Specifications of Wood

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Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.

INTRODUCTION
 Derived from the word timberian , that means to build
 Denotes wood which is suitable for building or carpentry.
 Three terms to be known in connection to the timber.
Converted timber: sawn and cut into suitable commercial
sizes.
Rough Timber: obtained after falling of tree
Standing Timber: Timber contained in living tree
Valuable properties:
»Low heat conductivity
»Ability to do mechanical working
»Small bulk density
»High Strength
 Drawbacks
»Decay
»Inflammability
»Fluctuation in properties due to changes in moisture

Timber is the general name of wood
 There are three main types of timber :-
 HARDWOOD
 SOFTWOOD
 MANUFACTURED WOOD

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The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.

Gypsum

Prabhat chhirolya

Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.

Gypsum

Prabhat chhirolya

This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including: 1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings. 2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. 3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.

Specifications of excavation and foundation

Prabhat chhirolya

The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.

Specifications of steel

Prabhat chhirolya

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.

Item of work truss

Prabhat chhirolya

Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.

Concrete blocks, retaining walls

Prabhat chhirolya

Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.

ceramics

Prabhat chhirolya

Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass

Specifications for rcc

Prabhat chhirolya

This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.

Specifications of rcc foundation

Prabhat chhirolya

The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.

Paints

Prabhat chhirolya

The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.

Pvc material for construction

Prabhat chhirolya

The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points: - PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications. - Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings. - PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance. - Indian Standards

window detail

Prabhat chhirolya

The document summarizes different types of windows, including fixed windows, pivoted windows, double-hung windows, sliding windows, casement windows, louvred windows, metal windows, bay windows, awning windows, and skylights. It describes the key characteristics of each window type, such as how they open/close, materials used, advantages, and common applications. The document also discusses window materials, fixtures and fastenings, and provides details on hinges, bolts, handles, locks and various material options like wood, aluminum, fiberglass and PVC.

Glass fibers reinforced concrete

Prabhat chhirolya

This document discusses glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), which is a composite material made of cement mortar reinforced with glass fibers. It explains that the addition of glass fibers improves several properties of concrete, including increasing tensile strength, reducing cracking from shrinkage, and improving durability. The key factors that affect GFRC properties are the relative amounts of fiber and matrix, fiber aspect ratio, fiber orientation, and workability of the concrete mixture. Different types of glass fibers include A-glass, C-glass, E-glass, and S-glass. GFRC has applications in exterior ornamentation, interior details, landscape furnishings, and infrastructure projects due to its strength, impact resistance, and durability.

Concrete blocks, retaining walls

Prabhat chhirolya

Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregates bonded together with cement, while concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, or interlocking forms. Concrete blocks can be used for load-bearing or decorative applications such as retaining walls, siding, and homes. Retaining walls are structures that hold soil and come in various materials like concrete blocks, poured concrete, or stone. Their thickness decreases as they ascend to support the changing pressures of retained soil. Reinforcement is often included to strengthen retaining walls against heavy loads.

Finishing of cement

Prabhat chhirolya

This document provides information on finishing cement, including tools, site operations, design considerations, preparatory work, bedding, laying tiles, grinding and polishing, and maintenance. It discusses screeding boards, damp proofing, filling pores, and bringing the floor to an even surface. Tiles are laid with cement slurry and joints are cleaned before grouting. Grinding exposes the aggregate and polishing brings out the sheen. Proper storage, laying, curing, and regular cleaning are necessary to maintain the tile floor over time.

More from Prabhat chhirolya (20)

Doors windows

specification of Rcc

Beams and columns

Types of floor finishes

Gypsum

Specifications of excavation and foundation

Specifications of steel

Item of work truss

Concrete blocks, retaining walls

ceramics

Specifications for rcc

Specifications of rcc foundation

Paints

Pvc material for construction

window detail

Glass fibers reinforced concrete

Concrete blocks, retaining walls

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Specifications of Wood

1. INTRODUCTION  Derived from the word timberian , that means to build  Denotes wood which is suitable for building or carpentry.  Three terms to be known in connection to the timber. Converted timber: sawn and cut into suitable commercial sizes. Rough Timber: obtained after falling of tree Standing Timber: Timber contained in living tree Valuable properties: »Low heat conductivity »Ability to do mechanical working »Small bulk density »High Strength  Drawbacks »Decay »Inflammability »Fluctuation in properties due to changes in moisture

5. ELEMENTS OF TREES

6. IDENTIFICATIONS OF TIMBER

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

8. DEFECTS IN TIMBER

9. Timber is the general name of wood  There are three main types of timber :-  HARDWOOD  SOFTWOOD  MANUFACTURED WOOD

10. HARDWOOD

11. SOFTWOOD

12. MANUFACTURED WOOD

13. Manufactured product of Timber

14.

15. Advantages of Timber

16. Use of timber as a Building Material