Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
This document discusses different types of pavements, including flexible, rigid, and semi-rigid pavements. It describes key design factors for both flexible and rigid pavements such as traffic load, pavement materials, subgrade strength assessed by CBR value, and design life. The document emphasizes the importance of pavement design, noting it accounts for nearly half the road construction cost. Good pavements are important as they can easily bear and transmit loads.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
This document discusses different types of pavements, including flexible, rigid, and semi-rigid pavements. It describes key design factors for both flexible and rigid pavements such as traffic load, pavement materials, subgrade strength assessed by CBR value, and design life. The document emphasizes the importance of pavement design, noting it accounts for nearly half the road construction cost. Good pavements are important as they can easily bear and transmit loads.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Design of flexible pavements as per IRC37 SupriyaPal10
Flexible pavements work by distributing wheel loads across layers to reduce stress. The document discusses flexible pavement design according to Indian Road Congress guidelines for design traffic up to 150 million standard axles. It describes evaluating subgrade strength, calculating design traffic loads, and using CBR and thickness design charts to determine the appropriate flexible pavement layers and thicknesses based on subgrade strength and traffic volume.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
This document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies, which are used to evaluate the structural capacity of existing pavements and estimate overlay designs for strengthening weak pavements. The Benkelman beam test procedure involves measuring the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load. Deflection measurements are taken at intervals along the road using the Benkelman beam and loaded truck. The results are used to calculate the true rebound deflection and characterize pavement strength statistically based on mean, standard deviation, and characteristic deflection values. Overlay design is then determined based on the statistical analysis.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
This document provides an overview of concrete pavement construction for roads. It discusses the importance of road networks for development and describes the different types of roads in India. It then defines road pavement and describes the main types - flexible and rigid. Flexible pavement uses bitumen and has low initial cost but higher maintenance, while rigid pavement uses concrete and has higher initial cost but lower long-term maintenance. The document outlines the basic components of concrete pavement including cement, aggregates, water, and equipment used. It then explains the various steps of the construction process from site preparation to forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing and finishing.
The document provides information on pavement design, including different types of pavement structures and methods for designing asphalt and rigid pavements. It discusses asphalt pavement design using the AASHTO 1993 method, which involves determining the structural number required based on factors like traffic loading, material properties, and desired service life. It also outlines the rigid pavement design method, touching on considerations like soil properties, material selection, thickness design, drainage, and reinforcement.
WBM roads are low-cost roads made of crushed stone aggregates that are mechanically interlocked and bound with water. The aggregates are spread and rolled to form the wearing surface. WBM roads can be used as a base course for bituminous or concrete roads. They have a thickness ranging from 8-30 cm and a camber of 2.5-3%. Construction involves preparing the subgrade, laying the base course and intermediate layers, and forming the wearing surface. Rolling is used to compact the layers and requires sprinkling water while rolling over 80 passes.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
This document discusses the design and construction of pavements. It begins by defining the two main types of pavements - flexible (or bituminous) pavement and rigid (or cement concrete) pavement. It then provides details on the components, materials, construction methods, and factors affecting the selection of each pavement type. The document also covers topics like soil stabilization, construction of embankments, subgrades and various pavement layers. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of pavement design and construction processes.
The document provides information on bitumen mixes used for road construction. It discusses the constituents of bitumen mixes, which include aggregates, filler, and binders like bitumen. It describes different types of mixes like dense graded, stone matrix, and open graded mixes. It also covers characteristics of materials used in mixes and production methods for both hot and cold bitumen mixes. Cold mixes use bitumen emulsions and avoid heating of aggregates and binders.
This document summarizes flexible pavement design and common types of distress that can occur. Flexible pavement is designed based on a layered system to distribute loads through the subgrade. It has advantages like adaptability and ease of repair but higher maintenance costs and shorter lifespan than rigid pavement. Distress in flexible pavement includes surface defects like fatty, smooth or streaked surfaces; cracks like block, alligator or edge cracks; deformation like rutting or corrugation; and disintegration like pumping or potholes. Causes of distress can be environmental factors, heavy traffic loads, or issues with material quality.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This document summarizes the construction of rigid pavements. Rigid pavements use plain cement concrete slabs with dowel bars at joints for load transfer. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials include cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Construction involves subgrade preparation, forming slabs with joints, curing, and allowing time before opening to traffic. Joints include longitudinal, contraction, and expansion joints with filler and dowel bars to allow for expansion/contraction. Reinforcement improves strength and load distribution. Advantages include durability and low maintenance, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and traffic disruption during repairs.
This document discusses rigid pavements constructed using concrete slabs. Rigid pavements are commonly used when road conditions are adverse, such as heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. The key materials used in concrete pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures. Reinforcement such as dowel bars and tie bars are also used. Concrete pavements consist of a soil subgrade, drainage layer, sub-base course, separation membrane, and concrete slabs with different types of joints. Common types of concrete pavements include jointed plain concrete pavement, jointed reinforced concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The document discusses the construction methods and equipment used for rigid
Design of flexible pavements as per IRC37 SupriyaPal10
Flexible pavements work by distributing wheel loads across layers to reduce stress. The document discusses flexible pavement design according to Indian Road Congress guidelines for design traffic up to 150 million standard axles. It describes evaluating subgrade strength, calculating design traffic loads, and using CBR and thickness design charts to determine the appropriate flexible pavement layers and thicknesses based on subgrade strength and traffic volume.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
This document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies, which are used to evaluate the structural capacity of existing pavements and estimate overlay designs for strengthening weak pavements. The Benkelman beam test procedure involves measuring the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load. Deflection measurements are taken at intervals along the road using the Benkelman beam and loaded truck. The results are used to calculate the true rebound deflection and characterize pavement strength statistically based on mean, standard deviation, and characteristic deflection values. Overlay design is then determined based on the statistical analysis.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
This document provides an overview of concrete pavement construction for roads. It discusses the importance of road networks for development and describes the different types of roads in India. It then defines road pavement and describes the main types - flexible and rigid. Flexible pavement uses bitumen and has low initial cost but higher maintenance, while rigid pavement uses concrete and has higher initial cost but lower long-term maintenance. The document outlines the basic components of concrete pavement including cement, aggregates, water, and equipment used. It then explains the various steps of the construction process from site preparation to forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing and finishing.
The document provides information on pavement design, including different types of pavement structures and methods for designing asphalt and rigid pavements. It discusses asphalt pavement design using the AASHTO 1993 method, which involves determining the structural number required based on factors like traffic loading, material properties, and desired service life. It also outlines the rigid pavement design method, touching on considerations like soil properties, material selection, thickness design, drainage, and reinforcement.
WBM roads are low-cost roads made of crushed stone aggregates that are mechanically interlocked and bound with water. The aggregates are spread and rolled to form the wearing surface. WBM roads can be used as a base course for bituminous or concrete roads. They have a thickness ranging from 8-30 cm and a camber of 2.5-3%. Construction involves preparing the subgrade, laying the base course and intermediate layers, and forming the wearing surface. Rolling is used to compact the layers and requires sprinkling water while rolling over 80 passes.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
This document discusses the design and construction of pavements. It begins by defining the two main types of pavements - flexible (or bituminous) pavement and rigid (or cement concrete) pavement. It then provides details on the components, materials, construction methods, and factors affecting the selection of each pavement type. The document also covers topics like soil stabilization, construction of embankments, subgrades and various pavement layers. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of pavement design and construction processes.
The document provides information on bitumen mixes used for road construction. It discusses the constituents of bitumen mixes, which include aggregates, filler, and binders like bitumen. It describes different types of mixes like dense graded, stone matrix, and open graded mixes. It also covers characteristics of materials used in mixes and production methods for both hot and cold bitumen mixes. Cold mixes use bitumen emulsions and avoid heating of aggregates and binders.
This document summarizes flexible pavement design and common types of distress that can occur. Flexible pavement is designed based on a layered system to distribute loads through the subgrade. It has advantages like adaptability and ease of repair but higher maintenance costs and shorter lifespan than rigid pavement. Distress in flexible pavement includes surface defects like fatty, smooth or streaked surfaces; cracks like block, alligator or edge cracks; deformation like rutting or corrugation; and disintegration like pumping or potholes. Causes of distress can be environmental factors, heavy traffic loads, or issues with material quality.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This document summarizes the construction of rigid pavements. Rigid pavements use plain cement concrete slabs with dowel bars at joints for load transfer. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials include cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Construction involves subgrade preparation, forming slabs with joints, curing, and allowing time before opening to traffic. Joints include longitudinal, contraction, and expansion joints with filler and dowel bars to allow for expansion/contraction. Reinforcement improves strength and load distribution. Advantages include durability and low maintenance, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and traffic disruption during repairs.
This document discusses rigid pavements constructed using concrete slabs. Rigid pavements are commonly used when road conditions are adverse, such as heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. The key materials used in concrete pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures. Reinforcement such as dowel bars and tie bars are also used. Concrete pavements consist of a soil subgrade, drainage layer, sub-base course, separation membrane, and concrete slabs with different types of joints. Common types of concrete pavements include jointed plain concrete pavement, jointed reinforced concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The document discusses the construction methods and equipment used for rigid
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses the execution of monolithic concrete pavements. It covers several types of monolithic pavements including plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and steel fibre concrete. It provides details on preparing the subgrade, mixing and transporting concrete, and placing concrete through both fixed-form and slipform methods. Key aspects addressed include properly setting up forms and sensor lines, ensuring continuous concrete supply, and the importance of quality control during execution.
This document discusses the execution of monolithic concrete pavements. It describes different types of monolithic pavements including plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and steel fibre concrete. It provides details on preparing the subgrade, mixing and transporting concrete, and placing concrete through both fixed-form and slipform methods. Key aspects covered include setting forms, using sensor lines to guide slipform pavers, properly spreading and vibrating concrete, and ensuring continuous concrete supply to prevent interruptions. Quality execution is emphasized as critically important for achieving a smooth pavement surface and long-term durability.
special concrete and high performance concreteErankajKumar
GROUTING OF CONCRETE, advantage ofGrouting,Characteristics of Grouting, GUNTING OF
CONCRETE, Application of Guniting, Properties of Guniting, advantage and disadvantage of Guniting, UNDERWATER CONCRETING, Properties of underwater concrete, METHODS OF UNDERWATER CONCRETE, advantage and disadvantage of underwater concrete, HOT WEATHERING CONCRETE, precautions, COLD WEATHER CONCRETING, PUMPABLE CONCRETE, Requirements of Mix Design for Pumpable Concrete, Ready Mixed Concrete RMC, Types of Ready Mixed Concrete, advantage and disadvantage of ready mixed concrete, introduction in High performance concrete HPC, selection of materials, behaviour of fresh high performance concrete HPC , behaviour of Hardened High performance concrete HPC when to use High performance concrete HPC , application of HPC , Advantage of HPC , Limitations of HPC
This document provides guidelines for designing concrete pavements for city streets. It discusses factors to consider like subgrades, concrete mix design, street classification and traffic levels, geometric design, and thickness design. Six street classifications are defined based on traffic volumes, vehicle types, and maximum axle loadings. Proper subgrade preparation and compaction are emphasized. Concrete mix design should produce adequate strength and durability. Integral curbs are recommended for economy. Geometric design addresses issues like street widths, lanes, parking, and accommodating utilities. Thickness design utilizes methods that determine needs for plain, doweled, or reinforced concrete based on traffic levels.
Concrete is a composite material made of cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together when hardened. Concrete can be molded into various shapes and is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its versatility, strength, and availability of constituents. Concrete is commonly classified according to its binding material, design, or purpose. Common types include cement concrete, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, vacuum concrete, and lightweight concrete.
This document discusses the design aspects of flexible pavements and quality control management. It describes the typical components of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, sub-base course, and soil subgrade. It then provides details on the design of service roads including subgrade construction, wet mix macadam construction, and dense bituminous macadam and bituminous concrete construction. The document emphasizes quality control measures throughout construction.
This document discusses the workability of concrete. It defines workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported, placed, and compacted. Workability depends on factors like water content, aggregate size and shape, grading, and admixtures. The document describes three common tests to measure workability - slump test, compacting factor test, and Vee-Bee consistometer test. It provides details on testing procedures and interprets results to determine the degree of workability in each test. The key factors affecting workability and methods for improving or preventing issues like segregation and bleeding are also summarized.
NAT Paper Final Version-Matt Jabbari-011414Matt Jabbari
This document discusses shrinkage compensating concrete and its advantages for underground concrete structures. Shrinkage compensating concrete reduces cracking through controlled expansion during curing. It has lower permeability and higher durability than ordinary Portland cement concrete. The document provides examples of underground projects that have used shrinkage compensating concrete successfully for decades. It also compares the hydration and properties of shrinkage compensating concrete to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
Nat paper final version matt jabbari-011414Matt Jabbari
This document discusses shrinkage compensating concrete and its advantages for use in underground concrete structures and tunnels. Shrinkage compensating concrete reduces cracking caused by drying shrinkage through controlled expansion during curing. It has lower permeability and higher durability than ordinary Portland cement concrete. Case studies demonstrate that shrinkage compensating concrete effectively eliminates cracking in parking structures, wastewater infrastructure, and monolithic roof placements for over 50 years. The document concludes shrinkage compensating concrete is well-suited for tunnels due to its ability to form large leak-proof placements with minimal cracking.
Useful for Second year Civil Engineering Students of Savitribai Phule Pune university, Pune (University of Pune)
This PPT shows Properties, testing and analysis of Fresh concrete, from the subject Concrete Technology.
Few more PPTs and Videos are available at my blog tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
This presentation summarizes the process of bitumen road construction. It discusses the components of road construction including earthwork, pavements, and types of pavements. It then outlines the procedure for bitumen road construction, including preparing the existing surface, applying a tack coat, preparing hot mix asphalt, compacting the layers, and performing quality checks. The advantages of bitumen roads include a smooth ride surface and quick repair capability, while disadvantages include lower durability and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
The document provides details on the methodology and specifications for various items of waterproofing construction works. It summarizes the power point presentation on CPWD specifications for items like earthwork, mortars, concrete work, finishing, repairs to buildings, dismantling and demolishing, road work, sanitary installation, water supply, drainage, pile work and aluminium work. It then provides the terminology, methodology, measurements and rates for different waterproofing treatments on horizontal and vertical surfaces of underground structures, depressed portions, providing water stops and external wall surface spray treatment.
This document discusses different types of pavements, including flexible, rigid, and semi-rigid pavements. It describes key design factors for both flexible and rigid pavements such as traffic load, pavement materials, subgrade strength assessed by CBR value, temperature stresses, and joint spacing. The document emphasizes that pavement design is an important part of road construction, and a good pavement should be durable, cost-effective, and easy to construct and maintain.
Conen 442 module3 S2021 Pavement Design and Construction Wael ElDessouki
This document provides an overview of pavement design and construction. It defines pavement as the total thickness of a road, including surfacing, base, and sub-base layers. Pavement functionality is to transmit and distribute traffic loads to the subgrade. Key design parameters include traffic loading, subgrade soil properties, and pavement type/materials. There are two main pavement types - flexible and rigid. The document then describes elements, construction, and finishing of both rigid and flexible pavements. It emphasizes key aspects for site engineers such as geometric layout, subgrade soil classification/testing, and compaction quality control.
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
Thanx to see our report again and here we talked about concrete just like a roadway but enough information to understand about it. things we talked about are advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, types, test. Here in every point we compared to asphalt. So if you have any questions or if you have noticed anything you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
Shear walls are preferred in seismic regions because they are very effective at resisting lateral forces during earthquakes. Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to transfer seismic forces throughout the height of the building. They provide large strength, high stiffness, and ductility. Shear wall buildings have performed much better during past earthquakes compared to reinforced concrete frame buildings. Some key advantages of shear walls include good earthquake resistance when designed properly, easy construction, reduced construction costs, and minimized damage to structural and non-structural elements during seismic events.
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.
Here includes The Best civil engineering structures ever built by mankind till date.
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
The document describes the components and operation of an asphalt batch mix plant. The plant uses aggregates that are fed into bins then dried and heated. The heated aggregates are mixed with asphalt in a mixing chamber. Additional components include asphalt tanks, mineral filler units, and load out conveyors. Controls and monitoring are centralized in a control panel. Batch mix plants generally cost between 60-75 lacs depending on capacity. Major manufacturers of batch mix plants in India are listed.
This document provides information on cold mix bituminous plant and the cold mix asphalt manufacturing process. It discusses that cold mix asphalt is made by mixing aggregate and emulsified or cutback asphalt at ambient temperatures, as opposed to hot mix asphalt which uses heated aggregates and binder. The document outlines the selection of aggregates, asphalt, additives and mix design considerations for cold mix asphalt. It notes that cold mix asphalt can be used for various pavement applications and provides cost and construction advantages over hot mix asphalt.
The document discusses different types of cement and concrete used in construction. It describes cement as the binding agent in concrete which is composed of aggregates, cement, and water. Several types of cement are listed including Portland cement and high alumina cement. The properties and chemical composition of concrete are also summarized. Different types of concrete for pavement construction are defined such as high strength concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and self-compacting concrete.
This document discusses the types and properties of aggregates used in pavement construction. It describes aggregates as being fine (less than 4.75mm) or coarse (greater than 4.75mm) and coming from various natural sources like igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock. It also discusses the importance of aggregate properties like strength, hardness, toughness, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and durability. Common tests to evaluate aggregates are described, such as crushing, abrasion, impact, absorption, and adhesion tests.
The document discusses Superpave mix design, which is a performance-based method for designing asphalt concrete mixtures. Some key points:
- Superpave uses the gyratory compactor to simulate field compaction of mixtures, allowing for evaluation of density during the design process.
- The design process involves 4 steps: selecting materials based on traffic and climate conditions, designing the aggregate structure, determining the optimum asphalt binder content, and evaluating moisture susceptibility.
- Key evaluation points on the gyratory compaction curve are Ninitial, Ndesign, and Nmax, which control compactability, expected field density, and maximum allowed density.
- Design traffic level determines the number
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
This document discusses road construction challenges in desert, swampy, and black cotton soil areas. In deserts, roads must avoid loose sand and be located where sand is stabilized by vegetation. In swamps, roads often must bypass or use lightweight fill and deep foundations. Black cotton soils lose strength with moisture changes, requiring a stabilized layer between the soil and pavement to prevent sinking. Rigid pavements are recommended over flexible pavements for heavy traffic volumes on black cotton soils due to reduced maintenance needs.
Low cost roads are meant for low traffic volumes and are constructed using locally available materials at low cost in order to be easily maintained. They are classified into earth roads, kankar roads, gravel roads, water bound macadam roads, and wet mix macadam roads. Earth roads involve compacting layers of suitable soil in stages. Kankar roads involve ramming layers of broken kankar stones. Gravel roads involve compacting layers of a gravel mixture. Water bound macadam roads involve compacting layers of graded aggregates with screenings and binders. Wet mix macadam roads involve spreading and compacting premixed layers of aggregates and water. Standards are provided for alignment, width, and construction methods to allow for future upgrading
The document provides information on different types of bitumen and bitumen modification. It discusses natural bitumen, artificial bitumen including straight run bitumen and blown bitumen. It also describes cut back bitumen, emulsions, and modified bitumens including crumb rubber modified bitumen, natural rubber modified bitumen, and polymer modified bitumen. The document lists the advantages of modified bitumens and guidelines for their use. It provides details on consistency tests, performance tests, and grades of different modified bitumens.
There are several types of rollers and compaction equipment that are used depending on soil type and moisture conditions. Smooth wheeled rollers are effective for granular soils but can form crusts on cohesive soils. Pneumatic tyred rollers are suited to compacting non-plastic silts and fine sands. Sheep foot rollers are best for clayey soils, providing kneading action. Vibrating rollers use vibrations to further compact soils that have been initially compacted by other rollers. Tamping foot rollers have padded wheels and feet that penetrate and mix soils from bottom to top of layers during compaction.
Roads must be carefully designed and constructed in desert, swamp, and black cotton soil areas due to challenging soil conditions. In deserts, roads should avoid loose sand and be located where sand is stabilized by vegetation. Different types of sand dunes form from changing wind patterns. In swamps, soft and compressible soil requires removing undesirable material, using sand drains or lightweight fill to accelerate consolidation. Black cotton soil is prone to swelling and shrinking, requiring a stabilized soil layer between the road base and subgrade. Rigid pavements are better suited than flexible pavements for high traffic volumes on black cotton soil.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
2. RIGID
PAVEMENTS???
As the name implies, rigid pavements are rigid i.e, they do not ex much
under loading like flexible pavements.
They are constructed using cement concrete. In this case, the load carrying
capacity is mainly due to the
rigidity ad high modulus of elasticity of the slab (slab action). H. M.
Westergaard is considered the pioneer in
providing the rational treatment of the rigid pavement analysis.2
3. WHERE IS RIGID
PAVEMENT PROVIDED????
Rigid pavements are usually provided when road stretch is
subjected to adverse conditions:
Very heavy rainfall
Poor soil conditions
Poor drainage
Extreme climatic conditions
Combinations of some of these conditions which may lead to
development of cracks inn pavements
3
5. Material for construction of CC
pavements
PORTLAND CEMENT
The type of cement that may be used for the preparation of PQC and
construction of cement concrete road construction pavement are:-
(i) Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade.
(ii) Ordinary Portland 53 Grade.
(iii) Portland Pozzolana cement with fly ash content up to 20% by weight.
(iv) Portland slag cement. However most commonly used cement for the
cement concrete road construction is ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade.
5
6. Material for construction of CC
pavements
COARSE AGGREGATE VALUES OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD
The coarse aggregate that is used for PQC of cement concrete road
construction should fulfill the following requirements apart from this the
maximum size being limited to 31.5 mm.
6
7. FINE AGGREGATES USED IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
Fine aggregate consists of clean natural sand or
crushed stone sand or a combination of both;
the fine aggregate shall be from clay, coal and
lignite. The fine aggregate shall be well graded,
with 100 percent passing 10 mm sieve. The IRC
has suggested four gradations of fine aggregate
for the preparation of the PQC mix.
Material for construction of CC
pavements
7
8. Desirable limits of Important properties
Los angles abrasion value 30% max
Aggregate impact value 30% max
Aggregate crushing value 30% max
Water absorption Less than 3.0 percent
Soundness test after five cycles: loss in
weight after 10 cycles
Less than 12 percent
Loss of magnesium sulphate Less than 18 percent
8
9. WATER
Water used for mixing of the cement concrete, and also that used for curing of the cement
concrete road construction shall be clean and portable. The water should be free from salt, acid,
oil and other organic matter.
ADMIXTURE IN CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Commonly used chemical admixture in the cement concrete road construction are:
(i) To improve the workability of the concrete; a suitable air entraining agent may
be used.
(ii) To provide an adequate extension of setting time of the concrete mix without
adversely affecting the other desirable properties of the concrete; super-plasticizers
which retard the setting time may be used. The total quality of chemical admixture
used is limited to a maximum of 2.0 %by weight of the cement or used.
STEEL
Steel dowel bars with yield strength 2400 kg/sq. cm or 240 Mpa is used for the load transfer
across in the expansion joints and construction joints of cement concrete roads. Plan or
twisted steel bars are used as tie bars at longitudinal joints. All steel rods shall be coated
with epoxy paint for protection against corrosion.
9
10. Different Types of CC
Pavements
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
– does not use any reinforcing steel
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
– Reinforcing steel placed at mid height and discontinued at the joints.
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
– This method is very costly and generally not used in India.
Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
– Comprises new and innovative construction methods
Among these Plain CC pavements are most commonly used.
10
11. Construction Process
The construction of concrete pavement involves sequential
construction of subgrade,
sub-base/ base and the concrete slab. These are discussed
in the following.
Subgrade preparation
Subgrade preparation involves
cleaning, earthwork (excavation or filling of soil,
replacement of weak soil, soil stabilization etc.) and
compaction.
Where the concrete layer is laid directly over the subgrade,
the subgrade is moist at the time concrete is placed. If the
subgrade is dry, water could be sprinkled over the surface
before laying any concrete course, however, care should
taken so that soft patches or water pools are not formed at
the surface (IRC:15-2002,Chakroborty and Das 2003). As
an alternative arrangement, concreting could be done over
a water proof polyethylene sheet, and in that case
moistening the subgrade surface becomes redundant. This
polyethylene sheet acts as a capillary cut-off layer (IRC:15
2002). Figure-31 presents a photograph of subgrade
construction in progress.
11
12. Construction Process
Fixed form paving system
In fixed-form paver system, generally, separate powered machines for spreading, compacting
and finishing are used. The spreader spreads concrete evenly through reversible auger to
the desired surcharge level(O'Flaherty 2002). The rotary strike-off paddles trim minor
irregularities in the surface of the surcharge concrete and adjusts with the carriage-
way cross-slope . The compaction beam applies vibration to the concrete with pre-designed
amplitude and frequency (O'Flaherty 2002). This vibration also helps to put the dowel and tie
bars at their desired positions (for a single layer construction).
The wet formed joint groove is made by introducing vertical cut immediately after compaction
is over and inserting a preformed cellular permanent strip . As an alternative, saw joint
groove can be made after the concrete is sufficiently hardened and can maintain the sharp
edge itself (O'Flaherty 2002).
The finishing of the surface is made, generally, with a pair of finishing beams . The leading
beam vibrates and smoothens the surface, and the rear beam acts as float . The beams are
oriented obliquely so that it causes less damage to the joints (O'Flaherty 2002).
12
13. Construction Process
Slip form paving system
Slip-form paving machine is a self-propelled system that can automatically spread, trim,
compact and finish the surface in a synchronized manner through its feedback sensors.
Placing of dowel/ tie bars at their pre-designed locations are done by the slip-form pavers.
The introduction of joint grooves, surfacing texturing and spraying of curing compound etc.
are done by the equipment those follow the paver (O'Flaherty 2002).
Slip-form paver requires guide-wires, parallel to edge of construction and maintained at fixed
height, installed on the both side. The alignment of the slip-form paver is controlled
automatically with respect to the guide-wires. Correct and precise alignment of the guide-
wires is therefore extremely important. The hopper/ spreader maintains a constant surcharge
of the concrete above the conforming plate level. The conforming plate, vibrators, strike off
paddles and the finishing screed gives the final shape of the concrete pavement (O'Flaherty
2002). Figure-35 explains schematically the operation of a typical slip-form paver, and
Figure-36 a photograph of concrete pavement construction by a slip form paver.
13
15. Construction Process
Concrete curing
Curing is a process in which requisite moisture content and temperature is maintained so that
concrete achieves its design strength through hydration of cement. For initial curing, curing
compound with high water retentivity may be spread over the finished surface to prevent rapid drying
of water. For final curing, continuous ponding or moistened hessain/ gunny bags should be kept for
about a fortnight (refer Figure 38). As an alternative arrangement to ponding, impervious liquid maybe
spread over the surface so as to restrict evaporation of water from the laid concrete. Forms are
removed from the freshly prepared concrete layer after about curing of fourteen hours (IRC:15
2002, Chakroborty and Das 2003).
Texturing
Finished concrete has a smooth surface; texturing of concrete surface is done to impart
required skid resistance to the concrete surface. The texturing is done by means of wire brushing or
grooving along the transverse direction. Initial texturing may be done at the time of construction of the
paver itself (refer Figure 37). Final texturing is done no sooner the sheen of the concrete surface goes
off ( Swanlund and Vanikar 2002 ).
15
16. JOINTS IN CC PAVEMENTS
Joints are the discontinuities in the concrete pavement slab, and help to release
stresses due to temperature variation, subgrade moisture variation, shrinkage of
concrete etc.
There are various types of joints in concrete pavement, e.g. contraction joint,
construction joint, expansion joint and warping joint. Fig. 3 schematically shows
position of various joints. The functions of these joints are as follows:
Longitudinal joints(parallel to traffic flow)
Transverse joints(perpendicular to traffic flow)
Contraction joints
Expansion joints
Construction joints
16
18. Longitudinal joints
During initial period of curing ,shrinkage cracks usually develops in CC pavements
when length or width of the slabs exceeds 4.5 to 5 m width or more.
Hence longitudinal joints are provided whose spacing depends on width of traffic
lane . For instance if width is 3.5 or3.75 , then spacing of longitudinal joints is also
3.5 or 3.75m respectively.
18
19. Construction joints
Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to
define the extent of the individual placements,
generally in conformity with a predetermined joint
layout.
Construction joints must be designed in order to
allow displacements between both sides of the slab
but, at the same time, they have to transfer flexural
stresses produced in the slab by external loads.
Construction joints must allow horizontal
displacement right-angled to the joint surface that is
normally caused by thermal and shrinkage
movement. At the same time they must not allow
vertical or rotational displacements. Fig.1
summarizes which displacement must be allowed or
not allowed by a construction joint.
19
20. CONTRACTION JOINTS
These are purposely made weakened planes which relieve the tensile
stresses in the concrete Caused due to changes in the moisture content
(Drying shrinkage) and/or temperature and
Prevent the formation of irregular cracks due to restraint in free
contraction of concrete .
Purpose of joints in Concrete Roads
1. To absorb expansion & contraction due to variation in temperature.
2. To avoid warping of slab edges
3. To grant facility in construction .
20
23. WORKING OF EXPANSION JOINTS :
During hot climate CC slab expands
towards the gap provided at expansion
joint, due to which filler board and joint
sealer gets compressed and pushed up.
Dowel bars also move along with the slab,
occupying the space in the metal cap
attached at the end of each dowel bar.
AND, During cold climate slabs contracts
and gap increases and dowel bars also
move along with slab.
The compressed filler board may partly
recover and joint sealer moves down.
23
24. Joint Filler and Sealer
Joints form break in cement concrete pavement and the can allow the infiltration of
water and the ingress of stone grits. Thus, the joint spaces are first filled with
compressible filler materials at first and the top of the joints are sealed using a
sealer.
Joint filler should posses the following properties:
Compressibility
Elasticity
Durability
Joint sealer should posses following properties:
Adhesion to cement
Extensibility without fracture
Resistance to ingress of grit
durability
24
25. Types of joint filler
Soft wood
Impregnated fiber
Cork or cork bound with bitumen
25
26. Types of joint sealers
Bitumen is used along
with mineral filler as a
sealing compound
Rubber bitumen
compounds
Air blown bitumen
26
27. QUALITY CONTROL DURING
CONSTRUCTION:
1. CA samples collected should be tested to specified tests in the laboratory to decide
suitability.
2. Grading of CA and FA for mix is checked and compared with specified gradation.
3. Samples of fresh CC mix are collected ,cube and beam specimen prepared and
tested according to standard test and checked with acceptance criteria.
4. Side slabs of pavements is checked to find hungry/honeycombed surface such
surfaces are finished with cement mortar.
5. Regularity of finished pavements is checked with a 3m straight edge, 6 to 12 hours
after laying , maximum permissible number of irregularities of 4 mm and 7 mm sizes
in a 300 m stretch are 20 and 2mm.
6. Unevenness index or roughness index is measured using bump indicator, along the
wheel path of each lane; the average value of unevenness index shall not exceed
2200 mm/Km length of highway.
27
28. OPENING TO TRAFFIC
The entire surface of newly laid pavement is carefully examined for :
1. Fine cracks have developed on surface
2. Non-uniform settlements of CC slabs has taken place near
abutments or along high embankments.
If any such defect is noticed ,then corrective measures may be taken
up.
A newly constructed CC pavement stretch shall be opened to traffic
only after a minimum curing of 28 days.
28
29. References
NPTEL web courses, Transportation, Modules
IRC SP 062: Guidelines for the design and construction of Rigid
pavements
Highway and Transportation engineering, S K Khanna and CEG Justo
29