The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
The document provides an introduction to advanced building materials. It discusses how materials are becoming more intelligent, interactive and responsive. It then classifies advanced building materials into intelligent materials that can sense and respond on their own, and interactive materials that require external commands to function. The document lists several material trends and properties of advanced materials, and outlines the aims and scope of studying these materials for sustainable construction. It provides examples of specific advanced materials like aerogel, lotusan paint and others, describing their composition, characteristics and applications.
1. The document discusses different types of decorative surface materials like laminates, veneers, plywood and their manufacturing processes.
2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
4. Plywood is made of layers of wood pressed together with grains oriented perpendicular to each other. The manufacturing
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
The document provides an introduction to advanced building materials. It discusses how materials are becoming more intelligent, interactive and responsive. It then classifies advanced building materials into intelligent materials that can sense and respond on their own, and interactive materials that require external commands to function. The document lists several material trends and properties of advanced materials, and outlines the aims and scope of studying these materials for sustainable construction. It provides examples of specific advanced materials like aerogel, lotusan paint and others, describing their composition, characteristics and applications.
1. The document discusses different types of decorative surface materials like laminates, veneers, plywood and their manufacturing processes.
2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
4. Plywood is made of layers of wood pressed together with grains oriented perpendicular to each other. The manufacturing
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
Aluminum composite panels are lightweight cladding materials consisting of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core. They are used widely in construction for facades, insulation, and signage due to properties such as resistance to weathering, maintenance-free durability, and ability to be formed into complex shapes. Aluminum composite panels are versatile, economical cladding options that can be installed to enhance the appearance and functionality of buildings.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
The document discusses different types of cladding materials like stone, metal, timber and their purposes, benefits and installation methods. It provides details on stone cladding types, finishes, calculation of materials needed, surface preparation and the multi-step process of installing stone cladding including applying a scratch coat, laying out the stone, grouting and tooling the joints.
The document discusses three building construction materials: aluminum composite panels (ACP), curtain walls, and structural glazing. ACP sheets are thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core used for cladding, ceilings, and partitions. Curtain walls are non-structural exterior walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. They must be designed to handle loads and prevent air/water penetration. Structural glazing bonds glass directly to a building's structure using high-strength, high-performance silicone sealants to transfer wind loads from the glass.
The document provides an overview of different building materials, their properties, and classifications. It discusses natural materials like stone, wood, and clay as well as synthetic materials like steel, concrete, glass, and plastics. The properties of building materials that are described include density, porosity, strength, durability, and resistance to factors like fire, moisture, and frost.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
This document discusses tensile structures, which are buildings that rely on tension in their components like cables and fabrics to bear loads. Tensile structures include boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets. They have been used since ancient times. Some key advantages are their lightweight nature, flexibility, recyclability, and unique designs. Common types include saddle roofs, mast-supported structures, arch-supported roofs, and combinations of support types. Fabric, hardware, and structural elements are described. The document concludes with a workshop model demonstrating tensile structure principles.
The document discusses geodesic domes. It begins by defining a dome as a curved architectural structure that resembles half a sphere and encloses space using minimal materials. It then defines geodesic domes, which were invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. Geodesic domes are sphere-like structures composed of interconnected triangles that provide strength using minimal materials. The document discusses the advantages of geodesic domes, including sustainability, energy efficiency due to their shape, strength, cost effectiveness, and ability to withstand weather. It provides examples of uses such as greenhouses and residential homes. In conclusion, the document presents a case study of a geodesic dome greenhouse in Lithuania.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
THE PRESENTATION WAS MADE UNDER TOPIC GLASS AND ITS TYPE ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND ITS MARKET SURVEY . WE TRIED TO COVERED ALL THE TYPES WITH THEIR DETAILED INFORMATION .
HOPE U LIKE IT !!!!
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
Aluminum composite panels are lightweight cladding materials consisting of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core. They are used widely in construction for facades, insulation, and signage due to properties such as resistance to weathering, maintenance-free durability, and ability to be formed into complex shapes. Aluminum composite panels are versatile, economical cladding options that can be installed to enhance the appearance and functionality of buildings.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
The document discusses different types of cladding materials like stone, metal, timber and their purposes, benefits and installation methods. It provides details on stone cladding types, finishes, calculation of materials needed, surface preparation and the multi-step process of installing stone cladding including applying a scratch coat, laying out the stone, grouting and tooling the joints.
The document discusses three building construction materials: aluminum composite panels (ACP), curtain walls, and structural glazing. ACP sheets are thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core used for cladding, ceilings, and partitions. Curtain walls are non-structural exterior walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. They must be designed to handle loads and prevent air/water penetration. Structural glazing bonds glass directly to a building's structure using high-strength, high-performance silicone sealants to transfer wind loads from the glass.
The document provides an overview of different building materials, their properties, and classifications. It discusses natural materials like stone, wood, and clay as well as synthetic materials like steel, concrete, glass, and plastics. The properties of building materials that are described include density, porosity, strength, durability, and resistance to factors like fire, moisture, and frost.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
This document discusses tensile structures, which are buildings that rely on tension in their components like cables and fabrics to bear loads. Tensile structures include boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets. They have been used since ancient times. Some key advantages are their lightweight nature, flexibility, recyclability, and unique designs. Common types include saddle roofs, mast-supported structures, arch-supported roofs, and combinations of support types. Fabric, hardware, and structural elements are described. The document concludes with a workshop model demonstrating tensile structure principles.
The document discusses geodesic domes. It begins by defining a dome as a curved architectural structure that resembles half a sphere and encloses space using minimal materials. It then defines geodesic domes, which were invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. Geodesic domes are sphere-like structures composed of interconnected triangles that provide strength using minimal materials. The document discusses the advantages of geodesic domes, including sustainability, energy efficiency due to their shape, strength, cost effectiveness, and ability to withstand weather. It provides examples of uses such as greenhouses and residential homes. In conclusion, the document presents a case study of a geodesic dome greenhouse in Lithuania.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
THE PRESENTATION WAS MADE UNDER TOPIC GLASS AND ITS TYPE ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND ITS MARKET SURVEY . WE TRIED TO COVERED ALL THE TYPES WITH THEIR DETAILED INFORMATION .
HOPE U LIKE IT !!!!
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
RIZHAO HUAYE GLASS CO.,LTD---COMPANY PROFILELily Pan
Rizhao Huaye Glass Co.,Ltd is a professional processed glass industry,including the insulated glass,laminated glass,tempered glass and silk screen glass,if any needs.pls contact with me,my email: lily@huayeglass.com,whatsapp:+8618866338956
Huaye Glass is a leading manufacturer of architectural glass and glass hardware in China, offering products such as tempered glass, ceramic fritted glass, laminated glass, insulated glass units, frosted glass, and mirrors. They have extensive glass processing capabilities and meet various international quality standards. Customers can contact Huaye Glass for their glass and hardware needs.
Glass comes in various common forms including sheet, frit, stringer, and rods. It has properties such as transparency, strength, workability, and is recyclable. There are also many types of glass like laminated, toughened, float, and insulated glass. Proper measuring, storage, transportation, cleaning, and installation techniques help prevent glass damage.
Laminated glass is made of two or more pieces of glass bonded together by polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer. Tempered glass undergoes a thermal tempering process where it is heated to its softening point then rapidly cooled to increase its strength. Both types of glass provide safety benefits as they do not break into large sharp pieces when broken. However, laminated glass is more expensive and provides better sound insulation and security compared to tempered glass.
The document discusses different types of glass, their properties, and uses. It describes glass as a versatile material that can be transparent, colored, or strengthened for various applications. Specific glass types summarized include float glass, which is made by floating molten glass and gives uniform thickness; fiberglass, which is glass reinforced plastic; laminated glass, which holds together if shattered; and safety glass like tempered glass, which crumbles instead of splintering. Overall, the document outlines the wide variety of forms glass can take and how it is used in buildings and other construction.
This document discusses different types of architectural glass. It begins with an introduction to glass and its importance in architecture. Then it describes the glass manufacturing process using the float glass process. It discusses 14 types of architectural glass including flat glass, safety glass, acoustic glass, colored glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, and others. For each type, it provides details on their properties and applications in construction. The document is a report submitted by students to their architecture school on glass types commonly used in building design and construction.
The document defines and describes various types of solar glass:
1) Low iron patterned glass is ultra-clear rolled glass mainly used as sealing glass for solar cells. It has high sunlight transmittance and low iron content.
2) Low iron float glass, also called ultra-clear float glass, has high transmittance and is used as cover or base glass for thin film PV panels.
3) AR coating can be applied to low iron patterned or float glass to reduce reflectance and improve transmittance, raising PV module efficiency.
4) TCO glass is float glass coated with a transparent conductive oxide film and used for thin film solar cells.
5) Back
Soda-lime glass in the thickness range of 1.6mm to 10mm is most commonly used in industries like automotive and architecture. Borosilicate glass in thinner ranges of 0.7mm to 1mm is mainly used for applications like flat panel displays and electronics. Laser cutting of glass produces a high quality cut edge with minimal microcracking through controlled heating and cooling using a CO2 laser. This allows cleaner cuts than traditional methods and reduces manufacturing costs by avoiding additional edge finishing processes.
Structural Glazing Works – Glass (Commercial & Residential Projects)SSudhaVelan
This document discusses structural glazing and glass selection for commercial and residential projects. It provides information on different types of glass including float glass, laminated glass, low-E glass, and insulating glass units. Key factors for glass selection are discussed such as heat loss, condensation control, sound control, fading reduction, and visual comfort. The document also covers glass properties, construction methods, and treatments such as edge working and sandblasting.
This document provides information on different types of glass manufacturing processes. It discusses the raw materials used, such as silica, sodium, and calcium. The key glass manufacturing steps are described, including melting the raw materials in furnaces, forming the molten glass, and annealing. Different types of processed glass are then outlined, including float glass, toughened glass, heat strengthened glass, laminated glass, insulated glass, reflective glass, and frosted glass. Their manufacturing processes and applications are summarized.
Glass has been manufactured in New Zealand for over 100 years and is commonly used in windows, bottles, jars, and other household items. It is produced through a two-step process of batch mixing and melting where ingredients such as silica, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate are heated to high temperatures to form molten glass, which is then shaped for different applications such as plate glass or molded containers. Glass is durable, safe when strengthened through processes like toughening or lamination, can provide fire resistance, and is readily recycled from old materials.
Glass is an inorganic product formed by cooling molten materials without crystallization. It is commonly used in construction for windows, doors, and curtain walls. The main types of glass used are float glass, sheet glass, patterned glass, and wired glass. Glass can be modified through processes like adding reflective coatings, laminating for safety, or toughening. It has properties like transparency, strength, and workability that make it useful for construction applications.
The document discusses different types of glass, their properties, manufacturing process, history, uses, advantages and disadvantages. It describes how glass is made by melting sand, soda ash and limestone in a furnace. The main types discussed are float glass, tinted glass, toughened glass, laminated glass, shatterproof glass and double glazed units. The document also outlines the various applications of glass in architecture, interior design and its benefits like transparency, strength and energy efficiency.
Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle material that is commonly used in construction as a building material. It has no definite melting point and softens over a temperature range. Glass is used widely in modern architecture as a curtain wall material in high-rise buildings. There are various types of glass and glazing systems used in construction for facades, windows, doors, and structural elements. Glass cladding is a popular exterior skin for buildings that can provide insulation and decoration. Using glass can help make buildings more sustainable and energy efficient.
Fiberglass, or glass-reinforced plastic, is a composite material made of glass fibers set in a plastic resin. The document discusses the manufacturing process of fiberglass, which involves heating glass into a molten form and forcing it through fine holes to create thin glass filaments. It also summarizes the various types and properties of fiberglass, such as its chemical resistance, dimensional stability, tensile strength, and use as an electrical insulator. Applications mentioned include fiberglass roofing, structural daylight panels, and architectural designs that take advantage of fiberglass's molding abilities.
This document discusses different types of glass used in construction, including their compositions and uses. It describes float glass, sheet glass, patterned glass, wired glass, reflective glass, insulating glass, safety glass types (laminated and toughened), glass bricks, and tinted glass. Key details provided include composition percentages of common materials in glass, thicknesses and sizes available, and uses of different glass types for windows, doors, and other building applications. Major glass manufacturing companies are also listed.
This document discusses different types of glass used in construction, including their compositions and uses. It describes float glass, sheet glass, patterned glass, wired glass, reflective glass, insulating glass, safety glass types (laminated and toughened), glass bricks, and tinted glass. Key details provided include composition percentages of common materials in glass, thicknesses and sizes available, and uses of different glass types for windows, doors, and other building applications. Major glass manufacturing companies are also listed.
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document provides an overview of doors, including their components and types. It discusses the frame and shutter, as well as technical terms like head, sill, and horn. Doors are classified based on their arrangement of components, method of construction, operation, and materials. Battened, ledged, framed, and braced doors are described. Other door types covered include glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, sliding, swing, rolling steel shutter, and metal doors. Location considerations and specifications for doors are also mentioned.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.
Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
The document summarizes different types of windows, including fixed windows, pivoted windows, double-hung windows, sliding windows, casement windows, louvred windows, metal windows, bay windows, awning windows, and skylights. It describes the key characteristics of each window type, such as how they open/close, materials used, advantages, and common applications. The document also discusses window materials, fixtures and fastenings, and provides details on hinges, bolts, handles, locks and various material options like wood, aluminum, fiberglass and PVC.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
2. GLASS
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid solid
without undergoing crystallization. It may be transparent, translucent
or shiny depending upon the quantities of its basic constituents such as
sand, soda & lime. By varying their quantities & using certain special
additives, the properties and characteristics of glass are modulated to
obtain a large variety.
It is an ancient building material, which facilitated penetration of light
into buildings. Once it was used exclusively for window panes, whereas
nowadays there are examples of structures made of glass only. Apart
from the traditional non-bearing application in engineering, it is
progressively used for construction of bearing elements.The
progressively stricter regulations dealing with energy efficiency of the
buildings gives rise to application of special characteristics glass of high
performance, but also to the more intensive research in this field.The
adequate choice of the glass type can to a great extent improve the
energy efficiency of the building.
Three most attractive traits of glass: the ability to transmit light, block
heat and safety issues
3. MAIN PROPERTIES
DENSITY at room temperature-2500
KG/CU.M
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY-69 Gpa
POISSON’S RATIO- 0.23
MELTINGTEMPERATURE- 1500 DEGREE
CELSIUS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY-1.7W/m-K
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY- 840 J/KG-K
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH-1000N/SQ.MM
4. Composition
Glass is made from the following raw materials: Sand; soda-
ash; limestone; dolomite; feldspar; sodium sulphate.These
substances are themselves compounds of various elements and
a chemical analysis shows that flat glass is made up from
the following materials, used in various proportions:
Silica (S2O2) 71.0 to 78.0%
Alumina (Al2O3) 0.5 to 1.5%
Iron oxide (Fe203) 0.05 to 0.15%
Calcium oxide (CaO) 5.0 to 10.0%
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.0 to 5.0%
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 13.0 to 16.0%
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.0 to 1.0%
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 0.0 to 0.5%
7. Annealed Glass
Normal (Annealed) Glass is synonymous with
flat glass irrespective of the process of
manufacture. Float glass has a perfectly flat,
brilliant surface, whereas sheet glass has slight
distortions. Both are referred as normal
(annealed) glass and can be processed to
obtain many different varieties of glass for use
in buildings.
Properties
The properties of normal glass are:
• High light transmission
• Optical clarity
• Can be processed to produce other glass types
such as tempered, laminated and insulating.
• Density (approximate) : 2.42 – 2.52 g/cm3
•Tensile strength : 40 N/ sq. mm
• Compressive strength : 1000 N/ sqmm.
8. • Modulus of elasticity : 70 GPa
• Coeffiient of linear expansion: 9 x10 -6 m / mK
• Available thickness: 2 mm - 19 mm
• Normally available sizes up to: 2440 mm x 3660
mm (Bigger sizes can also be made)
• Colour: Clear, Grey, Bronze, Green, Blue and
Pink.
• Shading co-efficient: 0.5 for 12mm thick gray
to 1.0 2mm thick clear
•Visible light transmittance: 20% for gray 12 mm
thick to 90% for 2 mm thick clear
9. Heat strengthened glass
Heat strengthened glass is a
type of tempered glass which
has been strengthened
thermally by inducing a
surface compression of 422 to
658 kg/cm2 as compared to a
range of 770 to 1462 kg/cm2
in case of fully tempered
glass. It is a separate process.
It is valued for its mechanical
strength, which is twice that
of normal annealed glass
though half of fully tempered
glass..
10. Properties
• Density (approximate) : 2.42 – 2.52 g/cm3
•Tensile strength : 120 to 200 N/sq. mm
• Compressive strength : 1000 N / sq. mm •
Modulus of elasticity : 70 GPa • Coefficient of
linear expansion : 9 x 10–6 m / mK
• Available thickness : 3 mm - 19 mm
• Normally available sizes up to : 2440 mm x
3660mm (Bigger sizes can also be made)
• Shading co-efficient : 0.5 for 12 mm thick gray to
1.0 for 2 mm thick clear
•Visible light transmittance : 20% for 6mm thick
bronze to 90% for 6mm thick clear
11. Tempered glass
Tempered glass is an extremely strong glass which is
heat treated to a uniform temperature of
approximately 650ºC and rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses of 770 kg/m2 to 1462 kg/m2 on
the surfaces and edge compression of the order of
680 kg/m2.
Properties
• Density (approximate) : 2.42 – 2.52 g/cm3
•Tensile strength : 120 to 200 N/sq. mm
• Compressive strength : 1000 N /sq. mm
• Modulus of elasticity : 70 GPa
• Coefficient of linear expansion : 9 x 10–6 m / mK
12. • Available thickness : 3
mm - 19 mm
• Normally available sizes
up to : 2440 mm x
3660mm(Bigger sizes
can also be made)
• Shading co-efficient :
0.5% for 6 mm thick gray
to 0.9% 6mm thick clear
•Visible light
transmittance : 20% for
6mm thick bronze to
90%6mm thick clear
13. Laminated Glass
Laminated glass is composed of two or more layers of
glass with one or more layers of a transparent/
pigmented and specially treated plastic Polyvinyl
Butyral [PVB] sandwiched between the glass layers.
The glass panes (layers) can be either normal glass or
tempered glass.When the glass is broken, fragments
tend to adhere to the plastic [PVB] interlayer thereby
reducing the risk of injury and helping to resist further
damage by weather.
Properties
• Density (approximate) : 2.42 – 2.52 g/cm3
•Tensile strength : 32 N/sq. M
• Compressive strength : 1000 N /mm2
• Modulus of elasticity : 70 GPa
• Coefficient of linear expansion : 9 x 10–6 m / mK
14. • Available thickness : 4.38 mm – 20.76 mm (other thickness
can also be made to order)
• Normally available sizes up to : 2000 x 3210mm (Bigger sizes
can also be made)
• • Shading co-efficient : 0.5% for 6 mm thick gray to 0.9% for
6mm thick clear
•Visible light transmittance : 25% for 6mm thick bronze to 90%
for 6mm thick clear
15. INSULATING GLASS
Factory assembled unit consisting of two or
more panes of glass separated by air spaces.
Moisture proof
The periphery of the air spaces is hermetically
sealed.
There are two types of such sealed units:
- Organic seal type:Two or more panes of glass
separated by air spaces sealed at their edges
with an organic seal.
- Glass edge type: Two sheets of clear single
strength or double strength glass fused together
at their edges enclosing a nominal 3/16 inches air
space.This type of glass is not produced with
multiple air spaces.
Properties
• Shading co-efficient : 0.52 for 6 mm thick gray to
0.95 for 6 mm thick clear monolithic
•Visible light transmittance : 37% for 6mm thick
gray to 87% for 6mm thick clear monolithic.
16. Reflective glass
A metallic coating is applied to one side of the glass in order to significantly
increase the amount of reflection by the glass of both the visible and infra-
red (light and heat) range of the electromagnetic spectrum.This metallic
coating can be applied to clear or body tinted glass.The reflective glass
imparts a mirror like appearance to the exterior of buildings under most
daytime conditions. Due to the coating of metal oxides on the glass, they
are widely applied as an aesthetic product in buildings for its highly
reflective surface and its wide palette of colours. It reduces heat gain and
glare from the exterior and allows optimum visible light transmission to the
interior. It significantly reduces the air- conditioning load of the buildings.An
exceptional property of solar reflective glass is that the coating of metal
oxides on the glass can be achieved without affecting the transparency of
the glass.
Properties :The properties of reflective glass are
• Increased aesthetic appeal.
• Gives enormous flexibility in designing the exterior due to availability of
number of colours / shades
• Facilitates energy savings through reduction in interior solar heat gain and
cost reduction in the cost of heating and cooling systems.
17. • Improves occupants comfort as
interior temperature variations are
less and easier to control.
•Varying degrees of light
transmittance and varying
reflectance.
• Reduces the air- conditioning load of
the buildings
• Density : 2.4 – 2.5 g/cm3 •
Available thickness : 3 mm - 12
mm
• Normally available sizes up to : 2250
x3210 mm (Bigger size can also
be made)
• Shading co-efficient : 0.25 - 0.552
for 6mm thick
•Visible light transmittance : 5 – 40%
for 6 mm thick
18. TINTED GLASS
Manufactured by adding a dye
at the molten glass stage
Used to minimize solar heat
gain and glare while it
also absorbs heat.
Available in grey, bronze,
green, blue and blue/green
Allows for increased control
of comfort and energy usage
Sizes available:
Grey and Bronze - 4mm, 5mm,
6mm,8mm,and 10mm
Blue - 6mm
Green - 5mm, 6mm,
and 10mm
Blue/Green - 6mm and
10mm
THICKNESS COST/SQ FT
(RS)
3MM 22
4MM 30
5MM 35
6MM 38
8MM 70
10MM 90
19. WIRED GLASS
Fine twisted hexagonal wire netting
or mesh inserted during the process
of rolling.
May be patterned, smooth rolled or
ground and polished.
Used primarily in fire rated
windows, doors, skylights and
applications requiring a safety
glazing material.
When broken, loose pieces of glass
are held by the wire netting.
Georgian wire mesh, 13mm
provided.
Thickness: 5 to 7 mm.
Size: 3300 x 1830 mm.
20. Sheet glass
SHEET GLASS...
There are three different kind of sheet
glasses:
- Annealed flat glass
- Processed flat glass
- Misc. glass
Actual color green (or sometimes
blue).
Sizes available:
2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm,
10mm, 12mm, 15mm and 19mm.
Uses: windows,shelves,large size doors
and table tops
THICKNESS COST
4-6 MM RS.53/SQM
8-12 MM RS.63/SQM
21. PATTERNED GLASS
PATTERNED GLASS...
Sometimes referred to as “figured” or
“rolled” glass.
Has a pattern or texture impressed on
one or both sides in the process of
rolling.
This glass surface has a patterned
decorative design which provide
translucency and some degrees of
obscurity.
Patterns are classified as decorative or
glazing i.e., used primarily for their
functional properties.
Uses: decorative glazing of windows,
bathroom partitions, door.
Is difficult to clean as dust settles
between the crevices
Thickness: 4mm, 6mm,
Sizes: 2140 x 1280 mm, 2140 x 1320 mm
respectively.
22. GLASS BRICKS
GLASS BRICKS...
These are hollow glass units or blocks of glass
shaped to work as bricks
Joined with the help of silicon sealants to obtain
seamless finish
The two outer, exposed surfaces may be smooth
or textured.
Glass blocks can be coloured and have decorated
surfaces.
Walls of glass blocks meeting fire resistance are
also possible.
Found in Indonesian, Sri Lankan, Chinese, USA,
German varieties
Srilankan and Indonesian varieties: Rs 80 per piece
European clear: Rs 350/pc
European coloured: Rs 450/pc
Chinese clear: Rs 52/pc
Chinese coloured: Rs 152/pc
Sizes: 71/2 “ by 71/2” by 3 “
23. SPECIAL GLASS COATINGS
Self-cleaning or easy to clean glass
Photochromatic coatings
Elctrochromic coatings
Thermochromic coatings
24. Determination of safe
thickness of glass
Once the type of glass to be used is selected, section deals with the determination of
appropriate thickness of glass.The thickness of the glass to be used in window panels
is governed by the following factors:
i. Area to be covered by the window panel.
ii. Support conditions (supported on two sides or four sides).
iii. Aspect ratio of window panel (length / breadth).
iv. Effective wind pressure at the window height
v. Strength/load bearing capacity of glass to be used.
The salient features of the procedure are as follows:
•The maximum area of glass panel is restricted to 15 m2.
•The maximum span of window is restricted to 4 m.
• Aspect ratio of the glass panel should be greater than 1.5. If it is less than 1.5, next higher
available thickness should be selected.
•The factor of safety used is 2.5 considering the variability in strength of glass.
• Applicable to normal, reflective, laminated, tempered and insulating glass.
• Applicable to rectangular panels properly fixed.
25.
26. Safety issues occurring in contemporary glass structure are the result of the lack
of knowledge of glass properties and other materials forming a composition
with it, and designing, production or construction flaws. It is important to
consider them so that they could be avoided.The basic measures taken to
protect the glass structures are:
• Application of chemically tempered glass with the polycarbonate core,
allowing additional safety and durability
•Application of multi-layered glass, with at least one layer of semi-tempered
glass, which will prevent the unwanted displacement of glass panel in case of
breakage
•In case of point supported glass façades, prevention of failure chain reaction by
independent support of glass panels in vertical rows, with regular distribution of
stress in case of breakage of some of the panels, transferring the load
horizontally to adjacent panels
• In case of point supported glass facades, if possible, provide a central
suspension point for the topmost panel in a row, providing an absolutely vertical
position
• In case of multi-layered glass, it is good practice to use one additional layer on
the glass than what is required by the static design.
28. COMPANIES INVOLVED IN GLASS
MANUFACTURING
Saint-Gobain
Asahi India
Goldplus group
Allied glasses
Float glass India ltd.
ASGI India ltd.
REFERNCES
-Archinomy(types of glasses used for glazing)
-pdf(all about glass)
-code of practice for use of glass (IS-59)
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
