Basic surveying

Shree swami atmanandShree swami atmanand
sarawvati institute of technologysarawvati institute of technology

PPrepared byrepared by
Prof. Karm BalarProf. Karm Balar

Basic SurveyingBasic Surveying
..

IndexIndex
►IntroductionIntroduction
►ClassificationClassification
►ScaleScale
►instrumentsinstruments

Introduction to SurveyingIntroduction to Surveying
►Surveying:Surveying:
Surveying is the science and art ofSurveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions of pointsdetermining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earth’s surfaceabove, on, or beneath the earth’s surface
and locating the points in the field.and locating the points in the field.

6
Range
pole
Surveyors nail
Plumb Bob
Additional Equipment

Instruments of surveingInstruments of surveing
►Chain ,pegs ,prismatic compass ,tripode.Chain ,pegs ,prismatic compass ,tripode.

Principle of surveyingPrinciple of surveying
1.To work from whole to1.To work from whole to
part .part .
2.To fix positions of new2.To fix positions of new
points by at least twopoints by at least two
independent processes.independent processes.

Purposes of surveyingPurposes of surveying
►To take measurements to determine theTo take measurements to determine the
relative positions of the points on , above orrelative positions of the points on , above or
beneath the surface of the earth.beneath the surface of the earth.
►To determine areas and volumes.To determine areas and volumes.
►To prepare a map or plan to show theTo prepare a map or plan to show the
relative positions of the objects on therelative positions of the objects on the
surface of earth.surface of earth.
►To fix the boundaries of districts , states ,To fix the boundaries of districts , states ,
and countries.and countries.

Uses of surveyingUses of surveying
►To prepare a topographical map whichTo prepare a topographical map which
shows natural features of a country such asshows natural features of a country such as
rivers , streams , lakes , hills , valleys etc.rivers , streams , lakes , hills , valleys etc.
►To prepare a cadastral map which showsTo prepare a cadastral map which shows
the boundaries of fields , plots etc.the boundaries of fields , plots etc.
►To prepare contour map to know theTo prepare contour map to know the
topography of the area to find out the besttopography of the area to find out the best
possible site for dam , canals , roads etc.possible site for dam , canals , roads etc.
►To plot irregular boundaries of plots andTo plot irregular boundaries of plots and
existing structures on paper.existing structures on paper.

►To lay particular gradient or slope for waterTo lay particular gradient or slope for water
supply , drainage , gas line or road.supply , drainage , gas line or road.
►To carry out survey on slakes , rivers andTo carry out survey on slakes , rivers and
sea to study the bed profile.sea to study the bed profile.
►Finding out level between various points onFinding out level between various points on
the ground surface.the ground surface.
►Military survey is used for determiningMilitary survey is used for determining
points of strategic importance.points of strategic importance.
►Mine survey is used for the exploringMine survey is used for the exploring
mineral wealth.mineral wealth.
►City survey is used for planning streets ,City survey is used for planning streets ,
water supply systems , sewers etc.water supply systems , sewers etc.

Classification of surveyingClassification of surveying
► Based upon the nature ofBased upon the nature of
field of survey.field of survey.
► Based upon object of survey.Based upon object of survey.
► Based upon instrument used.Based upon instrument used.
► Based upon the method employed.Based upon the method employed.

Classification of survey based onClassification of survey based on
fieldfield
Sr.
no
Type of survey Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
Land survey
Marine ,navigational and
hydrographic surveys.
Astronomical surveys.
Conducted on the earth’s surface/land.
Conducted on water bodies like ocen ,
rivers etc.
Conducted to study the position and
movement and celestial bodies.

Classification of surveys basedClassification of surveys based
upon the object of surveyupon the object of survey
Sr.
no.
Type of survey Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Archeological surveys
Geotechnical and
geographical
Mine surveys
Military surveys
Control surveys
Topographic surveys
-Conducted for unearthing relics of
antiquity.
-Conducted for determining the
different surveys strata in the earth’s
crust.
-Conducted for exploring mineral
wealth and to guide mining operations.
-Conducted for military purpose.
-Conducted for establishing a network
of control points which serve as
reference frame work.
-Conducted to determine the nature of
features of hills , river, lakes,
towns,villages,buildings,roads,railways
etc.

ScaleScale
► Types of scaleTypes of scale
1.Plain scale1.Plain scale
2.Diagonal scale2.Diagonal scale
3.Chord scale3.Chord scale
4.Vernier scale4.Vernier scale

1.Plain1.Plain scalescale
- A plain scale is one on which it is possible to- A plain scale is one on which it is possible to
measure two dimensions only.measure two dimensions only.
► Example , Meters and decimeters,Example , Meters and decimeters,
Hundreds and tenths,Hundreds and tenths,
Units and tenths , etc.Units and tenths , etc.
2.2.Diagonal scaleDiagonal scale
- On a diagonal scale , it is possible toOn a diagonal scale , it is possible to
measure three dimensions such as ,metersmeasure three dimensions such as ,meters
, decimeters and centimeters ,units , tenths ,, decimeters and centimeters ,units , tenths ,
and hundreds, etc.and hundreds, etc.

3.3.Chord scaleChord scale
- A chord scale is used to measure angles orA chord scale is used to measure angles or
to set off angles. It is marked either on ato set off angles. It is marked either on a
rectangular protractor or on an ordinary boxrectangular protractor or on an ordinary box
wooden scale.wooden scale.
4.4.Vernier scaleVernier scale
- Vernier scale was invented by Pierre Vernier- Vernier scale was invented by Pierre Vernier
, to measure a fractional part of a graduated, to measure a fractional part of a graduated
scale. It consists of two approximatingscale. It consists of two approximating
scales , one primary scale and the otherscales , one primary scale and the other
vernier scale.vernier scale.

Basic surveying

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