This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for road construction including unsurfaced, surfaced, flexible, and rigid pavements. It provides details on the materials, design principles, properties, and construction procedures for various pavement types. These include earthen roads, gravel roads, water bound macadam roads, and cement concrete roads. The key components, types of joints, and construction methods for cement concrete pavements are also summarized.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for road construction including unsurfaced, surfaced, flexible, and rigid pavements. It provides details on the materials, design principles, properties, and construction procedures for various pavement types. These include earthen roads, gravel roads, water bound macadam roads, and cement concrete roads. The key components, types of joints, and construction methods for cement concrete pavements are also summarized.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Construction of flexible pavement in brief.AJINKYA THAKRE
This document provides an overview of flexible pavement construction. It defines flexible pavement as those that reflect deformation through their layers to the surface. The main components of a flexible pavement are described as the wearing course, base course, subbase, and subgrade. Details are given on materials and construction methods for each layer, including bituminous mixtures for the wearing course, aggregates for the base course, and drainage and load distribution functions of the subbase and subgrade layers. Construction steps are outlined as preparation, mixing, spreading, compacting, and allowing the pavement to dry before opening to traffic.
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for highways. It describes flexible pavements which transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact and consist of multiple layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, and sub-base course. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wider area and typically consist of concrete over a single granular or stabilized layer. The document also covers pavement materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt concrete and tests used to evaluate soil strength properties important for pavement design like the California Bearing Ratio test.
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
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This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
The Public Works Department was established in 1854 to oversee construction projects including roads, buildings, railways, flood control, irrigation, and military works. The document then discusses the purpose and types of pavement structures for roads, including flexible pavements made of asphalt and rigid pavements made of concrete. It also describes the construction process for subgrades and different bituminous pavement layers using materials like crushed aggregate, bitumen binder, and compaction.
This document discusses the construction of flexible pavements. It begins by introducing the types and components of flexible and rigid pavements. The key components of flexible pavement include the subgrade, sub-base course, base course, binder course, and surface course. It then describes the construction process for each layer, including preparing and compacting the subgrade, placing and compacting the granular sub-base and base courses, applying prime coats and tack coats, and paving the asphalt binder and surface courses. In comparison, rigid pavements are constructed as a solid slab that distributes loads differently than the layered system of flexible pavements.
Cc road summer training ppt @akshay kumarAkshay kumar
The document summarizes the process of constructing a cement concrete (CC) road. It discusses the key materials used - cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and water. It describes testing the aggregates for properties like abrasion value and impact value. It also discusses mixing, placing, compacting and curing the concrete, including cutting joints. The process involves preparing the sub-grade and sub-base layers before laying the concrete slab and opening the road to traffic after curing.
This document provides an overview of pavement design. It discusses the different types of pavements including flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes the layers of base course, sub-base course, and subgrade. It also discusses requirements for an ideal pavement and considerations for pavement design such as material characteristics and traffic volume.
This document discusses the design and construction of flexible pavements. It begins by outlining the purpose of pavements to carry traffic smoothly and safely while distributing loads. It then describes the main types of pavements as flexible (uses bitumen) and rigid (uses concrete). The bulk of the document details the layers of flexible pavements, potential failures, testing of aggregates, types of bitumen, and the construction process. It concludes by covering geometric standards for flexible pavements such as camber, carriageway, and shoulders.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
Here are the key steps in sieve analysis:
1. Weigh the sample to be tested.
2. Arrange the sieves in descending order of sizes.
3. Place the sample on the top sieve and cover it.
4. Shake the sieves for about 10-15 minutes using mechanical sieve shaker.
5. Weigh the material retained on each sieve and record the weights.
6. Calculate percentage weight retained and cumulative percentage retained.
7. The percentage passing is 100 minus cumulative percentage retained.
8. Plot the particle size distribution curve and determine gradation parameters like CBR, JMF etc.
This helps in determining the particle size distribution of aggregate which
This document summarizes the process of constructing a bituminous pavement. It discusses the different layers including subgrade, sub-base, and base course. It then explains the various techniques for constructing the wearing course, including hot mix and cold mix methods. Specific techniques covered are prime coat, tack coat, bituminous macadam, seal coat, and use of bitumen emulsions. Maintenance of existing bituminous roads is also briefly addressed.
Construction of flexible pavement in brief.AJINKYA THAKRE
This document provides an overview of flexible pavement construction. It defines flexible pavement as those that reflect deformation through their layers to the surface. The main components of a flexible pavement are described as the wearing course, base course, subbase, and subgrade. Details are given on materials and construction methods for each layer, including bituminous mixtures for the wearing course, aggregates for the base course, and drainage and load distribution functions of the subbase and subgrade layers. Construction steps are outlined as preparation, mixing, spreading, compacting, and allowing the pavement to dry before opening to traffic.
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for highways. It describes flexible pavements which transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact and consist of multiple layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, and sub-base course. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wider area and typically consist of concrete over a single granular or stabilized layer. The document also covers pavement materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt concrete and tests used to evaluate soil strength properties important for pavement design like the California Bearing Ratio test.
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
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types of paving material
types of road pavement
types of flexible pavement
flexible pavement of road construction
types of pavement for driveways
types of rigid pavements
asphalt pavement types
types of flexible pavements
flexible pavement design
flexible pavement manual
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flexible pavement vs rigid pavement
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flexible pavement ppt
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aashto rigid pavement design
aashto rigid pavement design spreadsheet
This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
The Public Works Department was established in 1854 to oversee construction projects including roads, buildings, railways, flood control, irrigation, and military works. The document then discusses the purpose and types of pavement structures for roads, including flexible pavements made of asphalt and rigid pavements made of concrete. It also describes the construction process for subgrades and different bituminous pavement layers using materials like crushed aggregate, bitumen binder, and compaction.
This document discusses the construction of flexible pavements. It begins by introducing the types and components of flexible and rigid pavements. The key components of flexible pavement include the subgrade, sub-base course, base course, binder course, and surface course. It then describes the construction process for each layer, including preparing and compacting the subgrade, placing and compacting the granular sub-base and base courses, applying prime coats and tack coats, and paving the asphalt binder and surface courses. In comparison, rigid pavements are constructed as a solid slab that distributes loads differently than the layered system of flexible pavements.
Cc road summer training ppt @akshay kumarAkshay kumar
The document summarizes the process of constructing a cement concrete (CC) road. It discusses the key materials used - cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and water. It describes testing the aggregates for properties like abrasion value and impact value. It also discusses mixing, placing, compacting and curing the concrete, including cutting joints. The process involves preparing the sub-grade and sub-base layers before laying the concrete slab and opening the road to traffic after curing.
This document provides an overview of pavement design. It discusses the different types of pavements including flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes the layers of base course, sub-base course, and subgrade. It also discusses requirements for an ideal pavement and considerations for pavement design such as material characteristics and traffic volume.
This document discusses the design and construction of flexible pavements. It begins by outlining the purpose of pavements to carry traffic smoothly and safely while distributing loads. It then describes the main types of pavements as flexible (uses bitumen) and rigid (uses concrete). The bulk of the document details the layers of flexible pavements, potential failures, testing of aggregates, types of bitumen, and the construction process. It concludes by covering geometric standards for flexible pavements such as camber, carriageway, and shoulders.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
Here are the key steps in sieve analysis:
1. Weigh the sample to be tested.
2. Arrange the sieves in descending order of sizes.
3. Place the sample on the top sieve and cover it.
4. Shake the sieves for about 10-15 minutes using mechanical sieve shaker.
5. Weigh the material retained on each sieve and record the weights.
6. Calculate percentage weight retained and cumulative percentage retained.
7. The percentage passing is 100 minus cumulative percentage retained.
8. Plot the particle size distribution curve and determine gradation parameters like CBR, JMF etc.
This helps in determining the particle size distribution of aggregate which
This document summarizes the process of constructing a bituminous pavement. It discusses the different layers including subgrade, sub-base, and base course. It then explains the various techniques for constructing the wearing course, including hot mix and cold mix methods. Specific techniques covered are prime coat, tack coat, bituminous macadam, seal coat, and use of bitumen emulsions. Maintenance of existing bituminous roads is also briefly addressed.
Hari Bhakta Sharma presented on their 5 week summer training project with the Department of Civil Engineering at Lovely Professional University. The project involved the four laning of NH75E from KM 82+400 to KM 195+800 in Madhya Pradesh. The presentation covered the need for highway construction, planning surveys, different types of earthworks used in the project including embankments and subgrading, and the various pavement layers constructed. Testing was performed on materials to check their suitability for the project.
This document outlines the construction processes and materials used in pavement construction, including: granular sub-base courses like GSB and WBM; cemented bases; tack coats; seal coats; asphaltic concrete; and pavement quality concrete. It describes steps for preparing the subgrade, spreading and compacting granular materials, and applying binding materials. Cement stabilization techniques are also discussed. The purpose and application of prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats between pavement layers is explained. Pavement quality concrete is defined as concrete for highways and runways using larger aggregates per IRC specifications, placed over a dry lean concrete sub-base.
Road construction pavements flexible rigidKumarS250747
This document discusses different types of road pavements and their construction. It describes flexible pavements like earthen, gravel and bituminous roads which deform under loading. Rigid pavements like cement concrete roads are also discussed, which act like beams and have high strength. Construction details are provided for soil stabilized roads, water bound macadam roads and cement concrete roads. Tests for materials and compaction requirements are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of foam bitumen contracts undertaken in Far North Queensland. It describes foam bitumen stabilized pavements, including how the process works to mix bitumen, water and air into a fine mist that coats pavement materials. It outlines several contracts that have been completed and the construction methods used, including mixing lime or cement into the pavement prior to incorporating the foamed bitumen. Key benefits include increased strength, lower costs than reconstruction and the ability to be trafficked immediately, while limitations include requiring suitable pavement materials and experienced operators.
The document discusses different aspects of road construction including blacktop, concrete pavement, equipment used, and hilly roads. It provides details on construction techniques for bituminous construction such as interface treatments, surface dressing, and seal coats. It also outlines the construction process for cement concrete pavement slabs including preparation, forms, batching, transporting, compaction, and curing. Common equipment used for road construction that are described include crawler tractors, hydraulic excavators, and motor scrapers.
The document summarizes an industrial training report for the construction of Dassal Road in Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir from June-July 2019. It provides an overview of the Public Works Department, introduces different types of bituminous roads and their construction processes. It also discusses road layers, surveying methods, cost estimation, construction steps and concludes with key learnings. The trainees gained practical experience in reconnaissance surveys, leveling, cross-section drawings, estimation and more under the guidance of their supervisor.
Concrete -
The most used construction material.
In here a brief about its -
Ingredients
Grades
Production &
Properties
are discussed with appropriate pictorial presentation making it quite simpler for understanding.
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
The document discusses asphalt concrete pavement construction. It explains the important steps which include proper material selection, mix design, transportation of materials, laydown of asphalt using paving equipment, and quality control monitoring during construction. Ensuring proper equipment, construction procedures, and addressing potential issues are essential to producing a quality, durable pavement.
Cement concrete is a composite material consisting of a binding material (cement or lime), aggregates (fine and coarse), water, and admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregates and binds them together. Concrete can be classified based on its constituents, method of production, place of casting, and bulk density. Proper curing is important for concrete to gain strength and hardness through hydration. Common curing methods include water curing, membrane curing, and steam curing. The water-cement ratio significantly impacts concrete strength, with lower ratios producing stronger concrete.
The document discusses the construction of the Munerika metro station, which is part of the L&T SUCG JV Project CC27 on the magenta line in Delhi. Key details include the project director and site manager, the scope of work involving stone cladding, flooring, tiles, painting, plumbing etc. It also describes the construction process of various structural elements like the roof slab, concourse slab, platform slab, and the use of trenchless tunnel boring machines for construction.
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
The document discusses the various stages of concrete manufacturing including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing and finishing. It describes the importance of proper batching using weighing methods for accuracy. Mixing ensures homogeneity and uniformity in concrete. Compaction removes air and increases density, while curing creates suitable conditions for hydration and prevents cracking. Key factors like workability, bleeding, consistency and compactability that determine concrete quality are also explained.
lecture 5 - Technical Specifications and MM.pptxBossGold
The document provides technical specifications and measurement methods for various construction works including:
- Excavation and earthworks such as site clearance, bulk excavation, backfilling, and disposal of surplus material.
- Concrete work including mixing, placing, curing, formwork, and reinforcement. Concrete is measured by volume.
- Reinforcement including storage, fixing, tying and measurement by weight.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
This document provides information on different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. It describes the key components and layers of a flexible pavement, such as the surface course, binder course, base course, and subgrade. Rigid pavements are made of concrete slabs and can be jointed plain, jointed reinforced, continuous reinforced, or prestressed concrete. Composite pavements combine aspects of flexible and rigid pavements for benefits such as a strong concrete base with a smooth asphalt surface.
Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates to reduce density compared to normal concrete. It is used to reduce structural loads and transport/handling costs. High density concrete uses heavy aggregates like iron or lead to increase density above 2600 kg/m3. It is used for radiation shielding, counterweights, and seawalls. Shotcrete is concrete sprayed at high velocity through a hose. It is used for tunnel linings and slopes due to its ability to coat any surface. Fibers are added to concrete to increase crack resistance and tensile strength. Different fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
7. Comparison
Flexible
• Flexible in nature
• Grain to grain load transfer
• Multiple layers of
Subgrade, sub base, Base
course and Surface course
• Low initial cost
• High maintenance cost
• Eg. Bituminous road, WBM
Rigid
• Rigid in nature
• Load transfer by slab action
• Slab directly put over
subgrade or a sub-base
course
• High initial cost
• Low maintenance cost
• Eg. Cement Concrete road
7
9. Bituminous Pavement Construction
Bitumen
• Distillation of petroleum crude oil
• Hydrocarbon of high molecular weight
• Form can be gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid
Tar
• Destructive distillation of coal or wood
• More temperature sensitive than bitumen
• Carcinogenic material
9
11. Bituminous Pavement Construction
• Hot mix technique – Bitumen require proper
heating to attain viscosity before mixing with
aggregates
• Cold mix technique – Cutback and emulsion
do not require heating of the binder
11
12. General Construction Procedure
1. Formation of subgrade soil
– Soil exploration to check the dry density of soil
– For week soil up to 50 cm depth should be
replaced with good soil (2 layers of 25 cm thick is
compacted)
– Criteria –95 % of proctor density should be
achieved
– Proper longitudinal slope for drainage
– Proper camber is provided
12
13. General Construction Procedure (Contd)
2. Preparation of Sub-base course
– Granular Sub-Base (GSB)
• Broken stone (60 mm down), quarry dust and water
• 100 mm to 150 mm
– Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)
• Broken stone (40 mm down), quarry dust and water
• Properly mixed, laid and compacted
• 150 mm to 200 mm
Static compactors are used
13
14. General Construction Procedure (Contd)
3. Preparation of base course
– Prime Coat
– Tack Coat
– Bituminous Macadam
4. Preparation of wearing course
– Tack Coat
– Seal coat or Bituminous Concrete
Explained in
next slides
14
15. Bituminous pavement construction techniques
Interface
treatment
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
Grouted or
penetration
• Penetration
Macadam
• Built up
spray grout
Premix
pavement
• Bituminous
Macadam
• Bituminous
Concrete
• Mastic
Asphalt
Surface
dressing
• Seal coat
• Bituminous
Concrete
15
16. Types of bituminous construction
Interface
treatment
Prime Coat Tack Coat
16
17. Interface treatment
To provide necessary bond between old and new
pavement layers
a) Prime Coat
– First application of low viscosity bitumen is used
– To plug the capillary voids
– To bind loose mineral particles on the existing
porous pavement
– 24 hours curing
– Rate of application is 7.3 to 14.6 kg/10m2
17
19. Interface treatment (Contd)
b) Tack Coat
– Viscous bituminous material over existing
impervious pavement surface (bituminous or CC)
– Rate of application is 4.9 to 9.8 kg/10m2
19
20. Bituminous pavement construction techniques
Interface
treatment
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
Grouted or
penetration
• Penetration
Macadam
• Built up
spray grout
Premix
pavement
• Bituminous
Macadam
• Bituminous
Concrete
• Mastic
Asphalt
Surface
dressing
• Seal coat
• Bituminous
Concrete
20
21. Penetration Type
Penetration Macadam
– Used as a base course
– Broken stones are dry compacted
– Hot bituminous binder is sprayed at the top
– Bitumen penetrate into the voids of aggregates
and bind the aggregates together
• Full grout and Half grout
21
22. Penetration Type
Built-up spray grout
– Two layers of composite construction rolled aggregates
– Each layer of compacted crushed stone is applied with
bituminous binder at a rate of 12.5 to 15 kg/m2
– After the second application of binder, key aggregates
are spread and rolled
– An initial tack coat is applied
before the first layer of coarse
aggregates
22
23. Bituminous pavement construction techniques
Interface
treatment
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
Grouted or
penetration
• Penetration
Macadam
• Built up
spray grout
Premix
pavement
• Bituminous
Macadam
• Bituminous
Concrete
• Mastic
Asphalt
Surface
dressing
• Seal coat
• Bituminous
Concrete
23
24. Premix pavement
Bituminous Macadam (BM)
– Used as a base course
– Crushed aggregates premixed with bitumen in a
hot mix plant at specified temperature
– Laid at hot in compacted thickness of 75 mm or 50
mm thickness
– Depending upon the gradation, it can be open
graded or semi dense BM
24
26. Premix pavement
Bituminous Concrete (BC)/Asphaltic Concrete
(AC)
– Used as a pavement surface course of high quality
– Mix design for a dense mixture of coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler and
bitumen
– 40 mm thick AC surface course for highway
pavement (IRC)
26
28. Premix pavement
Mastic Asphalt (MA)
– Used as a pavement surface course of high quality for
bridge deck
– Mixture of fine aggregate, mineral filler and bitumen
– Each component is heated and cooked at a
temperature of 200 to 223o C for over 5 hrs.
– On cooling, it hardens to semi-solid or solid state
– Without compaction itself an impervious surface can
be obtained
– 25 mm to 50 mm thick
28
30. Bituminous pavement construction techniques
Interface
treatment
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
Grouted or
penetration
• Penetration
Macadam
• Built up
spray grout
Premix
pavement
• Bituminous
Macadam
• Bituminous
Concrete
• Mastic
Asphalt
Surface
dressing
• Seal coat
• Bituminous
Concrete
30
31. Bituminous Surface Dressing (BSD)
– To provide a thin wearing coat over existing
pavement
– Application of Bituminous binder followed by
spreading of aggregate cover and rolling
• Functions
– To serve as thin wearing course
– To water proof pavement surface
– To make surface dust free
31
32. Bituminous Surface Dressing (BSD)
Seal Coat
– Very thin surface dressing
– Provided over an existing
black top
– 9 mm thick using 6mm stone
• Functions
– To seal the surface to prevent water ingress
– To provide skid resistant surface
32
44. Bituminous pavement construction techniques
Interface
treatment
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
Grouted or
penetration
• Penetration
Macadam
• Built up
spray grout
Premix
pavement
• Bituminous
Macadam
• Bituminous
Concrete
• Mastic
Asphalt
Surface
dressing
• Seal coat
• Bituminous
Concrete
44
HOT MIX
METHODS
45. Cold Mix Techniques
Bituminous emulsions
• A mixture of emulsifiers and fine bitumen droplets(as
suspended particles) in water.
• Emulsifiers add charge to droplets and keeps them in
suspension
• Bitumen droplets having high affinity to aggregates,
make a quick and strong bond with aggregates, once
applied on road surface
• Water then evaporates
45
46. Cold Mix Techniques (Contd)
Bituminous emulsions – Types
Based on setting time
Slow setting (SS)
Medium setting (MS)
Rapid setting (RS)
Based on surface charge
Anionic Bitumen Emulsion
Cationic Bitumen Emulsion
46
47. Cold Mix Techniques (Contd.)
Bituminous emulsions – Advantages
• Can be used in wet weather even if it is raining.
• Eco-friendly as it is water based.
• Used in soil stabilization in desert areas.
• No need of extra heating while placing.
• No wastage in placing and laying of bitumen.
• Anti-stripping properties.
• Rapid setting type of emulsion are used in surface of roads.
• Medium setting type of emulsion are used in premixing of bitumen
emulsion and coarse aggregate.
• Slow setting type of emulsion are used with fine aggregates as the surface
area is large and requires time for uniform mixing.
47
48. Cold Mix Techniques (Contd.)
Cutback bitumen
• Bitumen dissolved in volatile solvents of petroleum distillates like gasoline,
naptha, kerosene
• Curing time depends on type of solvent
• Quantity of solvent controls the viscosity of bitumen
• After laying, solvent get evaporated leaving behind the bitumen to bind
with the aggregate
48
49. Cold Mix Techniques (Contd.)
Cutback bitumen – Types
Depending on the solvent used
• Rapid curing
• Medium curing
Advantage over emulsion
Compared to Emulsion, the residual percentage of bitumen is more in the
case of cutback bitumen
49
50. Maintenance of bituminous pavement
1. Patch Repair
Pot holes cut open to rectangular shape
Affected material removed, cleaned and recoated
with bitumen (emulsion or cutback)
Premix is filled and compacted well.
Finished level of patch is slightly higher than normal
road surface
50
51. Maintenance of bituminous pavement
2. Surface treatment
Suitable for bleeding pavement
Blotting material such as sand is spread and rolled
51
52. Maintenance of bituminous pavement
3. Resurfacing
For total damage of pavement
Additional surface course is provided
Overlay roads are provided
52
53. Summary
• Flexible and Rigid Pavements
• Bituminous pavements – Construction
procedure
• Maintenance of bituminous roads 53
Hot mix
Interface
Grouted
Premix
Surface
dressing
Cold mix
Emulsion Cutback
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