This document is a training report submitted by Kunal Singhal for their B.Tech degree in Civil Engineering. It discusses road construction work done during a one month internship with the Provincial Division department of PWD in Dausa, India. The report provides details on soil testing, road network development in India, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana rural road program, flexible pavement types, and results from patching village road repairs.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION(BITUMEN) SUMMER TRAINING REPORTssuser5fea8f
The document is a summer training report submitted by Sudhanshu Kumar to the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department about bituminous (asphalt) roads. It includes an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, descriptions of the different layers in a flexible bituminous pavement including sub-grade, sub-base, base, binder and wearing courses. It also details test procedures for determining the Marshall stability of bituminous mixtures and the key steps for constructing a bituminous road which include preparing the base with a water bound macadam layer, applying a tack coat, constructing layers from bottom to top, and compacting each layer.
this report is helpful for highway work or road construction, its also useful for pavement works or pavement design. this report told about bitumen road work construction, in this report cement used for work in side of road.its helpful for those civil engineers who want to submit there training report or seminar report.
Presentation on Summer internship on Road ConstructionSelf-employed
This is an presentation on training in LODHA Palava, In this internship, I learned about an overview of the road construction which I mentioned in this presentation.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Anshul Kumar for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in civil engineering. It details his training with the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department constructing cement concrete roads. The report includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, introduction on the PWD, and sections on cement road materials, tests, and construction process involving subgrade preparation, formwork, mixing, compaction, curing, and opening the road to traffic. It also provides background on cement, sand, aggregate and different cement types used in road construction.
Industrial Training Report On Concrete Road Pavement Submitted by Awinash Tiwari To The Department Of Civil Engineering Krishna Institute Of Engineering And Technology ghaziabad.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION(BITUMEN) SUMMER TRAINING REPORTssuser5fea8f
The document is a summer training report submitted by Sudhanshu Kumar to the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department about bituminous (asphalt) roads. It includes an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, descriptions of the different layers in a flexible bituminous pavement including sub-grade, sub-base, base, binder and wearing courses. It also details test procedures for determining the Marshall stability of bituminous mixtures and the key steps for constructing a bituminous road which include preparing the base with a water bound macadam layer, applying a tack coat, constructing layers from bottom to top, and compacting each layer.
this report is helpful for highway work or road construction, its also useful for pavement works or pavement design. this report told about bitumen road work construction, in this report cement used for work in side of road.its helpful for those civil engineers who want to submit there training report or seminar report.
Presentation on Summer internship on Road ConstructionSelf-employed
This is an presentation on training in LODHA Palava, In this internship, I learned about an overview of the road construction which I mentioned in this presentation.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Anshul Kumar for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in civil engineering. It details his training with the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department constructing cement concrete roads. The report includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, introduction on the PWD, and sections on cement road materials, tests, and construction process involving subgrade preparation, formwork, mixing, compaction, curing, and opening the road to traffic. It also provides background on cement, sand, aggregate and different cement types used in road construction.
Industrial Training Report On Concrete Road Pavement Submitted by Awinash Tiwari To The Department Of Civil Engineering Krishna Institute Of Engineering And Technology ghaziabad.
PWD CC ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORK TRAINING REPORTSatyam Anand
This document provides an overview of a practical training report submitted by Satyam Anand, a civil engineering student, on the construction of a plain cement concrete road. The report includes sections on the project overview including location, estimated cost, contractor and layout. It discusses the materials used in concrete construction including cement, sand and aggregate. It also covers quality control and assurance measures, construction methodology, plant and machinery used, and safety aspects. The training was conducted with the Public Works Department in Ajmer, India to fulfill degree requirements.
Summer Internship Report of Civil Engineering in Construction SiteRAVI KUMAR
The document provides details about the internship completed by Ravi Kumar at Fidesto Projects Private Limited from June 17 to July 30, 2019. It includes an acknowledgement, information about the organization and the proposed residential project in Pune on which Ravi Kumar worked. Safety protocols at construction sites like use of safety equipment and formwork are also summarized. The key steps involved in building construction are outlined.
This is a powerpoint presentation on summer training from public works department. This presentation will be very helpful for civil engineering students.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
The document provides details about a summer internship project report submitted by Ritwiz Kumar for a vocational training program at the Road Construction Division of the Bihar Public Works Department. The report includes an index and sections on types of roads, types of pavements, an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, bituminous road layers, and equipment used for road construction. It provides information about the internship dates and organization and acknowledges those who supported the training experience.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
This document is a summer training presentation submitted by a civil engineering student for partial fulfillment of their bachelor's degree. It summarizes key concepts in road modification and construction including different types of roads, pavements, and equipment used. Specifically, it discusses earthwork preparation, flexible and rigid pavements, common road types in India like national highways and village roads, and components of roadway construction such as the carriageway, pavement, kerb, and shoulder. Examples of equipment used are compacting rollers, dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, and barricading materials. The presentation then provides details of a specific road project to upgrade an 8 km long village road.
This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
Industrial Training Report of Construction Site in Civil EngineeringRAVI KUMAR
This document provides details about Ravi Kumar's industrial training project at Arete India Project Pvt Ltd. It includes an index, acknowledgements, introduction to the project, project details, construction process, machinery used, quantity estimations, quality control tests and more. The project involved the construction of a multi-story residential and commercial building project called Imperia Aashiyara with 26 towers and 1136 flats over 48 months. Key steps in the construction process and machinery used are described.
Training project report NHAI by Amit KumarAmitKumar7069
The document provides details of Amit Kumar's 45-day industrial/vocational training report on the rehabilitation and upgradation of the Maheshkhut-Saharsha-Purnea section of National Highway 107 in Bihar. The training was conducted with National Highways Authority of India and Gammon Engineers & Contractors Pvt. Ltd. as part of Amit's civil engineering degree. The report describes the various steps involved in highway construction including planning, surveying, execution through grading, embankment construction, subgrade preparation, and paving layers. It also discusses quality control procedures and safety measures implemented at the construction site.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
Training report done on Bridge ConstructionSukhdeep Jat
The document provides details about an in-plant training report submitted by Sukhdeep Singh Jat at BSCPL Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd during the construction of a bridge over the Mahanadi River in NH-53 in India. It discusses the company profile, ongoing major projects including road and bridge construction projects, and specifics of the bridge project over the Mahanadi River including the design process, materials used such as different grades of concrete, and machinery employed.
The project provides an insight on pavement Management Systems.PMS helps in making informed decisions enabling the maintenance of the network in a serviceable and safe condition at a minimum cost to both the agency and the road users. To adequately meet this requirement, well-documented information is essential to make defensible decisions on the basis of sound principles of engineering and management
This document is a summer training report on the construction of cement concrete pavement for a rural municipality works department. It discusses the key materials used in concrete pavement construction including cement, sand, aggregate and their proportions. It also outlines the procedures to construct the pavement from site preparation, mixing and transporting concrete, placement, compaction and curing. The report aims to improve practices for more effective concrete pavement projects.
This document provides an overview of cement road construction in three parts:
1. It introduces the Public Works Department in India and their role in developing infrastructure like roads, bridges, and buildings.
2. It describes the basic materials used in cement road construction including cement, sand, and aggregate. Different types of cement are also outlined.
3. The process of cement road construction is explained in 12 steps from site preparation to allowing traffic, covering tasks like forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing, and finishing.
This document discusses the construction of flexible pavements. It begins by introducing the types and components of flexible and rigid pavements. The key components of flexible pavement include the subgrade, sub-base course, base course, binder course, and surface course. It then describes the construction process for each layer, including preparing and compacting the subgrade, placing and compacting the granular sub-base and base courses, applying prime coats and tack coats, and paving the asphalt binder and surface courses. In comparison, rigid pavements are constructed as a solid slab that distributes loads differently than the layered system of flexible pavements.
The document is a seminar report submitted by Vikas Sukhwal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report discusses bitumen roads constructed by Mahesh Construction Company. It includes sections on types of pavements, materials used, construction procedures, execution of joints, curing, and cost analysis of rigid pavements. The report was submitted under the guidance of Mr. Rajpal Singh, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
PWD CC ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORK TRAINING REPORTSatyam Anand
This document provides an overview of a practical training report submitted by Satyam Anand, a civil engineering student, on the construction of a plain cement concrete road. The report includes sections on the project overview including location, estimated cost, contractor and layout. It discusses the materials used in concrete construction including cement, sand and aggregate. It also covers quality control and assurance measures, construction methodology, plant and machinery used, and safety aspects. The training was conducted with the Public Works Department in Ajmer, India to fulfill degree requirements.
Summer Internship Report of Civil Engineering in Construction SiteRAVI KUMAR
The document provides details about the internship completed by Ravi Kumar at Fidesto Projects Private Limited from June 17 to July 30, 2019. It includes an acknowledgement, information about the organization and the proposed residential project in Pune on which Ravi Kumar worked. Safety protocols at construction sites like use of safety equipment and formwork are also summarized. The key steps involved in building construction are outlined.
This is a powerpoint presentation on summer training from public works department. This presentation will be very helpful for civil engineering students.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
The document provides details about a summer internship project report submitted by Ritwiz Kumar for a vocational training program at the Road Construction Division of the Bihar Public Works Department. The report includes an index and sections on types of roads, types of pavements, an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, bituminous road layers, and equipment used for road construction. It provides information about the internship dates and organization and acknowledges those who supported the training experience.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
This document is a summer training presentation submitted by a civil engineering student for partial fulfillment of their bachelor's degree. It summarizes key concepts in road modification and construction including different types of roads, pavements, and equipment used. Specifically, it discusses earthwork preparation, flexible and rigid pavements, common road types in India like national highways and village roads, and components of roadway construction such as the carriageway, pavement, kerb, and shoulder. Examples of equipment used are compacting rollers, dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, and barricading materials. The presentation then provides details of a specific road project to upgrade an 8 km long village road.
This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
Industrial Training Report of Construction Site in Civil EngineeringRAVI KUMAR
This document provides details about Ravi Kumar's industrial training project at Arete India Project Pvt Ltd. It includes an index, acknowledgements, introduction to the project, project details, construction process, machinery used, quantity estimations, quality control tests and more. The project involved the construction of a multi-story residential and commercial building project called Imperia Aashiyara with 26 towers and 1136 flats over 48 months. Key steps in the construction process and machinery used are described.
Training project report NHAI by Amit KumarAmitKumar7069
The document provides details of Amit Kumar's 45-day industrial/vocational training report on the rehabilitation and upgradation of the Maheshkhut-Saharsha-Purnea section of National Highway 107 in Bihar. The training was conducted with National Highways Authority of India and Gammon Engineers & Contractors Pvt. Ltd. as part of Amit's civil engineering degree. The report describes the various steps involved in highway construction including planning, surveying, execution through grading, embankment construction, subgrade preparation, and paving layers. It also discusses quality control procedures and safety measures implemented at the construction site.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
Training report done on Bridge ConstructionSukhdeep Jat
The document provides details about an in-plant training report submitted by Sukhdeep Singh Jat at BSCPL Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd during the construction of a bridge over the Mahanadi River in NH-53 in India. It discusses the company profile, ongoing major projects including road and bridge construction projects, and specifics of the bridge project over the Mahanadi River including the design process, materials used such as different grades of concrete, and machinery employed.
The project provides an insight on pavement Management Systems.PMS helps in making informed decisions enabling the maintenance of the network in a serviceable and safe condition at a minimum cost to both the agency and the road users. To adequately meet this requirement, well-documented information is essential to make defensible decisions on the basis of sound principles of engineering and management
This document is a summer training report on the construction of cement concrete pavement for a rural municipality works department. It discusses the key materials used in concrete pavement construction including cement, sand, aggregate and their proportions. It also outlines the procedures to construct the pavement from site preparation, mixing and transporting concrete, placement, compaction and curing. The report aims to improve practices for more effective concrete pavement projects.
This document provides an overview of cement road construction in three parts:
1. It introduces the Public Works Department in India and their role in developing infrastructure like roads, bridges, and buildings.
2. It describes the basic materials used in cement road construction including cement, sand, and aggregate. Different types of cement are also outlined.
3. The process of cement road construction is explained in 12 steps from site preparation to allowing traffic, covering tasks like forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing, and finishing.
This document discusses the construction of flexible pavements. It begins by introducing the types and components of flexible and rigid pavements. The key components of flexible pavement include the subgrade, sub-base course, base course, binder course, and surface course. It then describes the construction process for each layer, including preparing and compacting the subgrade, placing and compacting the granular sub-base and base courses, applying prime coats and tack coats, and paving the asphalt binder and surface courses. In comparison, rigid pavements are constructed as a solid slab that distributes loads differently than the layered system of flexible pavements.
The document is a seminar report submitted by Vikas Sukhwal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report discusses bitumen roads constructed by Mahesh Construction Company. It includes sections on types of pavements, materials used, construction procedures, execution of joints, curing, and cost analysis of rigid pavements. The report was submitted under the guidance of Mr. Rajpal Singh, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Dhruv Atal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It discusses a summer training project conducted at the Public Works Department in Chaksu, India on road construction and renewal projects. The report includes an introduction, chapters on state highway construction and the highway planning process, and will conclude with a case study and conclusions from the summer training experience.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Ravi Gupta for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh and discusses the construction of cement concrete pavement. It describes the different types of pavements and materials used in concrete pavement construction, including cement, sand, aggregate, and minerals. The report outlines the procedures for constructing concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to placing, curing and protecting the concrete. It also includes cost analysis and conclusions from the summer training project observing concrete pavement construction.
This document discusses the design of a 1.539 km rural road in Haridwar district, India connecting Beldi village to NH-58. It describes surveying the proposed road route and conducting traffic surveys, laboratory tests, and material testing. Based on the soil properties and expected traffic, the document designs the road's geometry and flexible pavement structure according to Indian code specifications. The proposed pavement structure includes granular sub-base layers and a prime coat surface.
The document is a project report for road construction on National Highway 330 in Sultanpur from June 4th to July 3rd 2015. It was submitted by Devnath, a 4th year civil engineering student, to his faculty supervisor Prem Chandra Verma. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department, introduces the project, describes types of pavements and roads in India, and outlines the sequence of works involved in the road construction project including site clearance, setting out, and filling for embankments.
Study of causes of failures and remedies on roadShantanu Patil
Highway engineering means the art of designing, constructing and maintaining public roads. Roads are considered to be one of the most cost effective and preferred modes of transportation. It is easily available and accessible to all sections of the society. It facilitates the movement of both men and materials from one place to another within a country. It helps to bring about national integration as well as provide for countries overall socio-economic development. It is a key infrastructural unit which links to other modes of transportation like railway, shipping, airways etc. Hence an efficient and well established road network is inevitable for promoting trade and commerce as well as meeting the needs of sound transportation system in the country.
The document discusses the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) program in India which aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural villages. Key points:
- PMGSY was launched in 2000 to provide roads to villages of certain populations by certain years. As of 2017, 82% of targeted villages were connected.
- An online monitoring system called OMMAS tracks road development progress and expenses.
- The program has helped change lifestyles in some villages by facilitating transportation but may not have significantly impacted economic opportunities in remote areas according to one study.
Smart Management of Heavy Traffic Urban RoadsIRJET Journal
This document discusses strategies for managing heavy traffic on urban roads. It begins by providing background on the growth of traffic in India and the resulting deterioration of road pavements. It then describes the methodology used in the study, which involves identifying urban road networks, collecting data on the roads, including structural evaluations and functional assessments. Data is gathered on the network, rehabilitation and maintenance works/costs, vehicle fleets, and pavement materials. Deterioration models are discussed as potential tools to help agencies predict the economic impacts of maintenance and investment decisions. The goal is to develop effective strategies for optimal maintenance and rehabilitation to keep pavements in the best serviceable condition within budget constraints.
This document summarizes a project report on the construction of roads at the National Institute of Technology in Warangal, India. It was completed by five students under the guidance of a faculty member. The report discusses the importance of roads for economic development and transportation. It provides an overview of the types of roads in India and the current status of the national highway system. It also describes the phases of road construction, materials used, equipment involved, and project management tools applied to the road projects at NIT Warangal.
The document is a report submitted by Tarun Saini on his 45 day industrial training at the Public Works Department in Jhunjhunu. It includes an acknowledgement expressing gratitude to the people who guided him during his training. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department, its functions and responsibilities which include construction and maintenance of roads, bridges and government buildings. It also manages relief works during natural calamities and implements various government schemes related to rural infrastructure development.
This document provides a summary of the author's summer training report on the construction of the Badaun-Bareilly bypass road by MayaSheel Construction in Ghaziabad, India. The report discusses the company overview, salient features of the project, types of pavements and materials used. It also includes weekly reports from the author's 3-4 week training, describing the works completed such as chaining, leveling, and preparation of sub-base courses, although heavy rainfall impacted progress. Quality checks were performed before opening the road to traffic.
Project I civil engineering for engineering studentkuchhal014
What Are the Characteristics of a Project?
There are certain features or characteristics that are unique to projects and differentiate them from the daily operations or other types of activities of an organization. Here are the main characteristics of a project.
1. Any Project Needs a Project Manager and a Project Team
One of the most important characteristics of a project is that it’s a team effort. While the structure of project teams might change from one organization to another, projects usually involve a project manager and a team of individuals with the necessary skills to execute the tasks that are needed.
2. Every Project Needs a Project Plan
Project team members need clear directions from the project manager and other project leaders so that they can execute the work that’s expected from them. These directions come in the form of a project plan. However, a project plan is more than just a set of instructions for the project team. It’s a comprehensive document that describes every aspect of a project, such as the project goals, project schedule and project budget among other important details.
3. All Projects Go Through the Same Project Lifecycle
The project life cycle refers to the five phases all projects must progress through, from start to finish. The five phases of a project lifecycle serve as the most basic outline that gives a project definition. These five phases are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and closure.
4. All Projects Share the Same Project Constraints
All projects no matter their size or complexity are subject to three main constraints: time, scope and cost. This simply means that projects must be completed within a defined timeline, achieve a defined set of tasks and goals and be delivered under a certain budget.
These project constraints are known as the triple constraint or the project management triangle and are one of the most important project features to know about.
5. Every Project Needs Resources
A resource is anything necessary to complete a project, such as for example, labor, raw materials, machinery and equipment. For example, in construction, raw materials such as wood, glass or paint are essential project resources. That said, other resources — like time, labor and equipment — are just as important.
A project manager must be able to identify all of the project resources in order to create a resource plan and manage the resources accordingly. When resources are left unaccounted for, it is easy to mismanage them.
What Are the Characteristics of a Project?
There are certain features or characteristics that are unique to projects and differentiate them from the daily operations or other types of activities of an organization. Here are the main characteristics of a project.
1. Any Project Needs a Project Manager and a Project Team
One of the most important characteristics of a project is that it’s a team effort. While the structure of project teams might change from one organization
This document is a project report on the construction of roads at the National Institute of Technology in Warangal, India. It was completed by a group of 5 students under the guidance of a faculty member. The report provides an overview of road construction including types of roads, materials used, and equipment involved. It discusses the status of highways in India and the National Highway Development Project. The report also describes tools used in the project such as the work breakdown structure, activity diagram, and Gantt chart. It presents findings on project management areas and concludes with a bibliography.
The document discusses the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), a government scheme launched in 2000. The primary objective of PMGSY is to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas in India. It aims to connect eligible rural habitations with populations of 1000 or more by 2003, and 500 or more by 2007. The scheme focuses on connecting rural habitations through roads that can be used throughout the year. It also allows for upgrading existing roads under certain conditions.
Transportation Planning as Effective Mean to Rejuvenate a Pilgrimage TownIRJET Journal
This document discusses transportation planning issues in the pilgrimage town of Katra, India. It receives over 10 million pilgrims annually but faces problems with its transportation network and traffic. The roads are in poor condition, there is a lack of proper parking, and pedestrian and vehicular traffic mix chaotically. A railway station was constructed in 2014 which improved business but did not fully address the town's transportation needs. The document calls for redeveloping Katra's transportation network through measures like decentralizing housing, improving connecting roads, and identifying traffic patterns, to better serve pilgrims and rejuvenate the town in a sustainable manner.
Abhinandan K -Highway Engineer with 3 + yr Expr 2014 Abhinandan K
Mr. Abhinandan K is a highway design engineer with over 3 years of experience in both highway construction and consultancy. He has expertise in geometric design of roads using Mx and Civil 3D software. He has worked on projects involving drainage design, pavement design, feasibility studies, and cost estimation. Currently he works as a highway design engineer for CDM Smith India conducting tasks like geometric design, drainage design, and value engineering.
Improvement to Village Road Based on Traffic CharacteristicsIJERA Editor
The Improvement of Rural road network is of vital importance for bringing social aminities, education, and
health within reasonable reach of villagers for transportation of agricultural products produce from villages to near market centers. There are many habitations in the state of Andhra Pradesh , of which only few habitations
are connected by all weather roads. Pavements of roads connecting different villages were initially made up of
moorum or other locally available granular materials. Progressively, water bound macadam (WBM) and thin
bituminous surfacing were added, depending upon the traffic and availability of funding. The village roads were
thus built up stage by stage. No pavement design procedure was adopted for construction of such roads. With increased economic activity, the villages were connected with all-weather roads. And this report will address the improvement of such a village roads and then the development of the district takes place.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH PLANNING INTERVENTIONS: CASE OF FAIZABAD ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes improvements to traffic flow on the Faizabad Road arterial route from Nishantganj Chauraha to Polytechnic Chauraha in Lucknow, India. It finds that the current road width is narrower than planned widths and there are issues with encroachment, vendors, and lack of parking. It surveys the current level of service at intersections, which is rated 'D' to 'E' during peak hours due to congestion. Recommendations include widening the road, enforcing no vending zones, and improving parking availability. The route also contains 4 metro stations that have helped increase public transport usage, though initial ridership was lower than projected, potentially due to the COVID-
Similar to Training report of road construction (20)
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
1. A
Training Report
On
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Submitted
In partial fulfillment
For the award of the Degree of
B.TECH
In department of civil engineering
Submitted to:-
Mr. SADANAND PARASAR
(HOD) civil department
B.TECH 7TH
SEM.
Submitted by:-
KUNAL SINGHAL
Roll No- 17EDICE017
SHREE DIGAMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BHANDAREJ MODE, DAUSA
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.
Tech Project undertaken during
B. Tech. Final Year. I own special debt of gratitude to Mr. NAVEEN
SIR,, Faculty Department of Civil Engineering, Shree
digamber Institute of Technology, DAUSA for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His
sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant
source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our
endeavors have seen light of the day.
I also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mr.
SADANAND PARASAR , (HOD),Department of Civil
Engineering shree digamber Institute of Technology, DAUSA
for his full support and assistance during the development of the
project.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the
contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind
assistance and cooperation during the development of our project.
Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their
contribution in the completion of the project.
Signature:
KUNAL SINGHAL
17edice017
3. ABSTRACT
During the period of one month, I was placed as an actuarial trainee in the
PROVINCIAL DIVISION department of P.W.D. DAUSA for industrial training.
Classes of civil engineer are soil, transportation, and road constructio n,
building construction, tunnel, bridges and construction fields. Day-to-day tasks
include design and construction of road and survey by AUTOLEVEL
MACHINE. This survey and construction consists of details of the materials,
such as the types of soil, testing, aggregate test and bitumen testing etc. This
task requires me to as site engineer report of the plan of the road, and check
the strength and durability of the road. The ultimate objective is to understand
how to road construct and all process related to it. I successfully managed to
finish all road work and all the figures as shown in the actuarial report by the
end of my industrial training. Much invaluable experience was gained. I learnt
how to construct and survey of any FAZINAGAR. ROAD.
4. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….01
1.1 Points of Soil testing for Road construction ……………………..03
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………..05
1. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA……………...05
2. Aims of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana……………...........05
3.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana…………………….............06 2.4
Road Network in India ..................................................................07
2.5 Important of Road .........................................................................09
2.6 Development of Road …………………………….......................09
2.7 Development of Road In India ……………………………….....10
3. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………........11
3.1 Village Road Patch Repairing Work ……………………………13
3.2 Type of Maintenance………………………………….................13
3.3 Repair Technique………………………………….......................14
3.4 Improving Patch Performance……………………………...........16
4. TYPE OF PAVEMENT………………………………...............17
4.1 Flexible pavement…………………………………......................17
5. TYPE OF COATING………………………………...................18
5.1 Seal coat……………………………………….............................18
5.2 Prime coat………………………………………..........................18
5.3 Tack coat………………………………………............................18
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ……………………………….19
7. CONCLUSSION .....……………………………………….......20
8. REFERENCE .......…………………………………………......21
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION
India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres (3,400,233 mi) as
on 31 March 2015, the second largest road network in the world.
Adjusted for its large population, India has less than 3.8 kilometres of
roads per 1000 people, including all its paved and unpaved roads. In
terms of quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways, India has less
than 0.07 kilometres of highways per 1000 people, as of 2010. These
are some of the lowest road and highway densities in the world. For
context, United States has 21 kilometres of roads per 1000 people,
while France about 15 kilometres per 1000 people – predominantly
paved and high quality in both cases. In terms of all season, 4 or more
lane highways, developed countries such as United States and France
have a highway density per 1000 people that is over 15 times as India.
India in its past did not allocate enough resources to build or maintain its
road network. This has changed since 1995, with major efforts currently
underway to modernize the country's road infrastructure. As of May
2017, India had completed and placed in use over 28,900 kilometres of
recently built 4 or 6-lane highways connecting many of its major
manufacturing centres, commercial and cultural centres. According to
the CIA World Factbook, as of 2015, India had about 96,000 kilometers
of national highways and expressways, plus another 147,800 kilometers
of state highways. Major projects are being implemented under the
National Highways Development Project, a government initiative. Private
builders and highway operators are also implementing major projects -
for example, the Yamuna Expressway between Delhi and Agra was
completed ahead of schedule and within budget, while the KMP
Expressway started in 2006 is far behind schedule, over budget and
incomplete.
6. (FIGURE 1- VILLAGE ROAD FROM FAZILNAGAR ROAD TO KUSHINAGAR NH-28)
VILLAGE CONNECTIVITY India has essentially a rural oriented
economy with 74% of its population living its villages. At the
commencement of PMGSY(PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK
YOJNA) in 2000, it was estimated that 330,000 out of its
825,000villlages and habitations were without any all whether road
access. A majority of poorly connected rural communities lie in ten
states (Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgar h, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West
Bengal
The guidelines prescribed in IRC: SP; 20-2002 are adapted in
general. This guideli nes are applicable to other district road and
village roads. These roads are provided accessibility to the villages in
the rural area of the Country, geometric design standard of the rural
roads need not be restricted to the minimum set out and milder values
than the minimum should be preferred where conditions are
favourable and the cost is not expensive.
6
7. 1. FOLLOWING POINTS SHOULD BE TAKEN CARE OF WHILE
SOIL TESTING FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION:
Sampling and Testing: Sampling of soil for tests in laboratory or in-situ
is to be carefully done by experienced engineer. The requirement for
the various mass / volume of soil at different points of a road project
shall be followed as per the specification and standard codes.
Test Data Logging: Logging of all the soil sample and test data shall be
done by trained staff who has the knowledge of soil properties and
tests results.
Testing Frequency: The testing frequency of soil shall be as per input
from Engineer. The decision on the testing frequency is usually taken
on the basis of results obtained from the previous tests.
7
TABLE NO-1 WIDTH OF CARRIAGEWAY RECOMMENDED
BYTHE IRC
S.N. CLASS OFROAD WIDTH OF
CARRIAGEWAY IN
METER
1 Singlelane road 3.75
2 Two lane, without kerbs 7.0
3 Two lanes, with kerbs 7.5
4 Intermediate carriageway (except on
important roots)
5.5
5 Multi-lane pavements 3.5 per lane
8. 9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This training is undergoing in P.W.D. (PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA) rural
road construction and patch repairing.
1. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was launched by the Govt. of India to provide
connectivity to unconnected Habitations as part of a poverty reduction strategy. Govt. of India is
endeavouring to set high and uniform technical and management standards and facilitating policy
development and planning at State level in order to ensure sustainab le management of the rural
roads network.
According to latest figures made available by the State Governments under a survey to identify
Core Network as part of the PMGSY programme, about 1.67 lakh Unconnected Habitatio ns are
eligible for coverage under the programme. This involves construction of about 3.71 lakh km. of
roads for New Connectivity and 3.68 lakh km. under up gradation.
2. AIM OF PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA
The aim was to provide roads to all villages
with a population of 1000 persons and above by 2003
with a population of 500 persons and above by 2007
in hill states, tribal and desert area villages with a population of 500 persons and above by
2003
in hill states, tribal and desert area villages with a population of 250 persons and above by
2007.
9. (FIGURE NO-4 PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA)
Road construction under the PMGSY was 98.5 kilometers per day it’s a very good speed for rural
development. A road is a through fare, route, or way on land between two places that has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a
motor vehicle cart, bicycle or horse. Road that are available for use by the public may be referred
to as parkways interstates, highways or primary, secondary and tertiary roads.
2.3 PRADHAN MANTRY GRAM SADAK YOJANA (PMGSY)
COUNTRY India
LOUNCHED 25 December 2000; 17 years ago
STATUS Active
WEBSITE www.pmgsy.nic.in
10
10. 11
2.4 ROAD NETWORKIN INDIA
India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres (3,400,233 mi) as on 31 March 2015, the
largest road network in the world. At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land, the
quantitative density of India's road network is higher than that of Japan (0.91) and the United
States (0.67), and far higher than that of China (0.46), Brazil (0.18) or Russia (0.08).However,
qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being
improved.As on 31 March 2015, 61.05% of Indian roads were paved.
Adjusted for its large population, India has less than 3.8 kilometres of roads per 1000 people,
including all its paved and unpaved roads. In terms of quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways,
India has less than 0.07 kilometres of highways per 1000 people, as of 2010. These are some of
the lowest road and highway densities in the world. For context, United States has 21 kilometres of
roads per 1000 people, while France about 15 kilometres per 1000 people – predominantly paved
and high quality in both cases. In terms of all season, 4 or more lane highways, developed countries
such as United States and France have a highway density per 1000 people that is over 15 times as
India.
India in its past did not allocate enough resources to build or maintain its road network. This has
changed since 1995, with major efforts currently underway to modernize the country's road
infrastructure.
As of May 2017, India had completed and placed in use over 28,900 kilometres of recently built 4
or 6-lane highways connecting many of its major manufacturing centres, commercia l and cultural
centres. According to the CIA World Factbook, as of 2015, India had about 96,000 kilometers of
national highways and expressways, plus another 147,800 kilometers of state highways. Major
projects are being implemented under the National Highways Developme nt Project, a government
initiative.
11. TABLE -2 CAMBER PROVIDE
IRC recommendation of camber for different roads
TYPES OF ROAD HIGH RAIN FALL LOW RAIN
FALL
Cement concrete road 2% 1.7%
Thinbitumen road 2.5% 2%
WBM/gravel road 3% 2.5%
Earth road 4% 3%
(FIGURE-5 CAMBER PROVIDE)
12
12. 13
5. IMPORTANTS OF ROAD
Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and
passengers for short and medium distances.
It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields,
factories and markets and provide door to doorservice.
Roads can negotiate high gradirnts and sharp turns which railways
can`t do. As such roads can be constructed in hilly areasalso.
Roads acts as a great as great feader to railways. without good and
sufficient roads, railways cannot collect sufficient produce to make
their operation possible.
Road transport is more flexible than the railways transport.
Perishable commodities like vegetables fruits and milk are transported
more easily and quickly by roads than railways.
6. DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD
The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not
been universa l ly accepted; in many cases animals do not follow constant
paths. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human
travelers.
The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt
some time between 2600 and 2200BC.
Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East
dating back to 4000 BC.
Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in
Glastonbury, England.
The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of the
oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway
discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring
3806 BC, tree-ring dating (Dendrochronology enabled very precise
dating. It was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the
2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London
13. 15
7. DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD IN INDIA
1. NAGPUR PLAN
First serious attempt to develop roadways was made in 1943 when
NAGPUR plan was drawn. This plan envisaged increasing of the kilometre
of major roads to 1,96,800 KM and of other roads to 3,32,800KM by
1953.
2. TWENTY YEAR PLAN
After achieving the objective of the Nagpur plan, another plan known as
twenty-year road plan was drawn in 1961. It aimed at increasing the road
length from 6.56 lakh kilometre to 10.60 lakh kilometre and the density to 32
kilometre of road per 100 sq. km by1981.
3. METHODOLOGY
Potholes are an annoyance to drivers and potentially a dangerous hazard on
the roadways. The repair of pothole distresses in asphalt pavement is often
considered low on a road agency’s agenda; however their repair consumes
a large portion of time and funds. Many road crews are ill-informed on the
proper materials and methods for pothole repair. Correct selection of
pothole patching materials and proper application of repair procedures can
greatly increase the longevity of pothole repairs, lead to fewer driver
frustrations, and lower road maintena nce budgets. Pothole Background A
pothole can be defined as “Localized distress in an asphalt- surfaced
pavement resulting from the breakup of the asphalt surface and possibly the
asphalt base course. Pieces of asphalt pavement created by the action of
climate and traffic on the weakened pavement are then removed under the
action of traffic, leaving a pothole.” (Wilson and Romine 1994). To be
considered a pothole, the distress must be a bowl-shaped hole with a
minimum plan dimension of six inches. Low severity potholes are less than
one inch deep, moderate severity are one to two inches deep, and high
severity potholes are more than two inches deep (Johnson and Snopl
2000). Potholes are commonly caused from water seeping into cracks in
the roadway during wet and freezing conditions.
14. formed are through poor workmanship, poor mix design, or natural deterioration of
the pavement. As traffic passes over the stressed area of the asphalt, the asphalt
weakens and material is removed from the surface, leaving behinda pothole
(FIGURE NO-6 CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD)
(Figure 7: An example pothole (Photo PMGSY 2017)
16
15. 18
3.2 Types ofMaintenance
1. Preventive Maintenance
Asphalt pavement maintenance can be categorized as preventive maintenance,
corrective maintenance, or emergency maintenance. Preventive maintenance is used
to extend the life of a pavement before catastrophic distresses occur. Usually surface
treatments are used in preventive maintenance to repair a road surface so that it will
not continue to degrade and require regular maintenance in the future. If preventive
maintenance is the focus of an agency, corrective maintenance may rarely need to be
applied. In fact, “studies show that preventive maintenance is six to ten times more
cost-efficient than a ‘do nothing’maintenance strategy” (Johnson and Snopl 2000).
By planning preventive maintenance, a road agency can greatly extend the life of the
pavement and better plan a long term yearly budget.
2. Corrective Maintenance
Corrective, or reactive maintenance, is performed after “a deficiency occurs in the
pavement, such as loss of friction, moderate to severe rutting, or extensive cracking”
takes place (Johnson and Snopl 2000). Pothole patching, mill and overlays, and
crack repair fall intothe corrective maintenance category.
3. Emergency Maintenance
Emergency maintenance is performed after a serious or dangerous failure has
happened to the asphalt pavement, such as a blowout or large pothole. Usually,
emergency maintenance is only designed to correct the issue as quickly and safely as
possible, withoutconsiderations to cost or long-term effectiveness.
16. 19
3. Repair Techniques
1. Throw-and-Go
The four most commonly used techniques for pothole patching are throw-and-go,
throwand- roll, semi-permanent, and spray-injection. Throw-and-go is the most
commonly used method for pothole patching because the material can be quickly
applied and the cost is low. Using the throw-and-go method, material is shoveled into
an unprepared pothole, which may or may not contain water and debris, until the
pothole is filled. Compaction is left up to traffic, or occasionally the material is lightly
compacted usinga shovel. 3.2.2Throw-and-Roll
A superior alternative to the throw-and-go technique is the throw-and-roll method.
Using the throw-and-roll method, material is shoveled into an unprepared pothole
and compacted using the maintenance truck tires. After the material has been
compacted, it should be verified that a visible crown of about 0.125 in. to 0.25 in. is
present on the patch (Wilson and Romine 1994). The compaction that takes place
using this method leads to a tighter patch and increased longevity of the patch. The
time to compact the patch is typically only one to two minutes, and therefore, there is
little loss to productivity in the short run. In the long run, the pothole will need to be
patched less often, leading to an increase in productivity and cost savings for the
agency.
3.3.2 Semi-Permanent
The semi-permanent procedure for repairing potholes is often considered the best
procedure besides full-depth replacement of the affected area. Using the semi-
permanent method, the pothole is first cleared of water and debris and the sides of
the pothole are squared to a depth where the pavement is sound. Next, the material
is placed in the patch area and compacted with equipment smaller than the patch
area, such as vibratory plate compactors or single- drum vibratory rollers. Using the
semi-permanent repair method, the patch is very tightly compacted and provides
exceptional longevity. The drawbacks of this method are increased labor and
equipment costs and lower productivity compared with throw-and-roll and
sprayinject io n. (Wilson and Romine 1994). When preparing the pothole for cold
mix, care should be taken so that oncoming traffic does not get hit with rocks blown
from the pothole. The loose gravel that composes cold mix should be swept away
from the patch site after completion so that it does not chip or damage passing traffic
and the binder does not stick to cars
17. 3.3.3 Spray-Injection
The final pothole patching procedure is spray-injection. Spray-injection is most
useful for repairing transverse cracks and potholes. The pothole is first prepared by
removing all water and debris before a tack coat of binder is sprayed on the sides
and bottom of the pothole. Next, asphalt and aggregate are sprayed into the pothole
before being covered with another layer of aggregate. No compaction is needed
using the spray-injection technique and higher productivity can be achieved at the
cost of increased equipment costs.
(Figure 8: A spray-injection patching
operation)
20
18. 21
4. Improving Patch Performance
1. Spring Period
Spring patching takes place after much of the underlying support has
already softened and no freeze-thaw cycles are expected to occur.
Because of the better weather conditions and reduced stresses, patches
applied in the spring have a much longer life expectancy. Materials used
during winter patching are still acceptable Patching is typically broken up
into two periods of the year: winter patching and spring patching. Winter
patching is done during periods where there is no snow present on the
asphalt and maintenance crews are not expected to plow and apply salt.
The warmer periods during the winter are also favorable to pothole
development, as the pavement is still expected to undergo freeze-thaw
cycles and the base materials of the pavement are soft, resulting in less
support. Therefore, once patched, the patch will experience heightened
levels of stress when compared to spring patching. Due to the likelihood
that water will be present in the hole before being patched, an
antistripping agent is strongly recommended. High quality crushed stone
aggregates should be used during the winter months should contain little
fine material. Binders should be emulsified asphalt. Workability is
especially important during the winter so that the material is easily handled
and compacted by the crew.
19. 4. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
There are various types of pavement depending upon the materials used; a
briefs description of all types is given here-
1. Rigid pavement 2. Flexible pavement
Flexible pavement
Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture
of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates placed on a bed
of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in layers over
the subgrade. Waterbound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads
with or without asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements.
The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that for a load
of any magnitude, the intensity of a load diminishes as the load is
transmitted downwards from the surface by virtue of spreading over an
increasingly larger area, by carrying it deep enough into the ground
through successive layers of granularmaterial.
(Figure 9. Flexible pavement)
Thus for flexible pavement, there can be grading in the quality of
materials used, the materials with high degree of strength is used at or
near the surface. Thus the strength of subgrade primarily influences
the thickness of the flexible pavement.
22
20. 23
5. TYPES OFCOATING
There are following three types:-
Seal coat
Prime coat
Tack coat
1. SEAL COAT
Seal Coat is a mixture of emulsified asphalt, water, mineral fillers, and various
other mixtures. Seal coats are applied directly to the surface of an asphalt
pavement. It can be applied by rubber squeegee, broom, or mechanical spray.
2. PRIME COAT
A prime coat is an application of a low viscosity asphalt to a granular
base in preparation for an initial layer (or surface course layer) of
asphalt.
A prime coat is a coating applied directly to a prepared base before additional
layers of support or coating are supplied . Prime coat asphalt acts as an initial
sealer in the asphalt laying process to block the other layers from moisture,
dust and debris before additional coating installations.
3. Tack coat
Tack coat (also known as bond coat) is a light application of asphalt
emulsion between hot mix asphalt layers designed to create a strong
adhesive bond without slippage. Heavier applications may be used
under porous layers or around patches where it also functions as a
seal coat.
21. 6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Some part of work is completed at the end of training.
Approximately 8KM works is finished. Survey work is also
finished.
We choose bitumen mix road in place of cement concrete road
because it was low cast and some local material also used and
this is village road. Due to low productivity and important of road
construction was done to fulfil the basic requirements of village
optimization of material and labour cost was done by using
locally available material and machine.
I think this road fulfil the main recommendation of PMGSY about
rural road and help to gain the purpose of Govt.
AIM
To determine the particle size, distribute of fine and course
aggregate by sieving as per IS standard code.
PRINCIPLE
By passing the sample downward through a series of standard
sieve, each of decreasing size, opening the aggregate are
separated into several groups, each of with contain aggregate in
particular size range
24
22. 25
7. CONCLUSSION
The main aim of this project is to known in advance the characteristics and
design strength of bituminous mix that is to be used in the field by conducting
various tests. This help in making the project economical and to reduce any
further damages that may encounter in the failure. That way we can
increase the workability in the field and also serviceability of the pavement.
All the work carried out was in accordance with the guideline setup by the
PWD. Where access to the rural is provided only at predetermined location
from service roads through properly designed entry/exit ramps and or from
interchange, in doing so the concessionaire shall take measures to
overcome the physical and operational constraints and plan, design and
construct the project rural road using appropriate methods, managements
techniques and technologies.
The project on which I have worked during my industrial training has given me
knowledge of how road is constructed, it was any keen interest to know how
work is done in construction of bridges and the various steps involved in it ,
so , I took up this project.
During my training I learnt about the construction of various parts of road on
the site. I saw how pavement layer constructed and surveying, which
involved sub grade course, base course, sub base course and surface
course.
My training in road was very successful to acquire learning practically that is
very beneficial than theoretically that we learnt in the book and its
implementation on the site a lot of differe nt.
So practically knowledge is very important to become a good civil engineer.
23. 26
8.REFERENCE
Transportation engineering (book), B.C Punamia part 1 &
2 , S.K. GARG part 1 &2.
Theory of Structures/Analyasis of structure (book) , S
Ramamrutham
Geotechnical Engineering (book) , T.N Ramamurthy
Highway Engineering (book) , S. Chand
Strength of materials (book) , B.C, Punamia
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.concrete.net.in
www.upjl.com
www.concrete.com
www.pmgsy.nic.in