This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
Guniting is a process that uses a cement-sand mixture projected at high pressure through a cement gun to repair damaged concrete surfaces. The mixture, usually in a 1:3 cement to sand ratio, is deposited on the surface under 20-30 N/cm^2 of pressure. Guniting can be used on vertical, overhead, and horizontal surfaces to restore concrete damaged by corrosion or inferior work. It provides an impervious layer and high compressive strength of 56-70 N/mm^2.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling structural components at a factory or manufacturing site and transporting them to the construction site for assembly. It describes the advantages as less noise, dust, time and costs compared to on-site construction. Potential disadvantages include transportation costs, accuracy needs and reduced aesthetic variety. The document outlines various prefabrication components, materials, systems, joints, casting methods and the differences between on-site and off-site prefabrication.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
Guniting is a process that uses a cement-sand mixture projected at high pressure through a cement gun to repair damaged concrete surfaces. The mixture, usually in a 1:3 cement to sand ratio, is deposited on the surface under 20-30 N/cm^2 of pressure. Guniting can be used on vertical, overhead, and horizontal surfaces to restore concrete damaged by corrosion or inferior work. It provides an impervious layer and high compressive strength of 56-70 N/mm^2.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling structural components at a factory or manufacturing site and transporting them to the construction site for assembly. It describes the advantages as less noise, dust, time and costs compared to on-site construction. Potential disadvantages include transportation costs, accuracy needs and reduced aesthetic variety. The document outlines various prefabrication components, materials, systems, joints, casting methods and the differences between on-site and off-site prefabrication.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
This document provides information on grouting and guniting processes. It defines grouting as placing a cementitious material into cavities to improve load capacity or repair structures. Grouting mixtures are described along with categories, properties, specifications and applications. Guniting is introduced as a technique using pneumatic application of cementitious mortar to rehabilitate structures like bridges and buildings. The document outlines equipment, procedures and processes for mixing, pumping and applying grouts and shotcrete.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in reusable molds or "forms" that are then cured in a controlled environment. This allows precast concrete construction to provide several benefits over traditional cast-in-place concrete including time savings, quality assurance, cost effectiveness, durability, aesthetics, and safer construction. However, precast concrete also has some disadvantages such as high initial investment costs, transportation issues, handling difficulties, limitations for modifications, and needing sensitive connection work. Overall, precast concrete can be a good solution for large construction projects where its benefits outweigh its disadvantages.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in reusable molds in a controlled environment, then transporting and assembling on site. It enables faster construction with less weather dependence and improved quality control. Precast concrete provides structural strength and durability while allowing flexibility in shapes and finishes. Though precast reduces on-site work, connection design between pieces can be challenging. Overall, precast construction responds well to market demands for speed, quality, and standardized design.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
This document provides specifications for concrete roof slabs and reinforcement. It outlines the proportions of cement, sand, and aggregate for concrete mixes. It describes the types of steel reinforcement to be used and how they should be placed. It also provides details on forming, mixing, placing, and finishing the concrete, including requirements for centering, mixing by hand or machine, laying concrete, and applying a plaster finish.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
This document provides information on grouting and guniting processes. It defines grouting as placing a cementitious material into cavities to improve load capacity or repair structures. Grouting mixtures are described along with categories, properties, specifications and applications. Guniting is introduced as a technique using pneumatic application of cementitious mortar to rehabilitate structures like bridges and buildings. The document outlines equipment, procedures and processes for mixing, pumping and applying grouts and shotcrete.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in reusable molds or "forms" that are then cured in a controlled environment. This allows precast concrete construction to provide several benefits over traditional cast-in-place concrete including time savings, quality assurance, cost effectiveness, durability, aesthetics, and safer construction. However, precast concrete also has some disadvantages such as high initial investment costs, transportation issues, handling difficulties, limitations for modifications, and needing sensitive connection work. Overall, precast concrete can be a good solution for large construction projects where its benefits outweigh its disadvantages.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in reusable molds in a controlled environment, then transporting and assembling on site. It enables faster construction with less weather dependence and improved quality control. Precast concrete provides structural strength and durability while allowing flexibility in shapes and finishes. Though precast reduces on-site work, connection design between pieces can be challenging. Overall, precast construction responds well to market demands for speed, quality, and standardized design.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
This document provides specifications for concrete roof slabs and reinforcement. It outlines the proportions of cement, sand, and aggregate for concrete mixes. It describes the types of steel reinforcement to be used and how they should be placed. It also provides details on forming, mixing, placing, and finishing the concrete, including requirements for centering, mixing by hand or machine, laying concrete, and applying a plaster finish.
This document discusses reinforced concrete and its properties. It explains that concrete is weaker in tension than compression, while steel has high tensile strength and bonds well with concrete. When combined, they form reinforced concrete which is strong and durable. The steel carries tensile forces while the concrete resists compression. Proper placement of reinforcement during construction is important for bond. Methods of bending, tying, and installing rebar are also outlined.
The document is a declaration by two students, Mr. Nagraj G.S. and Mr. Madhusudhan, declaring that the organizational study report they prepared on R.S Spun Pipes was done under the internal guidance of their faculty Mr. Shankar B.S. and external guidance of Mr. Siddu G.S., and has not been submitted elsewhere. It also includes their signatures acknowledging and approving the contents of the report.
Civil Engineering : Rcc & steel structures, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction such as stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and describes the manufacturing processes for some of these materials. It then outlines the typical phases of constructing a building, from digging the foundation to completing the walls, floors, and exterior facade.
This program takes a detailed look at a masonry cavity wall’s moisture management system, analyzing the components of air space, flashing, weeps, air barrier, mortar joints, drainage accessories, the masonry materials themselves, and perhaps the most critical component to a watertight wall, workmanship procedures. It will look at details and conditions throughout the wall that present unique opportunities for moisture intrusion via bulk water, air infiltration, and vapor diffusion, and how to mitigate moisture at these conditions.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Presentation (prc I) Consistency , final & initial setting time test ceky007
This document discusses plain and reinforced cement concrete (PRC-I). It defines concrete as a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. PCC refers to plain cement concrete without reinforcement, while RCC contains reinforcement. Concrete is widely used in construction due to its strength and durability. Common tests on cement include consistency, initial setting time, and final setting time tests. Consistency determines the amount of water needed, while setting times indicate when the cement paste loses workability and gains hardness.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
reinforced cement Concrete structures failures,repair and mixing typessurya teja
There are two main types of concrete mixers: batch mixers that mix concrete in batches that must be fully emptied and cleaned between batches, and continuous mixers that continuously produce concrete. Batch mixers can be horizontal drum mixers or vertical pan mixers. Drum mixers have fixed blades inside a rotating drum while pan mixers have either a rotating pan or blades. Continuous mixers are non-tilting drums with rotating screw-type blades that continuously feed and discharge concrete.
This document provides specifications for white washing and color washing building surfaces. It outlines how to properly erect scaffolding and prepare various surfaces. It describes the process for preparing lime wash, including ingredients and application methods. Finally, it specifies that for new work, 3 or more coats of white wash should be applied until a smooth, uniform finish is achieved and that color washes require a sample to be approved before application.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document summarizes various tests conducted on cement, including:
1. Field testing to check for lumps, color, texture and consistency.
2. Standard consistency tests to determine the percentage of water required for a cement paste.
3. Fineness tests using sieving or air permeability methods to check particle size.
4. Soundness tests using a Le Chatelier apparatus to ensure cement does not expand after setting.
5. Strength tests involving casting cement-sand mortar cubes and breaking them to measure compressive strength after curing.
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ADDL HOUSING PROJECT.pptxswethasekhar5
The document provides specifications for various construction works including site clearance, foundation, roofing, flooring, finishing, doors and windows, and miscellaneous works. It also includes detailed specifications for reinforced cement concrete with descriptions of materials, centering and shuttering, proportioning, mixing, laying, curing, and removal of formwork. Finally, it outlines detailed specifications for first class brick including soaking, mortar specifications, laying techniques, and curing of brickwork.
This document provides detailed specifications for various construction items including:
1) Earthwork excavation for foundations specifying dimensions, compaction, and disposal of excess earth.
2) Damp proof course laying out materials like cement, sand and aggregates and specifying mixing, laying, curing over 7 days.
3) Brickwork specifying classes of bricks and mortars with details on bonding, curing, scaffolding, and measurement.
This document provides guidance on specifying visual concrete to achieve a uniform surface color and finish free of blemishes. It discusses factors such as the concrete mix design, formwork, placement, compaction, curing and producing a reference panel. The concrete mix should use a consistent cement type and content and have properties like workability and water-cement ratio controlled. Formwork needs to be grout tight and treated with the right release agent. Placement requires proper consolidation and construction joints. Curing cannot involve direct wetting. Compliance is based on matching the quality of a reference panel.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and methods. It describes cement concrete flooring in detail, including laying a base layer, applying cement slurry, laying panels with or without strips, finishing, curing, and measurements. It also summarizes terrazzo flooring laid with an under layer of concrete and top layer of marble chips and cement mortar. A variety of other flooring types are listed such as brick, wooden, and tile flooring. Specifications for materials, installation processes, and testing are provided for different flooring options.
The document provides specifications for three construction projects:
1) 1st class brickwork in cement mortar (1:6), requiring soaked bricks laid with mortar and skilled masons over 15 days.
2) Earthwork excavation for foundations, with vertical trenches and protected existing services.
3) Marble flooring using first quality marble set with anchors and polished vertically and horizontally.
This document provides specifications for RCC roofing, including:
1) There are general specifications for different classes of buildings and detailed specifications covering materials, mixing, laying, curing and finishing of concrete.
2) Reinforcing steel must be free of corrosion and defects, bent according to design, and have the proper concrete cover.
3) Proportions, mixing, placing, compacting and curing of concrete are specified to ensure a dense, durable concrete roof structure.
The document discusses various materials used in construction including cement, aggregates, water, bricks, steel, and concrete. It provides details on testing and quality standards for each material. Proper selection and testing of materials is important for ensuring quality of construction. The document also covers mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete. Curing allows concrete to gain strength and durability over time.
This document provides specifications for various construction works including site survey, excavation, materials, concrete, waterproofing, electrical, masonry, and plastering works. It describes the scope of each work, lists technical requirements and standards to be followed, and provides guidance on execution and quality control. Key points covered include excavation in all soil types, reinforced concrete grades and curing processes, placement of waterproofing and electrical conduits, types of masonry units and their properties, and plaster mix proportions and application methods.
This document provides specifications for plastering work and types of pointing in interior and exterior building works. It details requirements for materials like cement, sand, water and additives to be used for plastering. It describes the process of plastering including preparation of mortar, application methods and curing. It also explains different types of pointing in masonry - flush, ruled, cut/weather struck and raised cut pointing - and specifies the finishing and curing of pointed joints.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
1) Concrete blocks are rectangular concrete masonry units that are either solid or hollow. They are commonly used as building materials in Ethiopia due to their low cost and ease of installation.
2) Concrete blocks are classified based on their structure, size, and manufacturing process. The most common types are solid blocks and hollow blocks.
3) Proper construction of masonry walls using concrete blocks involves laying the blocks in mortar, maintaining plumb and level courses, providing openings for doors and windows, and applying finishes like rendering or plastering. Curing of the blocks is also important for achieving sufficient strength.
Bo q for joint cuart hall block construction in pamir (3)Stephen Nzima
The document is a request for quotation for the construction of a courtroom at Pamir camp in South Sudan. It includes:
1) A general description of the project which involves site clearance, excavation, foundation work including concrete blinding and block walls, slab on grade work, wall construction, roof framing and covering, installation of doors and windows, plastering, tiling, painting and electrical work.
2) A bill of quantities breaking down the work into elements and providing units, quantities, rates and amounts for each work item such as excavation, concrete, reinforcement, blockwork, roofing, doors and windows, finishes and provisional sums.
3) The contractor is to provide
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
This document provides specifications for plastering work and pointing in interior and exterior surfaces. It details requirements for materials like cement, sand, water and additives. It describes the processes for mixing mortar, applying plaster in walls using single or multiple coats, and curing plaster. It also explains preparation of surfaces, mixing mortar and different techniques for exterior pointing like flush, ruled, cut or raised pointing and their finishing.
This document provides approximate estimates for flyovers constructed at four different locations. It summarizes the key details of each flyover project such as location, client, contractor, scope of work, cost, duration, progress, resources used, and per meter cost. The average cost per meter of the flyovers according to the estimates given is Rs. 5,37,635.
This document provides installation instructions for stone veneer. There are two main installation methods - standard with grouted joints and jointless/dry-stacked without grouted joints. The instructions cover estimating stone quantities, preparing the surface which depends on the underlying material, mixing mortar, applying the stone by starting at the top and fitting corners first, and finishing by trimming stones and setting them with mortar. Flashing and proper water diversion is important for long-term performance of the stone veneer.
This document discusses concrete, including its uses, types, preparation, mixing, placing, compaction, curing and finishing. Concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its ability to be easily molded and modified for structures. There are two main types: plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to produce high quality concrete and ensure it achieves full strength and durability.
detailed specification for cement concretevivek gami
This document provides specifications for shuttering, scaffolding, mixing, placing, compacting, protecting, curing, and construction joints for cement concrete. It specifies requirements for shuttering thickness and joints, scaffolding strength and use, measuring and mixing ingredients to achieve proper consistency and strength, curing concrete for at least 7 days, and forming construction joints between concrete pours. It also provides nominal mix proportions for concrete up to M20 strength and notes target strengths should be higher than specified strengths.
This document discusses the use of soil-cement as a construction material. Soil-cement is created by mixing pulverized natural soil with a small amount of Portland cement and water. This process forms a hard, semi-rigid and durable material through the hydration of cement particles. The document provides details on the composition of soil-cement, in-situ construction techniques for walls up to 3.2 meters in height using soil-cement, and curing and plastering requirements.
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document provides an overview of doors, including their components and types. It discusses the frame and shutter, as well as technical terms like head, sill, and horn. Doors are classified based on their arrangement of components, method of construction, operation, and materials. Battened, ledged, framed, and braced doors are described. Other door types covered include glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, sliding, swing, rolling steel shutter, and metal doors. Location considerations and specifications for doors are also mentioned.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.
Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.
The document summarizes different types of windows, including fixed windows, pivoted windows, double-hung windows, sliding windows, casement windows, louvred windows, metal windows, bay windows, awning windows, and skylights. It describes the key characteristics of each window type, such as how they open/close, materials used, advantages, and common applications. The document also discusses window materials, fixtures and fastenings, and provides details on hinges, bolts, handles, locks and various material options like wood, aluminum, fiberglass and PVC.
This document discusses glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), which is a composite material made of cement mortar reinforced with glass fibers. It explains that the addition of glass fibers improves several properties of concrete, including increasing tensile strength, reducing cracking from shrinkage, and improving durability. The key factors that affect GFRC properties are the relative amounts of fiber and matrix, fiber aspect ratio, fiber orientation, and workability of the concrete mixture. Different types of glass fibers include A-glass, C-glass, E-glass, and S-glass. GFRC has applications in exterior ornamentation, interior details, landscape furnishings, and infrastructure projects due to its strength, impact resistance, and durability.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregates bonded together with cement, while concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, or interlocking forms. Concrete blocks can be used for load-bearing or decorative applications such as retaining walls, siding, and homes. Retaining walls are structures that hold soil and come in various materials like concrete blocks, poured concrete, or stone. Their thickness decreases as they ascend to support the changing pressures of retained soil. Reinforcement is often included to strengthen retaining walls against heavy loads.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
2. General: Reinforced cement concrete work may be cast-in-situ or Precast
as may be directed by Engineer-in-charge according to the nature of
work. Reinforced cement concrete work shall comprise of the following
which may be paid separately or collectively as per the description of the
item of work.
Form work (Centring and shuttering)
Reinforcement
Concreting: 1) Cast-in-situ 2) Precast
3. Shuttering shall be done using seasoned wooden boards of
thickness not less than 30mm.
Surface contact with concrete shall be free from adhering grout,
nails, splits and other defects.
All the joints are perfectly closed and lined up.
The shuttering and framing is sufficiently braced.
Nowadays timber shuttering is replaced by steel plates.
All the props of approved sizes are supported on double wedges
and when taken out, these wedges are eased and not knocked out.
All the framework is removed after 21 days of curing without any
shocks or vibrations.
All reinforcement bars conform IS specifications and are free from
rust, grease oil etc.
The covers to concrete are perfectly maintained as per code.
The materials proportion should be as per the specifications of the
concrete.
4. Mild steel and medium tensile bars conforming
to IS 432.
Hard drawn steel wire conforming to IS 432
(Pt, II) 1982
High strength deformed steel bars conforming
to IS 1786-1985
Hard drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS
1566-1982
Structural steel section conforming to IS 226-
1975
5. For cement concrete of ratio 1:1:2(1
cement:1sand/coarse sand:2graded
stone aggregate) require 11no bags of
50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:1.5:3
require 7.8no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:2:4
require 6 no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:3:6
require 4.25no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:4:8
require 3.2 no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:5:10
require 2.50 no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:6:12
require 2.25 no bags of 50kg.
6. The proportion of cement concrete shall be of one part of cement, two
parts of sand and four parts of aggregate by volume. The cement to be
used in this work shall comply with the standard requirements.
The sand to be used shall be clean and coarse and shall be free from any
organic or vegetable matter. The sand shall be washed, if
there is any trace of earth in it.
The coarse aggregate shall consists of 67% of black trap metal (known as
kapachi) varying in size from 20 mm to 40 mm and 33%
of black trap metal (known as grit) varying in size from 20 mm to 6 mm.
The coarse aggregate for the concrete work shall be clean
and free from impurities such as earth, coal dust and other organic
materials. The unclean aggregates shall have to be screened and
washed before use.
The water to be used in concrete work shall be clean and fresh.
All reinforcement shall be of steel which shall comply with the standard
requirements. All bars shall be placed as per design given
by the engineer and utmost care shall be taken to keep them in the same
position while packing concrete around them. Before laying the
concrete the reinforcement shall be got approved by the engineer.
7. The centering for the work shall be sufficiently strong and rigid an
d in good condition so as to turn out a good smooth surface. The
framework shall include all the forms of temporary or permanent
nature required to be used during to be used during casting of
planks or any other suitable material as approved by the engineer.
The props to be used for centering shall be of timber bullies. The
spacing of bullies shall not be more than 120 cm centre to centre.
The bullies shall be supported at the base on 40 mm thick
wooden plate having area not less than 0.10 sq m. Necessary
wedges shall be provided to maintain level before and during the
casting of concrete.
The construction and arrangement of formwork shall be such that
it can be removed in part as and when
required without affecting or damaging the adjoining forms. The
surface of formwork shall be oiled before placing of concrete.
8. Centering shall be removed only after obtaining the
written permission of the engineer.
The mixing of concrete shall be done in a mechanical
mixer or by hand operations depending on the
quantity of the concrete which
shall be decided by the engineer. In the former case,
the mixing drum shall be turned at least for 1.50 min
utes after all the
ingredients are added and the drum shall be complet
ely emptied every time.
The concrete from the drum shall be placed on a
watertight platform. In the latter case, the dry
concrete shall be mixed at least three times and then
required quantity of water shall be added to it.
9. Before starting laying of concrete in position, the centering
shall be wellwatered.
The concrete shall be laid in forms and tapped in
such a way that no honeycomb surface appears on removal
of the forms. All edges and corners of the concrete surface
shall remain unbroken, sharp and straight in line.
The cement concrete work shall be kept well-
watered for at least 20 days. All exposed surfaces of the
concrete work shall be finished with 12 mm thick cement pl
aster of sagol finish and three coats of white
or colour wash shall be applied on these exposed surfaces of
concrete.
The items of plaster and white or colour wash shall be
carried out as per specifications of the corresponding items
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
