
values and unit weights
Parameters
Standard Recommending
Ideal
Value
K Unit
Value
(Sn)
Agency (Vid) Value
Weight
(Wn)
pH 8.50 BIS 7 0.009866 0.00116
Alakalinity 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Sulphate 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Nitrate 45.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00022
Total Hardness 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Dissolved Oxygen 5.00 BIS 14.6 0.009866 0.00197
Lead 0.01 BIS 0 0.009866 0.98660
Total Dissolved Solids 500.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00002
Electrical Conductivity 300.00 ICMR 0 0.009866 0.00003
Turbidity 1.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00987
55. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Ground Water Quality depends on Water Quality
Index (WQI)
56. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 50
This Sample was taken from HBR LAYOUT and it lies in latitude North 13˚02'7.64“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚37'51.66“ of meridian
Since WQI is 33.842 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from SAGAYAPURAM and it lies in latitude North 13˚00'19.82“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚36'59.26“ of meridian
Since WQI is 19.075 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is EXCELLENT
57. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 51
This Sample was taken from MUNESHWARA NAGAR and it lies in latitude North
13˚02'14.69“ of equator and longitude East 077˚36'11.90“ of meridian.
Since WQI is 36.904 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from VISHWANATH NAGENAHALLI and it lies in latitude North
13˚02'14.69“ of equator and longitude East 077˚36'10.89“ of meridian
Since WQI is 48.603 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
58. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 52
This Sample was taken from KACHARAKANAHALLI and it lies in latitude North
13˚01'5.67“ of equator and longitude East 077˚38'3.54“ of meridian
Since WQI is 80.218 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is VERY POOR
This Sample was taken from JAKKURU-2 and it lies in latitude North 13˚04'46.84“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚36'52.21“ of meridian
Since WQI is 37.767 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
59. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 53
This Sample was taken from NAGAWARA and it lies in latitude North 13˚01'58.56“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚37'4.30“ of meridian
Since WQI is 43.688 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from HORAMAVU and it lies in latitude North 13˚02'33.47“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚39'18.26“ of meridian
Since WQI is 38.833 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
60. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 54
This Sample was taken from THANISANDRA and it lies in latitude North 13˚03'8.91“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚37'24.30“ of meridian
Since WQI is 56.529 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is POOR
This Sample was taken from KEMPEGOWDA WARD and it lies in latitude North
13˚07'37.95“ of equator and longitude East 077˚35'49.60“ of meridian
61. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 55
Since WQI is 39.680 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from BYATARAYANAPURA and it lies in latitude North 13˚04'1.35“
of equator and longitude East 077˚35'27.83“ of meridian
Since WQI is 38.712 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from JAKKURU and it lies in latitude North 13˚06’05” of equator
and longitude East 077˚38'28" of meridian
Since WQI is 20.972 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is EXCELLENT
62. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 56
CHAPTER 6 MAP GENERATION BY USING GIS
GENERATION OF STUDY AREA
Our Study Area is roughly situated in South-Eastern part of Karnataka state [between
latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚00'19.82" to N 13˚07'37.95" and between
longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚35'27.83" to E 077˚39'18.26"]
Our study area consists of twelve locations viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Muneshwara Nagar, Vishwanath Nagenahalli, Kacharakanahalli, Jakkuru-2,
Nagawara, Horamavu, Thanisandra, Kempegowda Ward, Byatarayanapura and
Jakkuru
Twelve samples from the above mentioned locations were taken from the sampling
points whose connection was given to borewells
The Map of Study Area was generated by google earth pro software and ArcGIS 10.5
The Following steps were taken for generation of study area map
Initaially, lat-long values (Remote Sensing data) was collected from GPS
Device
GPS data of all the 12 Selected Sampling points was collected in terms of
latitude north of equator and longitude east of meridian as shown
Then these lat-long values were entered into the software GOOGLE EARTH
PRO and these points are saved as a KML or KMZ file
After saving it as a KML file, ARCGIS 10.5 is opened and using conversion
tools from arc toolbox, the kml file is converted to a layer file and further this
layer file is converted to am shape file
Then shape file of our desired area is downloaded and incorporated into
ARCGIS 10.5.
After this, geo-referencing was done by incorporating toposheet into ARCGIS
in order to ensure that our study area lies within the boundary of toposheet.
63. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 57
For geo-referencing of study area, Toposheet No D43R12 (57G/12) OF
BANGALORE URBAN – [between latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚0’ to
13˚15’ and between longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚30’ to 077˚45’] was
used.
Thus, this is how study area map was created
The Study area so created is as shown
Fig 2.2: MAP OF STUDY AREA
64. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 58
Fig 2.2: SPATIAL VARIATION OF pH
75. Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 69
CHAPTER 8
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K. L. Prakash and R. K. Somashekar. Groundwater quality - Assessment on
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