Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass
The document discusses ceramics, which are inorganic, non-metallic solids with useful properties like high hardness, strength, and melting points. Ceramics include traditional materials like pottery and glass as well as advanced ceramics like alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. These advanced ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like wear and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. The document provides examples of specific uses for advanced ceramics in industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and more.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
This document provides an overview of ceramic materials. It defines ceramics as nonmetallic inorganic solids made through processes like shaping, drying, and firing. Ceramics exhibit properties like brittleness at room temperature due to their ionic and covalent bonding, but some can deform at high temperatures. The document discusses how ceramics are classified and notes exceptions to general rules due to their wide range of properties and applications in different fields.
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating processes like firing. They include materials like clay products, cement, glass, refractories, advanced ceramics, and more. Traditional ceramics use natural minerals as raw materials, while advanced ceramics have high-tech applications. Ceramics can be crystalline, amorphous, or composite. They are very hard, corrosion resistant, and maintain properties like strength at high temperatures but are also brittle. The document provides examples of various ceramic applications like sensors, cutting tools, armor, electronics, engines, and brakes that benefit from ceramic properties.
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of metals and non-metals. Ceramic properties are determined by the atoms present and bonding between them. Ceramics are widely used in construction materials like bricks and tiles as well as industrial applications due to properties like corrosion and heat resistance. Common ceramic materials include alumina and silicon nitride, and ceramics are used in products like dental implants, gas turbine engines, and cutting tools.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made of bonded metallic and non-metallic elements. They are generally hard, brittle, and resistant to heat and corrosion. Major ceramic products include pottery, glass, bricks, tiles, cement, refractories, abrasives, insulators, and bio ceramics like artificial teeth. Ceramics are categorized as traditional, new, or glass. They are processed by shaping and sintering powder compacts to increase density and strength.
The document discusses ceramics, which are inorganic, non-metallic solids with useful properties like high hardness, strength, and melting points. Ceramics include traditional materials like pottery and glass as well as advanced ceramics like alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. These advanced ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like wear and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. The document provides examples of specific uses for advanced ceramics in industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and more.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
This document provides an overview of ceramic materials. It defines ceramics as nonmetallic inorganic solids made through processes like shaping, drying, and firing. Ceramics exhibit properties like brittleness at room temperature due to their ionic and covalent bonding, but some can deform at high temperatures. The document discusses how ceramics are classified and notes exceptions to general rules due to their wide range of properties and applications in different fields.
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating processes like firing. They include materials like clay products, cement, glass, refractories, advanced ceramics, and more. Traditional ceramics use natural minerals as raw materials, while advanced ceramics have high-tech applications. Ceramics can be crystalline, amorphous, or composite. They are very hard, corrosion resistant, and maintain properties like strength at high temperatures but are also brittle. The document provides examples of various ceramic applications like sensors, cutting tools, armor, electronics, engines, and brakes that benefit from ceramic properties.
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of metals and non-metals. Ceramic properties are determined by the atoms present and bonding between them. Ceramics are widely used in construction materials like bricks and tiles as well as industrial applications due to properties like corrosion and heat resistance. Common ceramic materials include alumina and silicon nitride, and ceramics are used in products like dental implants, gas turbine engines, and cutting tools.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made of bonded metallic and non-metallic elements. They are generally hard, brittle, and resistant to heat and corrosion. Major ceramic products include pottery, glass, bricks, tiles, cement, refractories, abrasives, insulators, and bio ceramics like artificial teeth. Ceramics are categorized as traditional, new, or glass. They are processed by shaping and sintering powder compacts to increase density and strength.
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
Ceramic materials can be classified according to their type, function, or microstructure. They have properties including high strength and stiffness, resistance to heat and corrosion, and hardness. Important ceramic materials include structural ceramics, refractories, abrasives, cements, glasses, advanced ceramics, and magnetic and electronic ceramics.
This document provides an overview of ceramics. It defines ceramics as compounds made from metallic and non-metallic elements, most commonly oxides, nitrides, carbides, and silicates. Ceramics are classified as either traditional or advanced, with traditional ceramics derived from natural raw materials and advanced ceramics used in specialized industrial applications. The document discusses the classification, properties, processing, and applications of various ceramic materials and products.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Tool steels are iron-based alloys that contain alloying elements which give them high strength, hardness, and wear resistance compared to carbon steels. They are classified into several types based on their composition and intended use, including cold-worked, hot-worked, high-speed, shock-resisting, and water-hardened tool steels. Common alloying elements include carbon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. Tool steels undergo heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and tempering to develop their desired properties and are used in applications that require durability like metal cutting, forming, and molding tools.
This document discusses different types of refractory materials, which are inorganic materials that can withstand high temperatures without undergoing chemical changes. It describes how refractories are classified based on their chemical composition, manufacturing method, and physical form. Common types of refractories include fireclay bricks, high alumina refractories, mullite, corundum, silica, and magnesite. The uses and characteristics of insulating refractories are also outlined.
This document discusses structural ceramics, including their mechanical properties, classifications, general properties, processing techniques, and areas of application. It describes how structural ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like strength, hardness, heat resistance, and chemical inertness. Examples given include wear parts, cutting tools, engine components, armor, semiconductor production equipment, steel making, and catalytic converters. The document provides details on the materials used and processing methods for different applications of structural ceramics.
This document discusses magnesium alloys, including their properties, common alloying elements, types of alloys, and applications. Some key points:
- Magnesium alloys are lightweight, machinable, and environmentally friendly. Common uses include aircraft and missile industries.
- Common alloying elements include aluminum, manganese, zinc, and zirconium. Alloying affects properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and castability.
- Major types of alloys include AZ alloys containing aluminum and zinc, rare earth alloys for sand casting, and zirconium alloys for high temperature performance. Applications vary depending on alloy composition and properties.
This document discusses various powder production techniques for ceramics. It begins by introducing ceramics and their properties. It then covers classification of ceramics and various raw materials used. The main powder production methods discussed are mechanical (milling), chemical, physical (freeze drying, spray drying, sol-gel) and some commercial examples. Ball milling, attrition milling, freeze drying process and applications, spray drying process and applications are described in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of freeze drying and spray drying are also provided.
- Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, with other common alloying elements including manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- Carbon content determines the type of steel - low carbon (<0.35%) is mild steel, medium carbon (0.35-0.55%) is harder, and high carbon (0.55-1.55%) responds to heat treatment.
- Alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum increase properties like corrosion resistance, strength, and high temperature performance. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium.
Ceramics are inorganic materials known for their strength and heat resistance. They are formed through processes involving heating such as firing or sintering. Common ceramics include alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. Alumina is produced from bauxite and used in armor and abrasives. Silicon carbide is very hard and thermally conductive, making it useful for brakes, electronics, and furnace parts. Zirconia is used to make cubic zirconia gems and oxygen sensors. Ceramic composites like carbon-carbon are also used where high heat resistance is required. However, ceramic engines have not been commercially produced due to the difficulty of preventing cracks from forming.
The document summarizes extraction and uses of magnesium. It describes common magnesium minerals like dolomite and magnesite. It discusses challenges in extracting magnesium through pyrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes. The Pidgeon and Magnetotherm processes are described for pyrometallurgical extraction. The Dow process extracts magnesium from seawater through precipitation and electrolysis. Magnesium has non-structural uses like alloying, deoxidation, and cathodic protection. Structural uses include aircraft and transportation applications due to magnesium's high strength to weight ratio.
The document discusses different types of ceramic materials and their manufacturing processes. It describes three basic types of ceramics - traditional ceramics used for clay products, new ceramics with superior properties, and glasses based on silica. It also explains various shaping processes for ceramics like slip casting, plastic forming, semi-dry pressing and dry pressing based on the water content in clay mixtures. Drying and firing processes are also summarized to provide strength and hardness to ceramic parts.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
This document discusses composite materials, including their history, components, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Composite materials are composed of two or more constituent materials that differ in composition and remain separate when combined. Historically, Egyptians used mud and straw composites in 1500 BC, while Mongols invented composite bows in the 1200s using wood, bone, and glue. Modern composites use plastics and fibers and have stronger, stiffer, and lighter properties than metals. They contain a matrix, such as polymer, metal, or ceramic, that is reinforced with fibers or particles. Common composites include fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar in various matrices. Their advantages include tailorable properties while disadvantages include cost
Glass is a non-crystalline solid made primarily from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, composed of around 75% silica. Glass was first developed around 6000 years ago and its properties are still not fully understood. It can be produced in different colors by adding various metal oxides as impurities. Ceramics are materials made from clay and other minerals like quartz, feldspar, and alumina. Traditional ceramics include pottery, bricks, and tiles, while new ceramics have superior mechanical properties. Glasses have a non-crystalline structure and silica-based window glass is the clearest example
Magnesium and-its-alloys, structures, properties, effects of alloying, applic...SAAD ARIF
it has become the most researched element in past few years because of its versatile properties in engineering. Magnesium's discovery, properties, applications, structures, alloys, effect of alloying elements, binary alloy system of magnesium, advantages and disadvantages
This document provides information about refractory materials. It defines refractories as materials that can withstand high temperatures, chemical reactions, and physical stresses. The document discusses the global refractory production market share, common industrial uses of refractories, and key properties such as melting point, density, and thermal expansion. It also describes common refractory materials like silica bricks and magnesia bricks, explaining their composition, manufacturing processes, and applications.
This document provides information on the properties of ceramics. It begins with an introduction to ceramics, including their atomic bonding and crystal structures. It then discusses defects in ceramics and general properties such as brittleness, toughness, and strength at high temperatures. The document classifies ceramics and discusses various types including electronic ceramics. It provides details on properties like piezoelectricity and applications of piezoelectric ceramics in devices. Processing methods for ceramics are also briefly mentioned.
Ceramics refer to polycrystalline materials formed by baking clays and minerals at high temperatures or sintering metal oxides. They are hard and brittle solids. Ceramics have high compressive strength and hardness making them resistant to abrasion, but low tensile strength. They are durable in acids/alkalis and resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. Common ceramic products include bricks, tiles, refractories, glass, and advanced materials. Sintering increases strength by bonding powder particles through solid/liquid phase bonding below melting points. Vitrification converts liquid radioactive waste into a stable solid glass for storage.
This document discusses different types of ceramics, including their properties and applications. It covers structural clay ceramics, whitewares, cements, abrasives, refractories, and glass. Structural clay ceramics are made from mixtures of clay, quartz, and feldspar and are used in applications requiring structural integrity. Refractories contain materials like fireclay and alumina that allow them to withstand high temperatures without decomposing. Abrasives contain hard materials like silicon carbide and aluminum oxide that are used to grind or polish other materials. Glass is an amorphous form of silica that is optically transparent and easy to fabricate into containers and windows.
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
Ceramic materials can be classified according to their type, function, or microstructure. They have properties including high strength and stiffness, resistance to heat and corrosion, and hardness. Important ceramic materials include structural ceramics, refractories, abrasives, cements, glasses, advanced ceramics, and magnetic and electronic ceramics.
This document provides an overview of ceramics. It defines ceramics as compounds made from metallic and non-metallic elements, most commonly oxides, nitrides, carbides, and silicates. Ceramics are classified as either traditional or advanced, with traditional ceramics derived from natural raw materials and advanced ceramics used in specialized industrial applications. The document discusses the classification, properties, processing, and applications of various ceramic materials and products.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Tool steels are iron-based alloys that contain alloying elements which give them high strength, hardness, and wear resistance compared to carbon steels. They are classified into several types based on their composition and intended use, including cold-worked, hot-worked, high-speed, shock-resisting, and water-hardened tool steels. Common alloying elements include carbon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. Tool steels undergo heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and tempering to develop their desired properties and are used in applications that require durability like metal cutting, forming, and molding tools.
This document discusses different types of refractory materials, which are inorganic materials that can withstand high temperatures without undergoing chemical changes. It describes how refractories are classified based on their chemical composition, manufacturing method, and physical form. Common types of refractories include fireclay bricks, high alumina refractories, mullite, corundum, silica, and magnesite. The uses and characteristics of insulating refractories are also outlined.
This document discusses structural ceramics, including their mechanical properties, classifications, general properties, processing techniques, and areas of application. It describes how structural ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like strength, hardness, heat resistance, and chemical inertness. Examples given include wear parts, cutting tools, engine components, armor, semiconductor production equipment, steel making, and catalytic converters. The document provides details on the materials used and processing methods for different applications of structural ceramics.
This document discusses magnesium alloys, including their properties, common alloying elements, types of alloys, and applications. Some key points:
- Magnesium alloys are lightweight, machinable, and environmentally friendly. Common uses include aircraft and missile industries.
- Common alloying elements include aluminum, manganese, zinc, and zirconium. Alloying affects properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and castability.
- Major types of alloys include AZ alloys containing aluminum and zinc, rare earth alloys for sand casting, and zirconium alloys for high temperature performance. Applications vary depending on alloy composition and properties.
This document discusses various powder production techniques for ceramics. It begins by introducing ceramics and their properties. It then covers classification of ceramics and various raw materials used. The main powder production methods discussed are mechanical (milling), chemical, physical (freeze drying, spray drying, sol-gel) and some commercial examples. Ball milling, attrition milling, freeze drying process and applications, spray drying process and applications are described in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of freeze drying and spray drying are also provided.
- Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, with other common alloying elements including manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- Carbon content determines the type of steel - low carbon (<0.35%) is mild steel, medium carbon (0.35-0.55%) is harder, and high carbon (0.55-1.55%) responds to heat treatment.
- Alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum increase properties like corrosion resistance, strength, and high temperature performance. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium.
Ceramics are inorganic materials known for their strength and heat resistance. They are formed through processes involving heating such as firing or sintering. Common ceramics include alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. Alumina is produced from bauxite and used in armor and abrasives. Silicon carbide is very hard and thermally conductive, making it useful for brakes, electronics, and furnace parts. Zirconia is used to make cubic zirconia gems and oxygen sensors. Ceramic composites like carbon-carbon are also used where high heat resistance is required. However, ceramic engines have not been commercially produced due to the difficulty of preventing cracks from forming.
The document summarizes extraction and uses of magnesium. It describes common magnesium minerals like dolomite and magnesite. It discusses challenges in extracting magnesium through pyrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes. The Pidgeon and Magnetotherm processes are described for pyrometallurgical extraction. The Dow process extracts magnesium from seawater through precipitation and electrolysis. Magnesium has non-structural uses like alloying, deoxidation, and cathodic protection. Structural uses include aircraft and transportation applications due to magnesium's high strength to weight ratio.
The document discusses different types of ceramic materials and their manufacturing processes. It describes three basic types of ceramics - traditional ceramics used for clay products, new ceramics with superior properties, and glasses based on silica. It also explains various shaping processes for ceramics like slip casting, plastic forming, semi-dry pressing and dry pressing based on the water content in clay mixtures. Drying and firing processes are also summarized to provide strength and hardness to ceramic parts.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
This document discusses composite materials, including their history, components, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Composite materials are composed of two or more constituent materials that differ in composition and remain separate when combined. Historically, Egyptians used mud and straw composites in 1500 BC, while Mongols invented composite bows in the 1200s using wood, bone, and glue. Modern composites use plastics and fibers and have stronger, stiffer, and lighter properties than metals. They contain a matrix, such as polymer, metal, or ceramic, that is reinforced with fibers or particles. Common composites include fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar in various matrices. Their advantages include tailorable properties while disadvantages include cost
Glass is a non-crystalline solid made primarily from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, composed of around 75% silica. Glass was first developed around 6000 years ago and its properties are still not fully understood. It can be produced in different colors by adding various metal oxides as impurities. Ceramics are materials made from clay and other minerals like quartz, feldspar, and alumina. Traditional ceramics include pottery, bricks, and tiles, while new ceramics have superior mechanical properties. Glasses have a non-crystalline structure and silica-based window glass is the clearest example
Magnesium and-its-alloys, structures, properties, effects of alloying, applic...SAAD ARIF
it has become the most researched element in past few years because of its versatile properties in engineering. Magnesium's discovery, properties, applications, structures, alloys, effect of alloying elements, binary alloy system of magnesium, advantages and disadvantages
This document provides information about refractory materials. It defines refractories as materials that can withstand high temperatures, chemical reactions, and physical stresses. The document discusses the global refractory production market share, common industrial uses of refractories, and key properties such as melting point, density, and thermal expansion. It also describes common refractory materials like silica bricks and magnesia bricks, explaining their composition, manufacturing processes, and applications.
This document provides information on the properties of ceramics. It begins with an introduction to ceramics, including their atomic bonding and crystal structures. It then discusses defects in ceramics and general properties such as brittleness, toughness, and strength at high temperatures. The document classifies ceramics and discusses various types including electronic ceramics. It provides details on properties like piezoelectricity and applications of piezoelectric ceramics in devices. Processing methods for ceramics are also briefly mentioned.
Ceramics refer to polycrystalline materials formed by baking clays and minerals at high temperatures or sintering metal oxides. They are hard and brittle solids. Ceramics have high compressive strength and hardness making them resistant to abrasion, but low tensile strength. They are durable in acids/alkalis and resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. Common ceramic products include bricks, tiles, refractories, glass, and advanced materials. Sintering increases strength by bonding powder particles through solid/liquid phase bonding below melting points. Vitrification converts liquid radioactive waste into a stable solid glass for storage.
This document discusses different types of ceramics, including their properties and applications. It covers structural clay ceramics, whitewares, cements, abrasives, refractories, and glass. Structural clay ceramics are made from mixtures of clay, quartz, and feldspar and are used in applications requiring structural integrity. Refractories contain materials like fireclay and alumina that allow them to withstand high temperatures without decomposing. Abrasives contain hard materials like silicon carbide and aluminum oxide that are used to grind or polish other materials. Glass is an amorphous form of silica that is optically transparent and easy to fabricate into containers and windows.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses several types of ceramic, glass and construction products. It provides details on the manufacturing processes and raw materials used for products like asbestos pipes, fire clay bricks, fly ash bricks, burnt lime, silicon carbide crucibles, cement tiles, ceramic capacitors, bone china crockery, electrical porcelain, glass hollow ware, glass mirrors, toughened glass, graphite crucibles, cement mosaic tiles, RCC spun pipes, plaster of paris, chemical porcelain ware, laminated safety glass, sanitary ware, sodium silicate, stoneware crockery, and thermometers.
This presentation will take you through a research study of five(5) different kinds of building
materials available on the Botswana market.
The objective of this assignment was to generate interest and facilitate student understanding of
different building materials available and their applications in the building construction environment.
The materials I personally researched about are as follows:
• Wood
• Tile
• Steel
• Glass
• Stone
The document provides information about bricks, including their history, manufacturing process, properties, uses, and advantages. It acknowledges those who helped with an assignment related to bricks. Key points:
- Bricks date back 7,000 years and were originally sun-dried mud bricks, while fired bricks became more common for permanent buildings.
- Modern bricks are made through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extruded and can be made from clay or other materials. They go through preparation, moulding, drying, and burning.
- Bricks are classified based on their quality and used widely in construction for walls, floors, and decoratively due to their strength, fire resistance, and other beneficial properties
Ceramics, Types of ceramics, characteristics.pptxDanteVallente
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through specialized manufacturing processes. Ceramics can be strengthened by reducing grain size and porosity. They are classified into glasses, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractory ceramics, abrasive ceramics, and cements. Traditional ceramics are made from natural materials for uses like brick and tile, while advanced ceramics have high purity and precise properties for diverse applications like insulation and conduction.
Ceramics are a wide-ranging group of materials made from clays, sand, and feldspar. They include whitewares like ceramics, refractories used in high-temperature applications, and glasses. Ceramics have various applications including structural, electrical, chemical, and advanced uses in areas like engines. Advanced ceramics made of materials like silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and alumina are used for heat-resistant and durable components.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials processed at high temperatures. They are composed of clays, sand, and feldspar. The main types of ceramics are whitewares, refractories, glasses, abrasives, and cements. Ceramics have various applications including crockery, tiles, furnace bricks, glass containers, and armor protection. Advanced ceramics like silicon carbide are used in automotive and body armor components due to their heat resistance, wear resistance, and ballistic properties.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are hard, brittle, and resistant to heat. They have crystalline atomic structures formed from ionic or covalent bonds. The processing of ceramics involves preparing raw materials, forming them into shapes, drying, and firing at high temperatures to achieve final properties. Modern ceramics production utilizes advanced forming techniques and sintering processes to create high-performance materials for applications requiring strength and thermal/chemical resistance.
This document provides an overview of various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It begins by discussing naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, and timber. It then covers industrial materials like cement and metals. For each material, the document outlines the composition, requirements, types, properties and common uses. Stone is described in more detail, covering the different types of stone and their uses in hydraulic structures, retaining walls, and more. The document also provides a detailed breakdown of the production of bricks and their various classifications, as well as the properties and uses of lime, cement, and timber. It discusses the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ceramics. It discusses the historical development of ceramics, classifications of ceramics according to fabrication method, crystalline phase, composition, microstructure and other properties. Specific ceramic materials used in dentistry like porcelain, glass ceramics, zirconia, and resin ceramics are also covered. The document examines the structure and properties of different ceramics and their applications in dental and non-dental fields.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
The document discusses bricks and their use in civil engineering materials. It begins by defining bricks as blocks made from clay that are molded, dried, and burned. It then classifications bricks based on their production method, burning level, intended use, and crushing strength. The document also discusses the historical development of bricks, the ingredients required for good brick clay, and the manufacturing process which includes preparing the clay, molding, drying, and burning the bricks in a kiln.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects. It describes common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. For each material, it covers types, properties, manufacturing process, and qualifications for good quality. Stone types are classified based on geological, physical and chemical properties. Bricks, lime and cement discuss composition, production methods. The document also explains concepts like bulk density and mechanical properties important for materials selection in civil engineering works.
This document provides information on plastering, tiles, and construction materials. It discusses the different types of plaster like lime plaster and cement plaster. It also describes various tiles including ceramic, stone, digital and glass tiles. Ceramic tile production involves ingredients like clay, sand and feldspar that are dried, glazed and baked. The document lists tile sizes and provides specifications for wall and floor tiles. It also gives details on aerated concrete blocks, cement, marbles, granite and their characteristics, brands and pricing.
The document discusses various topics related to ceramics:
1) It defines ceramics as inorganic compounds consisting of metals and nonmetals, and provides examples such as silica and alumina.
2) It describes the properties of ceramic materials like hardness, strength at high temperatures, and brittleness.
3) It lists common ceramic products including pottery, bricks, glass, abrasives, and electrical insulators.
Ceramics are a diverse group of materials made from clays, sand, and feldspar. They include whitewares used for pottery, tiles, and sanitaryware; refractories for furnaces and ovens; glasses that can be transparent or opaque; abrasives for grinding and polishing; and cements for construction. Advanced ceramics like silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, and zirconia are used for engine components, armor, and other structural applications due to their high heat resistance, strength, and durability. Ceramic armor systems also provide lightweight ballistic protection by fracturing projectiles.
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document provides an overview of doors, including their components and types. It discusses the frame and shutter, as well as technical terms like head, sill, and horn. Doors are classified based on their arrangement of components, method of construction, operation, and materials. Battened, ledged, framed, and braced doors are described. Other door types covered include glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, sliding, swing, rolling steel shutter, and metal doors. Location considerations and specifications for doors are also mentioned.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
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4. 4
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Low ductility
– Very brittle
– High elastic modulus
Low toughness
– Low fracture toughness
– Indicates the ability of a crack or flaw to produce a catastrophic failure
Low density
– Porosity affects properties
High strength at elevated temperatures
25.8.2016
6. Refractories
Firebricks for furnaces and ovens. Have high Silicon
or Aluminium oxide content.
Brick products are used in the manufacturing plant
for iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, glass,
cements, ceramics, energy conversion, petroleum,
and chemical industries.
11. 13
Drying and Firing
• Drying: as water is removed - interparticle spacings decrease
– shrinkage .
Adapted from Fig.
13.13, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
13.13 is from W.D.
Kingery, Introduction
to Ceramics, John
Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1960.)
Drying too fast causes sample to warp or crack due to non-uniform shrinkage
wet body partially dry completely dry
• Firing:
-- heat treatment between
900-1400ºC
-- vitrification: liquid glass forms
from clay and flux – flows
between SiO2 particles. (Flux
lowers melting temperature). Adapted from Fig. 13.14, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 13.14 is courtesy H.G. Brinkies, Swinburne
University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus,
Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.)
Si02 particle
(quartz)
glass formed
around
the particle
micrographofporcelain
70mm
16. Why use ceramics over marbels
Easy availability and maintenance of ceramic tiles is pushing global market by a
large extent
Changing life style and increased disposable income :P
Innovation in production technology
Indian imported tiles till 2011
Large number of employment
Cheap and light material
17. How to test for quality
Appearance : colour, glaze and thickness
Uniform size
Smooth size
Presence of cracks
Slip resistance
Under surface
Technical Details :
Check for warping
18. Marble
Raw Material
Rs 50 to 300
Marble is a type of rock composed
of recrystallized material most
commonly limestone. The white
marble comes from the most pure
form of limestone. Colors and
veins in the marble arise when
other materials are present in the
earth crust along with limestone.
Marble gives soft look and
provides elegance to the modern
era structures
Granite
Raw Material
Rs 100 to 500
Granite is a hard and tough stone that
comes from ingenious rocks and is more
dense and have more compressive strength
when compared to marble stones.
Tiles
Raw Material
Rs 30 to 200
The word tile flooring is used for many type of
floorings and here we will discuss ceramic tiles.
These tiles are made from porcelain, fired clay or
ceramic with a glazed surface. These are available
in both shining surface and rough surfaces which
also makes them suitable for areas that tend to
become slippery.
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