The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board equipped with a ball and socket leveling arrangement. An alidade, which is a ruler with a fiducial edge and sighting frames, is used to draw lines of sight. A telescopic alidade can take inclined sights to increase range and accuracy. Orientation is achieved through resection or backsight methods. The radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection plane table methods are used to connect stations and fill in surveyed details on the map.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board equipped with a ball and socket leveling arrangement. An alidade, which is a ruler with a fiducial edge and sighting frames, is used to draw lines of sight. A telescopic alidade can take inclined sights to increase range and accuracy. Orientation is achieved through resection or backsight methods. The radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection plane table methods are used to connect stations and fill in surveyed details on the map.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
The document discusses various methods for measuring distances across obstacles during land surveying. It classifies obstacles as: 1) Chaining free but vision obstructed, 2) Chaining obstructed but vision free, and 3) Both chaining and vision obstructed. For each type, it provides examples and explains specific measurement techniques such as reciprocal ranging, using random lines, constructing right triangles, and prolonging the line beyond obstacles to determine distances.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
The document provides information about slope stability analysis. It defines a slope and describes natural and man-made slopes. It discusses causes of slope failure such as gravitational forces, seepage, erosion, and earthquakes. Methods of slope stability analysis are described including infinite slope analysis, finite slope analysis using wedge failure, friction circle, and Swedish circle methods. Factors of safety are defined with respect to shear strength, cohesion, and friction. The aims of slope stability analysis are to assess stability, understand failure mechanisms, and design preventive measures.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Issues & problems in the service of summons processes-ppt.Boni Der
The document discusses the issues and requirements related to serving summonses and court processes. It provides details on the various methods of serving summonses, including personal service, substituted service, and extraterritorial service. It emphasizes that summons must be served promptly and in accordance with the specific guidelines, such as making multiple attempts at direct personal service before resorting to substituted service. The return of summons must also include thorough details demonstrating the efforts made to ensure proper service.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
The document discusses various methods for measuring distances across obstacles during land surveying. It classifies obstacles as: 1) Chaining free but vision obstructed, 2) Chaining obstructed but vision free, and 3) Both chaining and vision obstructed. For each type, it provides examples and explains specific measurement techniques such as reciprocal ranging, using random lines, constructing right triangles, and prolonging the line beyond obstacles to determine distances.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
The document provides information about slope stability analysis. It defines a slope and describes natural and man-made slopes. It discusses causes of slope failure such as gravitational forces, seepage, erosion, and earthquakes. Methods of slope stability analysis are described including infinite slope analysis, finite slope analysis using wedge failure, friction circle, and Swedish circle methods. Factors of safety are defined with respect to shear strength, cohesion, and friction. The aims of slope stability analysis are to assess stability, understand failure mechanisms, and design preventive measures.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Issues & problems in the service of summons processes-ppt.Boni Der
The document discusses the issues and requirements related to serving summonses and court processes. It provides details on the various methods of serving summonses, including personal service, substituted service, and extraterritorial service. It emphasizes that summons must be served promptly and in accordance with the specific guidelines, such as making multiple attempts at direct personal service before resorting to substituted service. The return of summons must also include thorough details demonstrating the efforts made to ensure proper service.
Engineering is the application of scientific and economic principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, roads, vehicles, and buildings. Civil engineering deals specifically with designing and constructing physical and natural built environments like roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, and bridges. A survey is used to collect information about natural and man-made features of an area using various instruments, and has applications in areas like construction, geology, archaeology, and more. Modern surveying instruments have become more advanced with technologies like total stations, GPS, levels, theodolites, distance meters, and more that improve accuracy of data collection.
The document discusses the procedure for chain surveying. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles. Survey stations are established at important points and include main stations and subsidiary stations. Survey lines connect the stations and the longest line is called the base line. Offsets are lateral measurements taken from survey lines to locate details on the ground. Key operations in chain surveying are marking stations, ranging, measuring lines, and taking offset measurements.
This document discusses various instruments used in surveying operations. It describes tripods, level staffs, total stations, clinometers, compasses, GPS, theodolites, and prisms. Tripods are used to support surveying instruments. Level staffs allow determination of elevation differences. Total stations can read distances electronically. Clinometers measure angles of inclination. Compasses determine directions relative to magnetic poles. GPS uses satellites to calculate positions. Theodolites measure horizontal and vertical angles. Prisms are targets used with total stations.
Modern surveying instruments - AssignmentVijay Parmar
This document provides an overview of advanced surveying instruments and techniques. It defines key terms related to waves and cycles and discusses electromagnetic spectrum and the principle of EDM. It also describes total stations, noting their advantages and disadvantages, and covers other advanced instruments like modified total stations and digital self-leveling levels. Finally, it asks the reader to name 10 very latest instruments used in modern surveying.
1. There are two primary divisions of surveying: plane surveying which treats the earth's surface as flat, and geodetic surveying which takes the curvature of the earth into account over large areas greater than 1000 km^2.
2. Surveying can be classified based on its function or the instruments used. Common classification based on function includes land, city, and route surveys. Classification based on instruments includes chain, compass, plane table, leveling, and photogrammetric surveys.
3. Chain surveying involves measuring the sides of a network of triangles to map an area without taking angular measurements. It is suitable for small, level, and open areas but not for large, undulating
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through survey details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where observations and plotting are done simultaneously in the field. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are four main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection - which involve drawing radial lines from observation points to locate features or determining their position through line intersections. The principle of plane table surveying is maintaining parallelism between lines on the ground and those plotted on the plane table.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key equipment includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, compass, and drawing tools. There are different types of plane tables and several methods for setting up and orienting the table, including leveling, centering, and backsight orientation. Common plane table surveying methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection, each involving drawing lines of sight from stations to locate or connect points.
Module 2,plane table surveying (kannur university)Vishnudev C
This document describes various methods of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, equipment, setting up, orientation, and main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection (by compass, backsight, two point, and three point problems). Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field observation and plotting. It is suitable for small scale maps and eliminates errors in field books.
This document summarizes the process of plane table surveying. It lists the equipment used, which includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, and drawing accessories. It also describes how to set up the plane table by leveling it and orienting it using backsighting. The key steps are centering the plane table over survey stations, leveling it, and orienting it parallel to previous positions by sighting back to stations or using a magnetic needle and trough compass. Plane table surveying allows creating maps in the field as observations are made.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the equipment used including the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork, and drawing accessories. It explains how to set up the plane table by leveling it, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using a magnetic needle or backsight. The principles of plane table surveying are that all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station. It is a simple and inexpensive surveying method suitable for small scale maps.
plane table surveying covers the Concept of surveyingHiteshAshani1
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, instruments used including the plane table, alidade, spirit level, through compass, and U-fork. It describes how to set up the plane table by fixing it, centering, leveling, marking the north line, and orienting. It explains the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods of plane table surveying. It also discusses sources of error and advantages and disadvantages of the plane table survey method.
This document describes plane table surveying. Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board mounted on a tripod. It is suitable for small-scale mapping. Key components of a plane table include the drawing board, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, trough compass and drawing sheet. Common methods used are radiation, intersection and traversing. Potential errors include imperfect instruments, centering errors and personal errors during fieldwork and plotting.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the principle of plane table surveying which is based on parallelism between the ground and drawing sheet. The key instruments used in plane table surveying are described, including the plane table, alidade, compass, spirit level, and U-fork with plumb bob. Methods of setting up the plane table and orienting it are explained. The main surveying methods covered are radiation, intersection, and traversing, along with diagrams to illustrate the procedures. Advantages of plane table surveying include rapid mapping and accurate representation of irregular objects, while limitations are lack of suitability for very accurate work and inability to replot maps to different scales.
Plane table is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting is done simultaneously. It is particularly adopting in small mapping. Plane table surveying is used for locating the field computation of area of field.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the table and ground.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the plane table match features on the ground.
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
This document discusses different methods of plane table surveying:
- Radiation method involves drawing rays from a single instrument station and measuring distances to locate points. It works best for small distances.
- Intersection method uses observations from two instrument stations to locate points by drawing intersecting rays. It is useful for large or obstructed distances.
- Traversing method surveys a series of lines by shifting the instrument between stations and measuring distances along sight lines.
- Resection determines the instrument station location by observing angles to known points plotted on the sheet using methods like backsight orientation, two-point or three-point problems.
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used, which includes the plane table, alidade, U-fork with plumb bob, spirit level, compass, and drawing paper. It explains the working operations of plane table surveying, which involves fixing the plane table to the tripod, leveling it, centering it over survey points, and orienting it. Finally, it outlines several methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, traversing, resection, and solving two-point and three-point problems.
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2. Syllabus
• Plane Table Survey:
Introduction, principle, instruments, setting up
the plane table, methods of plane tabling,
advantages, sources of Errors.
3. Plane Table Surveying
• Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of
survey in which the field observations and
plotting are done simultaneously.
• It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey.
It is most suitable for small scale maps.
• The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field,
while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes.
Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the
necessary measurements.
4. Equipments and Accessories for
Plane Tabling
The following instruments are used in plane
table surveying.
Equipments
• Plane Table
• Tripod
• Alidade
5. Equipments and Accessories for
Plane Tabling
Accessories
• Trough Compass
• Spirit level
• U-Fork with Plumb bob
• Water proof cover
• Drawing paper
• Pins
• Drawing accessories
6. Equipments
• Plane Table: The drawing board for plane
tabling is made from well-seasoned wood with
its upper surface exactly plane.
• It is normally rectangular in shape with size 75
cm x 60 cm
• It is mounted on a tripod and clamps are
provided to fix it in any direction. The table
can revolved about its vertical axis and can be
clamped in any position, when necessary.
9. Tripod
• The plane table is mounted on a tripod
• The tripod is generally of open frame type,
combined rigidity with lightness. The tripod
may be made to fold for convenience of
transportation.
• Tripod is provided with three foot screws at its
top for leveling of the plane table.
11. Alidade
• The alidade is useful for establishing a line of
sight.
• Two Types of alidade are used.
• Simple alidade
• Telescopic alidade
12. Simple Alidade
• It is used for ordinary work
• It is generally consists of a gun metal or
wooden rule with two vertical vanes at the
ends.
• The eye-vane is provided with a narrow slit
while the object vane is open and carries a
horse hair. Both the slits, thus provide a
definite line of sight which can be made to
pass through the object to be sighted
14. Simple Alidade
• To draw the rays, one of the edge of alidade is
beveled and this perfectly smooth working
edge is known as the fiducially edge.
• The fiducially edge is graduated to facilitate
the plotting of distances to a scale.
15. Telescopic Alidade
• The telescopic alidade is used when it is
required to take inclined sights.
• It essentially consists of a small telescope with
a level tube and graduated arc mounted on
horizontal axis.
• It gives higher accuracy and more range of
sights.
18. Accessories
Trough Compass
• The trough compass is required for drawing
the line showing magnetic meridian on the
paper. It is used to orient the table to the
magnetic meridian.
• When the freely suspended needle shows 00
at each end, a line is drawn on the drawing
paper which represents the magnetic north.
20. Spirit Level
• A Spirit Level is used for ascertaining If the
table is properly level.
• The Table is leveled by placing the level on
the board in two positions at right angles
and getting the bubble central in both
positions.
22. U-Fork With Plumb bob
• U-fork with plumb bob is used for centering
the table over the point or station occupied by
the plane table when the plotted position of
that point is already on the sheet.
• Also, in the beginning of the work, it is used
for transferring the ground point on the
sheet.
26. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Plane Table Surveying
Advantages
• The plan is drawn by the surveyor himself
while the area to be surveyed is before his
eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of
omitting the necessary measurements.
• The surveyor Can compare the plotted work
with the actual features of the area.
28. Advantages
• It is simple and cheaper than the theodolite
survey.
• It is most suitable for small scale maps.
• No great skill is required to produce a
satisfactory map and work may be entrusted to a
subordinate.
• It is useful in magnetic areas where compass
may not be used.
• The mistakes in writing field books are
eliminated.
29. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Plane Table Surveying
Disadvantages (Limitations)
• It is not intended for very accurate work.
• It is not suitable in monsoon.
• It is essentially a tropical instrument.
• Due to heaviness, it is inconvenient to
transport.
• Since there are so many accessories, there is
likelihood of them being lost.
31. Principle Of Plane Table Survey
• The principle of plane tabling is parallelism
means,
• Principle: “All the rays drawn through
various details should pass through the
survey station.”
• The Position of plane table at each station must
be identical, i.e. at each survey station the table
must be oriented in the direction of magnetic
north.
33. Method Of Setting Up The Plane
Table
• Three processes are involved in setting up the
plane table over the station.
• Leveling
• Centering
• Orientation
35. Leveling and Centering
• The Table should be set up at convenient
height for working on the board, say about 1
m. The legs of Tripod should be spread well
apart and firmly into the ground.
36. Leveling and Centering
• The table should be so placed over the station
on the ground that the point plotted on the
sheet corresponding to the station occupied
should be exactly over the station on the
ground. The operation is known as centering the
plane table. It is done by U-fork and plumb
bob.
• For leveling the table ordinary spirit level may be
used. The table is leveled by placing the level on
the board in two positions at right angles and
getting the bubble central in both directions.
38. Orientation
• The Process by which the positions occupied
by the board at various survey stations are
kept parallel is known as the orientation.
Thus, when a plane table is properly oriented,
the lines on the board are parallel to the lines
on ground which they represent.
• There are two methods of orientation:
• By magnetic needle
• By back sighting
39. By Magnetic Needle
• In this method, the magnetic north is drawn on
paper at a particular station. At the next station, the
trough compass is placed along the line of magnetic
north and the table is turned in such a way that the
ends of magnetic needle are opposite to zeros of the
scale. The board is then fixed in position by clamps.
This method is inaccurate in the since that the results
are likely to be affected by the local attraction.
41. By Back Sighting
• A= First survey station
• B= Second survey station
• Suppose a line is drawn from station A on
paper as ab, representing line AB on ground
• The table is turned till the line of sight bisects
the ranging rod at A. The board is then
clamped in this position.
• This method is better than the previous one
and it gives perfect orientation.
43. Methods Of Plane Tabling
• There are four distinct methods of plane
tabling:
• Method of Radiation
• Method of Intersection
• Method of Traversing
• Method of Resection
44. Radiation Method
• In the radiation method of plane table
surveying, the direction of the objects or points
to be located are obtained by drawing radial
lines along fiducially edge of alidade after
getting the objects or points bisected along the
line of sight of the alidade. The horizontal
distances are then measured and scaled off on
the corresponding radial lines to mark their
positions on the drawing.
46. Radiation Method
• Suppose P is a station on the ground from where the object A,
B, C and D are visible.
• The plane table is set up over the station P. A drawing is fixed
on the table, which is then leveled and centered. A point p is
selected on the sheet to represent the station P.
• The north line is marked on the right-hand top corner of the
sheet with trough compass or circular box compass.
• With the alidade touching p, the ranging rod at A,B, C and D
are bisected and the rays are drawn.
• The distances PA, PB, PC and PD are measured and plotted to
any suitable scale to obtain the points a, b, c and d representing
A,B,C,D on paper.
48. Method Of Intersection
• In intersection method of plane table surveying, the
objects or points to be located are obtained at the point of
intersection of radial lines drawn from two different
stations.
• In this method, the plotting of plane table stations are to
be carried out accurately. Checking is important and thus
done by taking third sight from another station.
• The intersection method is suitable when distances of
objects are large or cannot be measured properly. Thus,
this method is preferred in small scale survey and for
mountainous regions.
49. Method Of Intersection
• Suppose A and B are two station and P is the
object on the far bank of a river. Now it is
required to fix the position of P on the sheet by
the intersection of rays, drawn from A and B.
• The table is set up at A. It is leveled and centered
so that a point a on the sheet is just over the
station A. The north line is marked on the righthand top corner, the Table is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching a, the object P and the
ranging rod at B are bisected, and rays are drawn
through the fiducial edge on alidade,
51. Method Of Intersection
• The distance AB is measured and plotted to any
suitable scale to obtain point b.
• The table is shifted and centered over B and
leveled properly. Now the alidade is placed along
the line ba and orientation is done by back
sighting
• With the alidade touching b, the object P is
bisected and a ray is drawn, suppose this ray
intersects the previous rays at point p. the point p
is the required plotted position of P
53. Method Of Traversing
• This method of plane table surveying is used to plot a
traverse in cases stations have not been previously
plotted by some other methods. In this method,
traverse stations are first selected. The stations are
plotted by method of radiation by taking back sight
on the preceding station and a fore sight to the
following station. Here distances are generally
measured by tachometric method and surveying work
has to be performed with great care.
54. Method Of Traversing
• Suppose A,B,C,D are the traverse stations,
• The table is set up at the station A, a suitable point a is
selected on the sheet in such a way that the whole area
may be plotted in the sheet. The table is centered,
leveled and clamped. The north line is marked on the
right-hand top corner of the sheet.
• With the alidade touching point a the ranging rod at B is
bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance AB is
measured and plotted to any suitable scale.
56. Method Of Traversing
• The table is shifted touching point a the ranging rod at
B is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance is
measured and plotted to any suitable scale.
• The table is shifted and centered over B. It is then
leveled, oriented by back sighting and clamped.
• With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod at C
is bisected and ray is drawn. The distance BC is
measured and plotted to the same scale.
• The table is shifted and set up at C and the same
procedure is repeated.
• In this manner, all stations of the traverse are
connected.
57. Method Of Traversing
• Check lines. To check the accuracy of the plane
table traverse, a few check lines are taken by
sighting back to some preceding station.
• Error of closure . If the traverse to be plotted is a
closed traverse, the foresight from the terminating
station should pass through the first station.
Otherwise the amount by which plotted position
of the first station on the foresight fails to close is
designated as the error of closure. It is adjusted
graphically, if the error is within permissible
limits, before any further plotting works are done.
59. Method of Resection
• Resection is the process of determining the
plotted position of the station occupied by the
plane table, by means of sights taken towards
known points, locations of which have been
plotted.
• There are four methods of resection.
• By Compass
• By back sighting
• By two point problem
• By three point problem
60. Method of Resection
• Suppose It is required to establish a station at
position P. Let us select two points A and B on the
ground. The distance AB is measured and plotted
to any suitable scale. The line AB is known as the
“base line”
• The table is set up at A. It is leveled, centered and
oriented by bisecting the ranging rod at B. The
table is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching point a, the ranging rod
at P is bisected and a ray is drawn. Then a point P1
is marked on this way by estimating with the eye.
62. Method of Resection
• The table is shifted and centered in such a way
that P1 is just over P. It is then oriented by backsighting the ranging rod at A.
• With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod
at B is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this
ray intersects the previous ray at a point P. This
point represents the position of the station P on
the sheet. Then the actual position of the station is
marked on the ground by U-fork and plumb-bob
63. By Compass
• This method is used only for small scale or rough
mapping.
• Let A and B be two visible stations which have
been plotted on the sheet as a and b. Let C be the
instrument station to be located on the plan.
• Set the table at C and orient it with compass.
Clamp the table.
• Pivoting the alidade about a, draw a ray towards
A, as Similarly, pivoting the alidade about b, draw
a ray towards B, as bb’, The intersection of aa’
and bb’ will give point c on the paper.
65. The Two Point Problem
• In this problem, two well-defined points whose
positions have already been plotted on the plan
are selected. Then, by perfectly bisecting these
points, a new station is established at the
required position.
66. The Two Point Problem
• Suppose P and Q are two well-defined points
whose positions are plotted on map as p and q. It
is required to locate a new station at A by
perfectly bisecting P and Q
• An auxiliary station B is selected at a suitable
position. The table is set up at B, and leveled and
oriented by eye estimation. It is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching p and q, the points P
and Q are bisected and rays are drawn. Suppose
these rays intersect at b
68. The Two Point Problem
• With the alidade centre on b, the ranging rod at
A is bisected and rays is drawn. Then, by eye
estimation, a point a 1 is marked on this ray.
• The table is shifted and centre on A with a1 just
over A. It is leveled and oriented by back
sighting. With the alidade touching p, the point
P is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this
ray intersects the line ba1 at point a1, as was
assumed.
69. The Two Point Problem
• With the alidade centered on a1 the point Q is bisected
and a ray is drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the ray
bq at a point q1. The triangle pqq1 is known as the
triangle of error, and is to be eliminated.
• The alidade is placed along the line pq1 and a ranging
rod R is fixed at some distance from the table. Then, the
alidade is placed along the line pq and the table is
turned to bisect R. At this position the table is said to be
perfectly oriented.
• Finally, with the alidade centered on p and q, the points
P and Q are bisected and rays are drawn. Suppose these
rays intersect at a point a. This would represent the
exact position of the required station A. Then the
station A is marked on the ground.
70. The Three Point Problem
• In this problem, three well defined points are selected,
whose position have already been plotted on the map.
Then, by perfectly bisecting these three well-defined
points. A new station is established at the required
position.
• No auxiliary station is required in order to solve this
problem. This table is directly placed at the required
position. The problem may be solved by following
methods
• (a) Bessel’s method
• (b) Mechanical Method
• (c) The trial and error method
71. The Three Point Problem
The graphical
method
method
or
Bessel’s
• (i) suppose A,B, and C are three well-defined points
which have been plotted as a, b and c. Now it is
required to locate a station at P.
• (ii) The table is placed at the required station P and
leveled. The alidade is placed along the line ca and
the point A is bisected. The table is clamped. With the
alidade in centre on C, the point B is bisected and
rays is drawn
73. The Three Point Problem
• Again the alidade is placed along the line ac and the
point C is bisected and the table is clamped. With the
alidade touching a, the point B is bisected and a ray is
drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the previous ray at a
point d
• The alidade is placed along db and the point B is
bisected. At this position the table is said to be perfectly
oriented. Now the rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn.
These three rays must meet at a point p which is the
required point on the map. This point is transferred to
the ground by U-fork and plumb bob.
74. The Three Point Problem
The Mechanical Method
• Suppose A, B and C are the three well-defined
points which have been plotted on the map as a, b
and c. It is required to locate a station at P.
• The table is placed at P and leveled. A tracing
paper is fixed on the map and a point p is marked
on it.
• With the alidade centered on P the points A, B and
C are bisected and rays are drawn. These rays
may not pass through the points a, b and c as the
orientation is done approximately
76. The Three Point Problem
• Now a tracing paper is unfastened and moved
over the map in such a way that the three rays
simultaneously pass through the plotted positions
a, b and c. Then the points p is pricked with a pin
to give an impression p on the map. P is the
required points on the map. The tracing paper is
then removed.
• Then the alidade is centered on p and the rays are
drawn towards A, B and C. These rays must pass
through the points a, b and c
77. The Three Point Problem
The method of Trial and error
• Suppose a, B and C are the three well-defined points which
have been plotted as a, b and c on the map. Now it is
required to establish a station at P.
• The table is set up at P and leveled. Orientation is done by
eye estimation
• With the alidade, rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn. As the
orientation is approximately, the rays may not intersect at a
point, but may form a small triangle the triangle of error.
• To get the actual point, this triangle of error is to be
eliminated. By repeatedly turning the table clockwise or
anticlockwise. The triangle is eliminated in such a way that
the rays Aa, Bb and Cc finally meet at a point p. This is the
required point on the map. This point is transferred to the
ground by U-fork and plumb bob.
79. Points to be kept in mind in plane
tabling
• The following points should be kept in mind
while doing plane table survey.
• 1. Ground points shall be marked as A, B, C…
etc. and plan. Points (on Paper) shall be
marked as a, b, c etc.
• 2. The rays from survey stations to the objects
shall be drawn by dashed line.
• 3. The alidade should be properly pivoted
while sighting the objects
81. Points to be kept in mind in plane
tabling
• 4. The first survey station and the scale of the
map shall be so chosen that the entire area can
be plotted on the paper.
• 5. While establishing magnetic north on the
paper using trough compass, things causing
local attraction shall be kept away of the table.
• 6. The Plane table should be clamped after
centering and leveling. The table should be
rotated at the time of orientation.
82. Error In Plane Tabling
• The various sources of error may be classified
as :
• Instrumental errors
• Errors in manipulation and sighting
• Errors in plotting
83. Instrumental Errors
• The surface of drawing board is not plane
• The edge of alidade is not straight.
• The object vane and sight vane are not
perpendicular to the alidade.
• The edge of alidade is not is not parallel to the
line of sight.
• The fixing clamp is not proper.
84. Errors In Manipulation And
Sighting
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•
•
•
•
Defective Leveling
Defective Sighting
Defective Orientation
Defective Centering
Movement of Board between sights
85. Errors in Plotting
• Defective scale of map
• Wrongly intersecting the rays drawn from two
different stations.
86. Important Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
List Of Instruments used in plane tabling and give their uses.
Give advantages and disadvantages of plane table survey.
List of methods of plane table survey and explain any one.
Explain the following methods of plane tabling.
• Method of intersection
• Method of traversing
Explain the method of intersection for plane table survey.
Explain the principle of plane table survey.
Give limitations of plane table survey.
What is orientation? Explain orientation by back sighting.
Explain the procedure of plain table survey.
Explain errors in plane table survey.
87. References
• “Surveying and Levelling” Vol- I
Kanetkar and Kulkarni (2011)
• “ Surveying” Vol- I
Dr. B.C. Punamia
• “ Surveying and Leveling”
N.N. Basak