Industrial trainning project report for Civil Engineering

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PROJECT REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
PRAKASH KUMAR JHA 99150120022
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GIANI ZAIL SINGH CAMPUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, BATHINDA
MARAJA RANJIT SINGH PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
BATHINDA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Manjeet Bansal, Head of Civil Engineering
Department for his support and guidance for doing the project.
We express our indebtedness and gratitude to our guide Prof. G.S Bath, Department of
Civil Engineering, GIANI ZAIL SINGH CAMPUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, for his guidance and care taken by him in helping us to complete the project
work successfully.

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DETAILED CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGES
1. Introduction (5-13)
1.1. Types of building
1.2. Safety Induction
1.3. Site Location
1.4. Form Work
2. Construction Steps of Building (14-21)
2.1. Site Clearance
2.2. Surveying and Layout
2.3. Excavation
2.4. Foundation
2.5. Concreting
2.6. Wall Construction
2.7. Beam & Columns Construction
2.8. Slab Construction
3. Materials & Equipment (22-28)
3.1. Material Used at Site
3.2. equipment Used
4. Quality Control (29-30)
4.1. Quality Control in Concrete work
4.2. Quality Control In Reinforcement
5. Contribution (31-35)
5.1. Reinforcement and Casting of slab
5.2. Construction of retaining wall
5.3. Construction of shear wall
5.4. Column reinforcement & concreting

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PANCHSHEELAPARTMENTS
PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name: PANCHSHEEL APARTMENT scheme launched by LUCKNOW
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY and contract for the construction of this multistoried
residential finished house is awarded to NCC LIMITED.
Scope: Design and construction of multistoried finished houses including basement parking,
based on R.C.C. monolithic shear wall concept, using aluminium form work.
 No. of Towers- 4
 No. of Flats- 400
 Construction period – 36 months
 Type of contract – Lump Sum
 Architect- Arinem Consultancy Limited
 Estimated project cost – 100 crore
 Agency – NCC Limited
 Consultant – Manish Shrikhande (Assoc. Professor, Civil Engg. Dept. IIT Roorkee)
 Design of concrete mix by –Department of Civil Engg. IIT Kanpur
 Client name –Lucknow Development Authority (LDA)

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of
his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter
besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social
status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
 A Peaceful environment.
 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions
 General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future,
aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
1.1 TYPES OF BUILDING
Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as.
1.1.1 Residential Building
1.1.2 Educational Building
1.1.3 Institutional Building
1.1.4 Industrial Building
1.1.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed room,
kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.

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1.1.2 EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
These include any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction, education or
recreation.
1.1.3 INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a
person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building include hospital, sanatoria,
jail etc.
1.1.4 INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated,
assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
1.2 SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which highlighted the
need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking
simple measures or adopting proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on
safety and health that should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the
workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be
fewer work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is
important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes.
 Workers safety
 Construction progress
 Standard procedure
 Legal cases
 Working efficiency
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
■ ISO 14001-2004
■ OHSAS 18001-2007

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Precautions at site for safety-
 Wear protective equipment.
 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.
 Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.
1.2.1 Equipment used for safety at constructionsite
Safety Belt
Helmet
Nets

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1.2.2 Possible types of accidents and ill health
 Construction Site Fall
 Crane Accidents
 Scaffolding Accidents
 Electrical Accidents
 Trench Collapses
 Fires and Explosions
 Welding Accidents
 Cutting Accidents
 Structure Failure
 Building Collapse
 Supervisor Negligence
 Punch Press Malfunctions
 Compressor Accidents
 Exploding Compressor
 Gas Explosions During Welding
 Run-Over by Operating Equipment
 Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents
1.3 Site Location
PANCHSHEEL APARTMENTS SCHEME, SHAHID PATH NH – 28, LUCKNOW
1.3.1 Advantages of this site
 Land.
 Store.
 Parking space.
 Health unit.
 Transportation facilities.

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1.4 Form Work
Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains sufficient
strength to carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required
shape & size.
1.4.1. Significance of formwork
 Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete construction.
 Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type of
formwork system.
 Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.
 Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive
concrete.
 Accidents happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.
1.4.2. Safety in using formwork-
 Components are light in weight for manual holding.
 Loose or hanging components are minimal.
 Appropriate use of tools.
 Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.
1.4.3. Types of formwork
 Flex system
Good company ply is used
A.1 Components of flex system
 H beam primary or secondary.
 CT prop.
 Foue way head.
 Folding tripod.
 Assembly wedge clamp.
 Supporting head.
 Beam forming head.

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 Quick deck system.
B-Aluform system
Panels with aluminums frame and plywood fitted in it.
Used in raft, shear wall and columns.
Components of aluform system.
 Alufo panel.
 Framing clamp.
 Tie rod.
 Wig nut.
 Steel waler.
 CT prop.
 Foot adopter.
 Head adopter.
 Brackets for safety.
C-Aluminium formwork
Aluminium formwork is widely used by Construction Company at site.
Components of aluminium formwork-
 Kicker.
 Rocker.
 Wall panel.
 Slab corner.
 External and internal corner.
 Prop length.
 Prop head.
 Stub pin.
 Wall tie.
Formwork used at constructionsite.

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Aluminium form work used inconstruction
Aluminium Panels for form work

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CHAPTER-2 CONSTRUCTION STEPS OF BUILDING
1 Site clearance
2 Surveying and layout.
3 Excavation.
4 Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel.
5 Concreting.
6 Wall construction.
7 Beam and Columns.
8 Finishing and whitewashing.
2.1 SITE CLEARANCE
A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground.
These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also convenants that
are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height of building, prohibit utility of
buildings or ban rooftop network towers etc.
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house location a lot.
Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of occupancy is also required for
some loaning and legal processes.
2.2 Surveying and Layout
Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of surface. It
is also used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.
Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.
 Total Station A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern
surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite
(transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances

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from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument we can measure Angle,
Distance, Coordinate and also Data Processing.
Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over
the conventional surveying instruments
1. Field work is carried out very fast.
2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections.
Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevations of various
points.
Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the level of ground
to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the
level of particular elevations then casting of slab was performed.
Transferring of surface level to retaining wall
1 Set the auto level at the building floor level.
2 Level the instrument.
3 Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.
4 Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a way so
that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.
2.3 EXCAVATION
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil was
transferred using dumpers.

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Following measures should be prevented while excavations work.
1 There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.
2 Dewatering should be done before construction work.
3 During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.
Excavation of soil for construction of retaining wall.
2.4 FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall. Gravel or
crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely
in the ground.
Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided
 Isolated Footing
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square or
rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used
footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments
and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column
loads, when columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by

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two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case
of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing
is used as an alternative to isolated footing.
 Combined footing
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be permissible to
extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be
eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence,
an alternative design would be to provide a common footing to the edge column and to an
interior column close to it. Combined footings under two or more columns are used under
closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were
provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called
“combined footing”.
A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site
ISOLATED FOOTINGS COMBINED FOOTINGS
 Raft footing or Mat footing-
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when very
heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and

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differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are
several types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-
beam types
Raft footings are provided in following cases
 When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control
buoyancy.
 When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.
 When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.
 Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it serves
as footing as well as floor.
2.5 CONCRETING
After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.
During concreting following equipment’s are used
 Concrete mixer.
 Mounted concrete pump.
 Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).
During concreting work following instructions should be followed
 There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.
 There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.
 There should be proper curing of concrete construction
2.6 Wall Construction
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half brick
walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a high rise
building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and
provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.

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Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction
2.7 Beam and Columns
In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments.
In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum
eccentricity. In square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm
diameter bars must be used and spacing should not be more than as per code
IS 456:2000.

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2.8 Slab
Slabs are of following types-
 One way slab
In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio should
be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in shorter
direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

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 Two way slab
In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer
directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.

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CHAPTER-3 Material & Equipment
3.1MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE
At the construction site following materials were being used
3.1.1 Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets
i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the
cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone
like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of
cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as-
 33 Grade
 43 Grades
 53 Grades
 At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.
 The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)
 The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
3.1.2 Aggregate
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and
become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work.
Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.
Types of aggregates:
 Fine aggregate (sand)
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

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Function of fine aggregate
The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse
aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.
 Coarse aggregate
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S.
sieve is known as coarse aggregates.
 At construction site aggregate used are as follows
Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.
Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix design).
Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.
3.1.3 REINFORCEMENT
8 mm dia lateral ties 20mm dia longitudional bars

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Steel Bars in Retaining Wall Steel Bars Placed at Site
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion and compression.
 Function of reinforcement
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and
week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the
site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated)
bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 32 mm as per requirement of design.
At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement bars
were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars.
The bars were of brand TATA TISCON.
 The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value.

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3.1.4 Fly ash
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by burning of
coal in thermal power plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-
 It is free of cost.
 Its consumption reduces environmental pollution.
 It has a fair quality of bonding properties.
3.1.5 Admixtures
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water
content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete
At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711 (MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was
being used to increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in concrete mix.
Types of admixtures-
 Accelerators
 Retarders
 Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers
 Air entraining agents
 Bonding admixtures

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3.1.6 Other materials
 Stone dust
 Plywood
3.2 EQUIPMENTS USED
3.2.1. Concrete pump
3.2.2. Rotary mixer for transporting R.M.C.
3.2.3. Crane
3.2.4. Boom pump (used in construction of retaining wall where transportation of
R.M.C. was very difficult because of excavation work)
3.2.5. Ready Mix Concrete plant

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CHAPTER-4 Quality Control
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply
with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality
characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the
differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions
which will correct any differences.
Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure the
construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products materials, but
also the execution and completion of the works.
 Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor
design, poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement, improper
concrete mix, excess water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate
curing, inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision and above all
lack of technical knowledge.
4.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works, so it
is necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site.
Following points should be kept in mind while concreting.
 There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void
reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7 to 10days because it helps in
gaining the strength.
 Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab
 There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial
setting time etc.

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There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.
4.1.1Quality control works in concreting at site
 Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.
 RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.
 A lab was established for testing.
4.2 QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFOREMENT
 The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.
 Steel bars of designed grade should be used.
 Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from corrosion.
 For quality assurance of steel a test report was also given to company by TATA
STEEL LIMITED.

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CHAPTER-4 Contribution
5.1 REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB
At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic
construction of concrete slab with beam.
Reinforcement in the slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports in order to
provide negative reinforcement at support in two way slab

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Reinforcement in the slab at site
.
In concreting, concrete pump, needle vibrator etc. were used

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5.2 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
 In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars
with 200mm c/c spacing.
 The retaining wall was constructed without shear key.
RETAINING WALL AFTER
CONSTRUCTION
A VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT IN
RETAINING
WALL
5.3 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHEAR WALL
At the site all the walls were provided with two sided reinforcement and constructed by
concrete which may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind blow. In general
buildings lift pit acts as shear wall and reduces horizontal deflection of building during
horizontal loading.

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LIFT PIT SERVES AS SHEAR WALL
A VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT IN
RCC WALL
5.4 PALCING OF REINFORCEMENT IN A COLUMN
LATERAL TIES WITH 135* BEND

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Lateral ties 8mm dia provided@150mm c/c in a column
Longitudional steel bars of 20mm dia provided in a column

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