Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.
Gypsum is a mineral found in the earth's crust that is extracted and processed for use in construction. It has been used since ancient times by the Egyptians. Gypsum rock is mined, crushed, ground, and heated to remove water, producing plaster of paris or anhydrous gypsum. Modern uses include gypsum board/drywall, plasters, and prefabricated building materials. Gypsum board is made through a process of mixing calcined gypsum into a slurry between paper layers. Gypsum products have beneficial fire resistance, sound insulation, humidity regulation, and ease of installation properties well-suited for construction applications.
Gypsum products like gypsum board, suspended ceilings, gypsum plaster, and accessories were discussed. Gypsum board is a common interior finish made of gypsum plaster pressed between paper sheets. It is used for interior walls and ceilings. Suspended ceilings made of gypsum board panels provide benefits like insulation, aesthetics, and acoustics. Gypsum plaster, also called plaster of paris, is used for wall finishes and has advantages over traditional cement plaster like lighter weight, faster application without curing, and a smooth finish.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral that is widely used in construction. It is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) and is formed through sedimentary processes. Gypsum has several uses - it is used to produce plaster of Paris, used in wallboard/drywall for interior walls and ceilings, and used to make decorative plasterwork. Gypsum mining involves excavation, crushing, grinding and calcination to extract the mineral. The calcined gypsum is then used to manufacture various construction materials through processes like board production. Gypsum products provide benefits like ease of installation, fire resistance, soundproofing and moisture resistance.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete and concrete walls presented by Kamrul Hassan. It discusses 15 types of concrete materials including modern concrete, high-strength concrete, stamped concrete, and glass concrete. It also describes 7 types of concrete walls including precast walls, poured walls, block walls, stucco walls, stamped walls, colored walls, and retaining walls. The advantages and uses of each wall type are summarized. The document concludes with descriptions of different types of masonry concrete blocks and alternative materials to concrete including honeycomb clay blocks, hemp blocks, and insulated concrete form blocks.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrated. It is commonly found in nature and can be extracted and processed for use in construction. The manufacturing process of plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemihydrate) involves mining gypsum rock, crushing it, drying and powdering it, then calcining it at high temperatures to remove water molecules. This is then cooled, pulverized, and packaged for use. Plaster of Paris has various advantages for construction and decoration including being lightweight, fire resistant, and easy to work with.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
Laminated boards are made from thin sheets of wood or veneers glued together with adjacent plies crossed at right angles for strength. They have a protective plastic layer on one or both sides, making them resistant to weather, moisture and impacts. Common types include plywood with ABS or FRP laminate. They are used for floors, walls, furniture and other applications requiring durable, weatherproof materials. Laminated composites use a core of wood fibers or particles bonded with resin while plywood or veneers use a wood core.
Gypsum is a mineral found in the earth's crust that is extracted and processed for use in construction. It has been used since ancient times by the Egyptians. Gypsum rock is mined, crushed, ground, and heated to remove water, producing plaster of paris or anhydrous gypsum. Modern uses include gypsum board/drywall, plasters, and prefabricated building materials. Gypsum board is made through a process of mixing calcined gypsum into a slurry between paper layers. Gypsum products have beneficial fire resistance, sound insulation, humidity regulation, and ease of installation properties well-suited for construction applications.
Gypsum products like gypsum board, suspended ceilings, gypsum plaster, and accessories were discussed. Gypsum board is a common interior finish made of gypsum plaster pressed between paper sheets. It is used for interior walls and ceilings. Suspended ceilings made of gypsum board panels provide benefits like insulation, aesthetics, and acoustics. Gypsum plaster, also called plaster of paris, is used for wall finishes and has advantages over traditional cement plaster like lighter weight, faster application without curing, and a smooth finish.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral that is widely used in construction. It is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) and is formed through sedimentary processes. Gypsum has several uses - it is used to produce plaster of Paris, used in wallboard/drywall for interior walls and ceilings, and used to make decorative plasterwork. Gypsum mining involves excavation, crushing, grinding and calcination to extract the mineral. The calcined gypsum is then used to manufacture various construction materials through processes like board production. Gypsum products provide benefits like ease of installation, fire resistance, soundproofing and moisture resistance.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete and concrete walls presented by Kamrul Hassan. It discusses 15 types of concrete materials including modern concrete, high-strength concrete, stamped concrete, and glass concrete. It also describes 7 types of concrete walls including precast walls, poured walls, block walls, stucco walls, stamped walls, colored walls, and retaining walls. The advantages and uses of each wall type are summarized. The document concludes with descriptions of different types of masonry concrete blocks and alternative materials to concrete including honeycomb clay blocks, hemp blocks, and insulated concrete form blocks.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrated. It is commonly found in nature and can be extracted and processed for use in construction. The manufacturing process of plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemihydrate) involves mining gypsum rock, crushing it, drying and powdering it, then calcining it at high temperatures to remove water molecules. This is then cooled, pulverized, and packaged for use. Plaster of Paris has various advantages for construction and decoration including being lightweight, fire resistant, and easy to work with.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
Laminated boards are made from thin sheets of wood or veneers glued together with adjacent plies crossed at right angles for strength. They have a protective plastic layer on one or both sides, making them resistant to weather, moisture and impacts. Common types include plywood with ABS or FRP laminate. They are used for floors, walls, furniture and other applications requiring durable, weatherproof materials. Laminated composites use a core of wood fibers or particles bonded with resin while plywood or veneers use a wood core.
Timber frame construction relies on timber beams for structural support. It is a fast growing method used in over 70% of developed world housing. Some advantages are quick construction, high insulation, and environmental friendliness as wood is renewable. Disadvantages include potential for water damage and poor sound insulation. Irish companies in timber framing include Kingspan, Kelly Frame Timber, and Eco Homes.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document discusses distempers and adhesives. It defines distempers as water-based paints used for masonry walls made by mixing whiting and glue boiled in water. It provides tips for applying distempers, such as ensuring a dry, smooth surface. Adhesives are defined as substances that bind surfaces together and can be used as substitutes for welding. Various types of adhesives are described, including glues derived from animals or plants as well as synthetic resins that are either thermosetting or thermoplastic.
Floors provide walking surfaces inside buildings and come in a variety of materials. They consist of subfloors for support topped with flooring or floor coverings. Common flooring materials include wood, stone, tile, vinyl, carpet and rugs. Proper installation is important and involves preparing a level base and adding underlayment before installing the flooring material. Each type of flooring has advantages like durability, maintenance needs, noise reduction and appearance that make some more suitable for different rooms and uses than others. Precautions like regular cleaning and protecting from moisture are needed to keep different flooring types in good condition long-term.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and processes. It describes various flooring materials like wood, stone, tile, carpet, rugs and resilient floorings. The selection of flooring depends on factors like cost, durability, insulation and maintenance. Different types of flooring require specialized tools and surface preparation before installation. Issues like squeaking can arise with some flooring types.
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
This document summarizes the use of gypsum board for interior finishes. It discusses that gypsum board consists of a noncombustible gypsum core with paper facing. Gypsum board is used for partitions, walls, ceilings and floors due to its ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and versatility. It describes the different types of gypsum board including standard, channel, and ceiling boards. The document outlines the tools used to cut, shape and install gypsum board and the procedures for application.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
Drywall, also known as plasterboard or wallboard, is a building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between thick paper sheets. It is used to make interior walls and ceilings and provides a cost-effective fire-resistant system that is lightweight, accommodates services like wiring, and allows for sound insulation. The document includes specifications for drywall materials, framing components, installation instructions, sizing requirements, and quality checks to ensure proper installation.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
This document provides an overview of different types of glass used in construction. It discusses architectural glass and its uses as a building material and glazing. Various safety glasses are described, including tempered glass and laminated glass. Other glass types summarized are acoustic glass, colored glass, special glasses like sun protection glass and self-cleaning glass, as well as extra clear glass, etched glass, fire rated glass, annealed glass, mirror glass, patterned glass, and coated glass.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
This document provides information on gypsum products that are used in dentistry. It discusses the chemical and physical properties of gypsum and how it is manufactured into different dental materials like plaster, stone, and impression materials. The key types of gypsum products include impression plaster, model plaster, dental stone of varying strengths, and special high strength stones. The document also examines the setting reaction of gypsum products and various theories to explain this reaction.
The document discusses various materials used for dental casts and dies, including their properties and applications. It covers both non-metallic and metallic materials. The main non-metallic materials discussed are gypsum products, resin dies, and investment materials. Gypsum products include dental stones and plaster, which are derived from calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Their setting reaction involves crystallization to form calcium sulfate dihydrate. Resin dies such as epoxy resins are stronger than gypsum but less dimensionally stable. Metallic materials include electroplated nickel-chromium alloys and low-fusing dental alloys.
Timber frame construction relies on timber beams for structural support. It is a fast growing method used in over 70% of developed world housing. Some advantages are quick construction, high insulation, and environmental friendliness as wood is renewable. Disadvantages include potential for water damage and poor sound insulation. Irish companies in timber framing include Kingspan, Kelly Frame Timber, and Eco Homes.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document discusses distempers and adhesives. It defines distempers as water-based paints used for masonry walls made by mixing whiting and glue boiled in water. It provides tips for applying distempers, such as ensuring a dry, smooth surface. Adhesives are defined as substances that bind surfaces together and can be used as substitutes for welding. Various types of adhesives are described, including glues derived from animals or plants as well as synthetic resins that are either thermosetting or thermoplastic.
Floors provide walking surfaces inside buildings and come in a variety of materials. They consist of subfloors for support topped with flooring or floor coverings. Common flooring materials include wood, stone, tile, vinyl, carpet and rugs. Proper installation is important and involves preparing a level base and adding underlayment before installing the flooring material. Each type of flooring has advantages like durability, maintenance needs, noise reduction and appearance that make some more suitable for different rooms and uses than others. Precautions like regular cleaning and protecting from moisture are needed to keep different flooring types in good condition long-term.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and processes. It describes various flooring materials like wood, stone, tile, carpet, rugs and resilient floorings. The selection of flooring depends on factors like cost, durability, insulation and maintenance. Different types of flooring require specialized tools and surface preparation before installation. Issues like squeaking can arise with some flooring types.
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
This document summarizes the use of gypsum board for interior finishes. It discusses that gypsum board consists of a noncombustible gypsum core with paper facing. Gypsum board is used for partitions, walls, ceilings and floors due to its ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and versatility. It describes the different types of gypsum board including standard, channel, and ceiling boards. The document outlines the tools used to cut, shape and install gypsum board and the procedures for application.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
Drywall, also known as plasterboard or wallboard, is a building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between thick paper sheets. It is used to make interior walls and ceilings and provides a cost-effective fire-resistant system that is lightweight, accommodates services like wiring, and allows for sound insulation. The document includes specifications for drywall materials, framing components, installation instructions, sizing requirements, and quality checks to ensure proper installation.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
This document provides an overview of different types of glass used in construction. It discusses architectural glass and its uses as a building material and glazing. Various safety glasses are described, including tempered glass and laminated glass. Other glass types summarized are acoustic glass, colored glass, special glasses like sun protection glass and self-cleaning glass, as well as extra clear glass, etched glass, fire rated glass, annealed glass, mirror glass, patterned glass, and coated glass.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
This document provides information on gypsum products that are used in dentistry. It discusses the chemical and physical properties of gypsum and how it is manufactured into different dental materials like plaster, stone, and impression materials. The key types of gypsum products include impression plaster, model plaster, dental stone of varying strengths, and special high strength stones. The document also examines the setting reaction of gypsum products and various theories to explain this reaction.
The document discusses various materials used for dental casts and dies, including their properties and applications. It covers both non-metallic and metallic materials. The main non-metallic materials discussed are gypsum products, resin dies, and investment materials. Gypsum products include dental stones and plaster, which are derived from calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Their setting reaction involves crystallization to form calcium sulfate dihydrate. Resin dies such as epoxy resins are stronger than gypsum but less dimensionally stable. Metallic materials include electroplated nickel-chromium alloys and low-fusing dental alloys.
Gypsum products-a topic of dental materials for dental students....
lots of knowledge...includes classification,uses,manufacturing processes etc.
COURTESY: My college friends....
This document provides information on gypsum products used in dentistry. It discusses the chemical and physical nature of gypsum, describing how it is derived from calcium sulfate and can be manufactured into dental plaster or stone through heating processes. It also outlines the desirable properties of gypsum products, types of products including impression plaster, model plaster, and different classes of dental stone, and theories behind the setting reaction.
Gypsum and Precision Technology ExperienceTerry Weaver
See how farmers employee technology to precisely apply the nutrients crops need reducing costs and increasing yields. Gypsum reduces soil erosion and sediment runoff keeping nutrients where farmers need them. In the field for crops to utilize.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and has caused several outbreaks in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
1. Gypsum materials like dental plaster and stone are commonly used in dentistry to make casts and models due to their low cost, ease of use, and ability to accurately reproduce fine details from impressions.
2. There are 5 types of gypsum materials defined by ISO standards for different applications based on their strength and expansion properties. Type I is rarely used for impressions while Types II-V are used for models, study casts, and fabricating crowns and bridges.
3. Gypsum materials set via a hydration reaction where calcium sulfate hemihydrate reacts with water to form calcium sulfate dihydrate. Factors like water-powder ratio, mixing time, and additives can affect properties like setting
Chikungunya is an infectious viral disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It causes joint pain, fever, rash and weakness. The name comes from a word meaning "bent up" referring to the stooped posture from joint pain. It is clinically similar to dengue fever. While symptoms are usually acute and last 3-5 days, joint pain and weakness can persist longer. The virus is maintained in a human-mosquito cycle and mosquitoes can transmit it between people. There is no vaccine so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and bites through environmental management and personal protective measures.
1. Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
2. The exact cause is unknown but may involve an obstruction of the endolymphatic duct resulting in a buildup of fluid in the inner ear.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling vertigo attacks, minimizing hearing loss, and in severe cases, surgery to relieve fluid buildup such as a shunt or labyrinthectomy.
This document discusses different types of gypsum products used in dentistry, including dental plaster, stone, and improved stone. It describes the differences between these products in terms of their crystal structure, density, strength, and setting properties. Dental plaster is the most porous and weakest, while improved stone has the densest and strongest crystals. The document also explains how the setting times and strengths of gypsum products can be modified by adjusting the water-powder ratio or adding chemicals during mixing.
The document discusses different techniques for creating working casts with removable dies, including straight and curved dowel pins, pindex systems, and Di-Lok trays. Removable dies allow the fabrication of wax patterns on individual teeth and must return to their exact positions to ensure accurate articulation. Proper die preparation, such as trimming without reducing access or altering contours, is important for producing casts that facilitate wax pattern fabrication.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penyakit Chikungunya yang disebabkan oleh virus yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Penyakit ini memiliki gejala klinis seperti demam, nyeri sendi, dan bercak merah pada kulit. Diagnosis didasarkan pada pemeriksaan darah dan isolasi virus, sedangkan pengobatannya bersifat simtomatik dan mencakup penurun panas, analgesik, serta pencegahan dengan larvas
El documento describe la fiebre de Chikungunya, una enfermedad causada por un virus transmitido por mosquitos. El virus Chikungunya infecta a humanos a través de la picadura de mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, dolor en las articulaciones y erupciones cutáneas, y pueden persistir durante meses en algunos pacientes. El diagnóstico requiere aislar el virus en un laboratorio mediante pruebas en células expuestas a muestras de sangre
This document discusses Meniere's disease, including its history, symptoms, pathophysiology, variants, and diagnostic criteria. Some key points:
- Meniere's disease causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. It is associated with endolymphatic hydrops (fluid buildup) in the inner ear.
- The cause is multifactorial but may involve abnormalities in endolymphatic fluid production, absorption, or circulation within the inner ear.
- Diagnosis requires recurrent episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Hearing loss must be sensorineural and involve low frequencies.
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Gypsum, commonly known as plaster of Paris, has many uses in dentistry including for dental impressions, casts, dies, and replicas due to its properties like strength, accuracy, and low cost. Different types of gypsum products include plaster, dental stone, die stone, and high-strength stones used for various dental applications like diagnostic casts, working models, and fabrication of crowns and bridges. Gypsum sets through a chemical reaction when mixed with water and can be manipulated in terms of water-powder ratio, mixing, and setting times to achieve the desired properties for its intended dental use.
Gypsum is a mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate that is used to produce several dental products, including plaster, dental stone, and die stone. These products differ in their physical properties based on how they are manufactured but have the same chemical structure. Plaster is produced by direct heating of gypsum powder, resulting in an irregular porous structure. Dental stone involves controlled calcination under steam pressure, producing stronger and more uniform particles. Die stone undergoes additional processing to form very dense cuboidal crystals and strong dies. The setting process involves the hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate back to calcium sulfate dihydrate, with crystal growth linking the particles. The water-powder ratio affects properties, with plaster requiring more water
Gypsum products such as plaster, stone, and die stone are used in dentistry to make casts and dies. Plaster is the weakest and most porous, while die stone is the densest. Different gypsum products are used for different applications based on their strength and accuracy properties. Gypsum is mined and calcined to form hemihydrate, then mixed with water which causes it to crystallize back into dihydrate. The water-powder ratio, particle size, and other factors affect the strength and setting time of the final material. Proper manipulation and timing are required to produce functional casts and dies from gypsum.
This document discusses gypsum products used in dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like gypsum, models, casts, impressions, and dies. It then outlines the major types of gypsum products including dental plaster, dental stone, die stone, and improved dental stone. The document describes the setting reactions of gypsum, how setting expansion is controlled, and factors that affect the dimensional stability of dental stone. It provides example questions that could be asked in essays about gypsum products, their classification, tests for setting, and specific types like dental plaster and stone.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
ANNEX GLOBAL is a construction materials trading company based in Hyderabad, India that was established in 2015. The company imports and sells a wide range of products including gypsum boards, PVC false ceilings, doors, and other building materials. Gypsum board is a type of panel made of a gypsum core and paper facing that is used for interior walls and ceilings. It offers advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability, economy, and versatility. ANNEX GLOBAL provides high quality gypsum boards in various colors, patterns, and designs to add value to building interiors.
This document discusses gypsum board, which is a panel product used in construction consisting of a gypsum core and paper surfacing. It summarizes the main advantages of using gypsum board, including its ease of installation due to large panel sizes, fire resistance as an interior finish, ability to isolate sound transfer between areas, durability in providing strong walls and ceilings, cost-effectiveness, and versatility in architectural design and decoration options. The document also briefly mentions edge types of gypsum board and is presented by a civil engineering student for a class project.
Gypsum board, also known as drywall or plasterboard, is a building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to make interior walls, ceilings, and partitions. Gypsum board provides a smooth, monolithic surface that can be decorated. To produce it, calcined gypsum is mixed with water and additives to form a slurry between the paper layers. As it dries, the gypsum recrystallizes and bonds to the paper. A false ceiling, or dropped ceiling, is a secondary ceiling hung below the main structural ceiling, creating a space to hide wiring and ductwork while allowing access. Exposed grid ceilings have visible grid systems into which panels
Gypsum boards, made of gypsum plaster pressed between thick paper sheets, are commonly used in construction for interior walls and ceilings. They provide advantages such as being fireproof, easy to install, providing sound isolation, being economical and durable. There are several types of gypsum boards including standard boards used for wall cladding and roofing, channel boards used for bracing wall systems and fixing fittings, and ceiling boards.
This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and techniques. It defines eco-friendly materials as those that cause minimal harm to the environment compared to alternatives. Specific eco-friendly materials and techniques mentioned include bamboo, recycled materials, and methods that aid energy efficiency or are renewable/biodegradable. The document also provides detailed information about gypsum board, including its manufacturing process, properties, uses in construction and medicine, types, and advantages of dropped ceilings that use gypsum board.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate that is widely used in construction. It is used to make plaster, drywall, and other building materials. Gypsum board has good fire resistance and sound insulation properties when used in building construction. However, gypsum is less strong and durable than other materials like brick and can absorb dust or flake on surfaces over time.
Gypsum and rubber use in building constructionDeepak Sharma
COMPOSITION OF GYPSUM
Types and source of gypsum
types
Properties of gypsum
Gypsum as BUILDING MATERIAL
RUBBER
It can be classified in two parts:
Types of Rubber :
USES:-
PROPERTIES
GREEN MATERIAL / ECO FRIENDLY MATERIAL
Fiberglass is a strong yet lightweight material made of glass fibers bound together with a plastic resin. It can be used to make various building products like roofing, doors, windows, insulation, and panels. Fiberglass products provide benefits like strength, corrosion resistance, insulation, and design flexibility at a lower cost than some other materials. They require relatively little maintenance over their long lifespan.
This document discusses gypsum and its use as a building material. Some key points:
- Gypsum is a mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate that is widely used in construction.
- Common gypsum products used in buildings include gypsum plaster boards, gypsum plaster, and gypsum blocks.
- Gypsum provides properties like fire resistance, acoustic insulation, and moderate thermal insulation.
- Indian Standards cover specifications for gypsum plaster boards, coated/laminated boards, and reinforced boards.
- Common applications of gypsum include interior partitions, wall and ceiling linings, decorative plaster, and tiles.
The document discusses bitumen, asphalt and gypsum. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon produced from crude oil refining and is used mainly in road construction as the binder in asphalt.
- Asphalt is a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen used as a road paving material.
- Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate used in construction materials like plasterboard and as a fertilizer.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
External finishes (FIBRE-CEMENT SIDING )seerat hayat
Fiber cement siding is an exterior building material used to cover the outside of buildings. It is made of sand, cement, and cellulose fibers formed into rigid panels. Fiber cement siding is durable, fire and impact resistant, and requires little maintenance. It is more expensive than vinyl siding but provides better insulation and durability than wood siding. Fiber cement siding comes in various styles and colors and can last over 50 years with proper installation and care.
This document provides information on various types of wall finishes used in construction, including plasters, paints, wall claddings, and acoustic finishes. It discusses the characteristics and application of different plaster types such as lime plaster, gypsum plaster, fire resistant plaster, x-ray shielding plaster, acoustic plaster, and heat resistant plaster. It also covers acoustic plaster and its sound absorbing properties. The document aims to educate on best practices for applying finishes like plaster to walls in a way that achieves smooth, durable surfaces.
This document summarizes a seminar on sandwich composite materials. Sandwich composites consist of two thin, stiff skins bonded to a lightweight, thick core material. Common core materials include foams, wood, and honeycomb structures. The core provides bending stiffness while the skins provide strength, resulting in an overall lightweight, strong material. Some key applications mentioned include construction, vehicles, aerospace, and insulation panels. The document provides details on different types of sandwich panels used in various industries.
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This document provides information on building materials and products offered by Day Ch Engineering, an ISO certified company. It lists various types of partitions, ceilings, ceiling tiles, prefab houses, raised flooring, insulation materials, roofing products, and wall cladding. Details are provided on gypsum boards, metal framing, grid systems, direct application plaster, fiber and mineral wool insulation, rubber for sound absorption, and colour coated and cement roofing sheets. Various branded products and specifications are mentioned. The company welcomes project requirements and positive responses.
Linings are internal coverings used in wall frames. Common lining materials include plasterboard, timber boards, plywood, and fiber cement sheeting. Plasterboard is made of a gypsum core with paper facing and comes in various widths and thicknesses. It is fixed with adhesive and screws or nails and finished with joint tape and compound before painting. Timber boards can be solid or veneered and are typically tongue and groove joined then painted. Proper storage of lining materials allows them to acclimate before installation.
Fiber cement is a durable, waterproof, and fire resistant cladding material that is well-suited for both residential and commercial construction. It comes in a variety of sheet sizes and thicknesses. While fiber cement requires painting and has less flexibility than other cladding options, it is resistant to damage from impacts, rot, and fire. Fiber cement installation involves cutting sheets with specialized tools and attaching them to the building with nails, taking care to properly ventilate the work area.
This document provides information on various types of industrial timber, including veneers, plywood, fibreboards, impregnated boards, compressed boards, block boards, and laminated boards. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each type of industrial timber. The key types discussed are used to make furniture, construction materials, and other wood products.
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document provides an overview of doors, including their components and types. It discusses the frame and shutter, as well as technical terms like head, sill, and horn. Doors are classified based on their arrangement of components, method of construction, operation, and materials. Battened, ledged, framed, and braced doors are described. Other door types covered include glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, sliding, swing, rolling steel shutter, and metal doors. Location considerations and specifications for doors are also mentioned.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.
Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Timber is wood suitable for building or carpentry that comes from trees in three forms: rough timber obtained after felling, converted timber cut into sizes for commerce, and standing timber contained in living trees. Timber has properties like low heat conductivity, ability to be worked mechanically, and high strength, but is also flammable and prone to decay and moisture-related property fluctuations. There are three main types of timber: hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured wood products.
The document summarizes different types of windows, including fixed windows, pivoted windows, double-hung windows, sliding windows, casement windows, louvred windows, metal windows, bay windows, awning windows, and skylights. It describes the key characteristics of each window type, such as how they open/close, materials used, advantages, and common applications. The document also discusses window materials, fixtures and fastenings, and provides details on hinges, bolts, handles, locks and various material options like wood, aluminum, fiberglass and PVC.
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2. WHAT IS GYPSUM ?
Gypsum is a mineral found in sedimentary rock formations in a crystalline form known as calcium sulfate
dihydrate CaSO4•2H2O.
The manufacturer receives quarried gypsum, and crushes the large pieces before any further
processing takes place. Crushed rock is then ground into a fine powder and heated to about 350
degrees F. It is then used as the base for gypsum plaster, gypsum board and other gypsum products.
Synthetic gypsum, commonly known as the FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurization) gypsum or DSG
(desulphurised) gypsum may also be used in the production of gypsum board. This product is primarily
derived from coal-fired electrical utilities which have systems in place to remove sulfur dioxide from flue
gasses. The synthetic gypsum is then transported to the gypsum board manufacturer; the production
process for calcining synthetic gypsum is largely the same as with mined gypsum only no primary
crushing is necessary.
3. WHAT IS GYPSUM BOARD?
Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel
products that consist of a noncombustible core, composed
primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face, back
and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building
materials covered by the umbrella term “gypsum panel
products.” All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores;
however, they can be faced with a variety of different materials,
including paper and fiberglass mats.
Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or
plasterboard. It differs from other panel-type building products,
such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, because of its
noncombustible core and paper facers. When joints and
fastener heads are covered with a joint compound system,
gypsum wall board creates a continuous surface suitable for
most types of interior decoration.
4. ADVANTAGES OF GYPSUM BOARD CONSTRUCTION
Gypsum board walls and ceilings have a number of outstanding advantages:
Ease of installation
Fire resistance
Sound isolation
Durability
Economy
Versatility
5. ADVANTAGES OF GYPSUM BOARD CONSTRUCTION
1. Ease of installation
Gypsum board building systems are easy to install for several reasons. Gypsum board panels are
relatively large compared to other materials. They come in 48- and 54-inch wide sheets and in lengths of
8, 10, or 12 feet, so they quickly cover large wall and ceiling areas. Gypsum board assemblies require
only a few tools for their construction. Gypsum board can be cut with either a utility knife or a variety of
saws, and it can be attached with a variety of fasteners, including screws, nails, and staples. It can also
be adhesively attached to many substrates. Gypsum board is a lightweight material. Two workers can
easily handle most panels and cover large areas in very short time periods. Gypsum board is easily
finished using either a few hand tools or relatively modest machines. Gypsum board installers can
quickly learn most application techniques in a few hours.
6. ADVANTAGES OF GYPSUM BOARD CONSTRUCTION
2. Fire resistance
Gypsum board is an excellent fire-resistive building material
3. Sound isolation
Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration when designing a
building, specifically when taking into account the intended activities of the occupants in the various
parts of the building. Gypsum board wall and ceilings systems effectively help control sound
transmission.
4. Durability
Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls and ceilings that offer excellent
dimensional stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily decorated and
refinished.
5. Economy
Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall surfacing material that
provides a fire resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building systems can generally be installed at
significantly lower labor costs than most alternate systems.
7. ADVANTAGES OF GYPSUM BOARD CONSTRUCTION
6. Versatility
Gypsum board satisfies a wide
range of architectural
requirements for design. Ease
of application, performance,
ease of repair, availability, and
its adaptability to all forms of
decoration combine to make
gypsum board unmatched by
any other surfacing product.
8. TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD ACCORDING TO THICKNESS
Using ever-developing new technologies, gypsum producers offer a variety of gypsum board products
for many specific applications, including: the surface layer of interior walls and ceilings; a base for
ceramic, plastic and metal tile; exterior sheathing and soffits; elevator and other shaft enclosures; area
separation fire walls between occupancies; and the fire-resistant layer over structural elements.
Regular and Type X gypsum board (described below) are available in SEVERAL THICKNESSES.
Different thicknesses are typically used in the specific following applications:
¼ -inch – A low cost gypsum board used as a base in a multilayer application for improving sound
control, used to cover existing walls and ceilings in remodeling and for curved surfaces.
5/16 -inch – A specialty product primarily used in the production of manufactured housing and in
laminated double thickness for special sound control panels.
3/8-inch – A gypsum board principally applied in a double-layer system over wood framing and as a face
layer in repair or remodeling.
½-inch – Generally used as a single layer wall and ceiling material in residential work and in double-
layer systems for greater sound and fire ratings.
9. TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD ACCORDING TO THICKNESS
Standard size gypsum boards are 48 inches wide and 8, 10, 12 or 14 feet
long. The 48 inch width is compatible with standard framing methods in
which studs or joists are spaced 16 inches and 24 inches (Other lengths and
widths of gypsum board are available from the manufacturer on special
order.)
Edges available are rounded, tapered, beveled, square edge, and tongue
and groove (V-edge).
5/8-inch – Used in quality single-layer and double-layer wall systems. The
greater thickness provides additional fire resistance, higher rigidity, and
better impact resistance.
10. TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Abuse-resistant gypsum panels offer greater resistance to surface indentation, abrasion and
penetration than standard gypsum panels.
Eased edge gypsum board, which has a tapered and slightly rounded or beveled factory edge. It may
be used as an aid in custom finishing of joints.
Exterior gypsum soffit board is board designed for use on the undersides of eaves, canopies,
carports, and other commercial and residential exterior applications with indirect exposure to the
weather. Soffit board is available in 1/2 or 5/8 -inch thicknesses with both regular and Type X core.
Foil-backed gypsum board has aluminum foil laminated to the back surface of regular gypsum board
or other gypsum panel products. Foil-backed panels serve as vapor barriers.
Gypsum base for veneer plaster serves as a base for thin coats of hard, high strength gypsum veneer
plaster.
Gypsum liner board serves as a liner panel in shaft walls, stairwells, chase ways, area separation fire
walls, and corridor ceilings. It has a special fire-resistant core .It has a special fire-resistant core
encased in moisture-resistant paper. Liner board is available in ¾ or 1 -inch thicknesses, widths of 24 or
48 inches and with square edges (sometimes eased square edges). Gypsum liner board is also
available with fiberglass mat facing that increases its weather and mold resistance.
11. TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Gypsum sheathing is used as a protective fire resistive membrane under exterior wall surfacing materials such as wood
siding, masonry veneer, stucco and shingles. It also provides protection against the passage of water and wind and adds
structural rigidity to the framing system. The noncombustible core is surfaced with water repellent paper; in addition, it may
also have a water resistant core. Available in 2 feet and 4 feet widths, ½ -inch and 5/8 -inch thick. It is also available with
Type X core. Gypsum sheathing is also available with a glass mat facing. This product is more weather resistant and mold
resistant than paper-faced gypsum sheathing, and it is often used as a substrate for Exterior Insulating Finishing Systems
(EIFS).
Impact-resistant gypsum panels offer greater resistance to the impact of solid objects from high traffic and vandalism than
standard gypsum panels.
Mold-resistant board incorporates various methods of preventing the growth of mold and mildew on the board’s surface.
Non-paper-faced gypsum board is unfaced or has a facing other than paper.
Regular gypsum board (gypsum wallboard) is used as a surface layer on walls and ceilings.
Sag-resistant board is a ceiling panel that offers greater resistance to sagging than regular gypsum products used for
ceilings where framing is typically spaced 24 inches o.c.
Type C or Proprietary Type-X gypsum board is available in ½ -inch and 5/8 -inch thicknesses and is required in some fire
rated assemblies. Additional additives give this product improved fire resistive properties.
Type X gypsum board is available in ½ -inch and 5/8 -inch thicknesses and has an improved fire resistance made possible
through the use of special core additives. It is also available with a predecorated finish. Type X gypsum board is used in most
fire rated assemblies.
12. LIMITATIONS
For installation of gypsum board and finishes, maintain room temperature at not less than 40 degrees F for
the mechanical application of gypsum board and not less than 50 degrees for the adhesive application of
gypsum board and for joint treatment, texturing and decoration, unless recommended otherwise by the
manufacturer.
CAUTION: When using a temporary heat source, do not allow ambient temperatures to exceed 95 degrees F
in any given room or area. Maintain adequate ventilation in the working area during installation and curing
period. Do not use gypsum board where exposure to moisture is extreme or continuous. Take care to ensure
that the gypsum board will not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 125 degrees F for extended periods of
time, for example, when located adjacent to wood burning stoves, electric lighting, electric heating appliances
or other heating units, or hot air flues.
POINTS TO REMEMBER : Do not use water-resistant gypsum board on ceilings or soffits unless extra
framing is installed; do not exceed 12 inches . between framing members. Do not use water-resistant gypsum
board as a tile-backing substrate material where the final surface is directly exposed to running water; select
one of several specialty products, including glass-mat-faced gypsum board or cement-based board, as a tile-
backing substrate for areas directly exposed to running water.
13. APPLICATION OF GYPSUM BOARD
Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing or furring. It can be applied to masonry and
concrete surfaces, either directly or to wood or metal furring strips
When applying board directly to masonry or concrete surfaces, smooth or fill in any irregularities to
ensure proper attachment and an acceptable final finished surface. Furring properly attached to interior
sides of exterior walls provides flat surfaces for standard fastener application as well and sufficient
separation from substrates to overcome dampness in exterior walls. Do not allow gypsum board to
directly contact surfaces, such as concrete or soil, with potentially high moisture contents. Most common
in residential construction is the gypsum wallboard system1in which the joints between the panels and
internal corners are reinforced with tape and covered with joint compound to create a surface suitable
for final decoration. External corners are normally reinforced with either a metal or plastic corner bead
which in turn is covered with joint compound. Exposed edges are covered with metal or plastic trim. The
result is a smooth, unbroken surface ready for final decoration of paint, textures, wallpaper tile, paneling,
or other materials.
14. STORAGE AND HANDLING
Schedule the delivery of gypsum board to coincide with its
installation.
Store boards or panels flat and protected from the elements. Be sure
that materials used as storage supports (risers) are at least 4 inches
in width and of uniform depth or length. As the units of gypsum board
are tiered, align risers carefully from bottom to top so that the load of
each tier is transferred directly to the next level of risers, thus
avoiding sagging or otherwise distorting the plane of the boards.
Avoid stacking longer boards on shorter boards to prevent the longer
boards from warping or breaking. Avoid leaning boards horizontally
against vertical framing as they may shift and fall and in turn injure
workers. Also avoid leaning boards during periods of high humidity or
else the boards may warp. Remove shipping bags immediately after
delivery to prevent the buildup of condensation. Keep materials
protected from the weather until ready for use on the jobsite. Take
care while moving boards not to drag them and damage their edges
and corners.
15. SHRINKAGE
Shrinkage with Reduction in Moisture Content
If framing shrinkage is substantial or nails are longer than
necessary, the gypsum board may separate from its framing
lumber, which often causes nail heads to protrude above the
board surface (these blemishes are colloquially known as
“nail pops”).
16. TOOLS
installation and finishing require only some basic tools. While there are also many specialized hand and power
tools available for gypsum board installation, here’s a list with brief descriptions of the basic tools necessary for
a typical wallboard job:
Measuring tape – A steel retractable measuring tape, usually 25 feet in length.
Gypsum board T-square –Square edge for measuring and cutting gypsum board to length and for cutting out
holes for square outlet boxes and other openings.
Utility knife – Standard cutting tool with replaceable/reversible blades for scoring and cutting gypsum board.
Hammer – Drives nails through gypsum board into wood framing.
Keyhole saw – Small triangular saw for cutting out holes for outlet boxes, pipes, and other penetrations.
Rasp – A tool for smoothing rough edges of wallboard after it has been scored and snapped.
Assorted trowels and taping knives – Bladed tools for applying and smoothing tape and joint compound over
joints and fastener heads.
Mud tray – Box to contain joint compound while finishing joints and fastener heads.
Sanding pole – Tool that enables sanding walls from floor to ceiling and standard height ceilings without the use
17. APPLICATION SEQUENCE
Use the following procedures to ensure a successful gypsum
board application:
1. Install ceiling panels first, then the wall panels.
2. Once cut to size, position gypsum boards into place without
forcing them.
3. Match similar edges and ends, i.e.: tapered to tapered,
square-cut ends to square ends.
4. Plan to span the entire length of ceilings or walls with single
boards if possible to reduce the number of butt joints, which are
more difficult to finish. Stagger butt joints and locate them as far
from the center of the wall and ceiling as possible so they will be
inconspicuous.
18. APPLICATION SEQUENCE
In residential buildings with ceiling heights under 8′1″, wallboard is best installed at right angles
(perpendicular) to framing members as this orientation of the panels leaves fewer joints to finish. On long
walls, horizontally attaching boards of the maximum practical length will minimize the number of butt joints.
Avoid using damaged board.
Carefully measure where board ends and edges will meet corners and ceilings. Accurate measuring reveals
irregularities in framing and furring that require corrective allowances when cutting boards. Correct poorly
aligned framing before attaching To cut gypsum board, working from the face side , first score the board by
cutting through the paper to the core with a sharp knife (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 – Measuring from Edge before Cutting BoardFig. 8 – Snapping Scored Board
19. SINGLE-PLY / MULTI-PLY APPLICATION
In light commercial and residential construction, single-ply gypsum board systems (Fig. 9) are the most
commonly used wall and ceiling systems. Usually such systems meet fire resistance and sound control
requirements2. Multi-ply systems (Fig. 10) have two or more layers of gypsum board that will typically
increase sound isolation and fire resistive performance. Multi-ply systems also provide better surface
quality because face layers are often laminated over base layers, so fewer fasteners are needed to
attach the face layer. As a result, surface joints of the face layer are reinforced by the continuous base
layers of gypsum board. Nail popping and joint ridging problems are less frequent, and imperfectly
aligned supports have less effect on the finished surface.
Sever the board’s backing paper by snapping the board in the reverse direction or by cutting the backing
paper with a scoring knife. Gypsum board may also be cut using a hand saw. Smooth all cut edges and
ends of the gypsum board to form neat, tight-fitting joints when installed. Smooth ragged ends or broken
edges with a rasp or sandpaper, or trim them with a sharp knife. If burrs on the cut ends are not
removed, they will form visible ridges in the finished surface