- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
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The document discusses lintels and arches. It defines lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings and classifies them based on material as timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, or reinforced concrete. It also discusses various types of arches including flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Key elements of arches are also defined such as abutments, piers, intrados, extrados, voussoirs, and more.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
The document discusses lintels and arches. It defines lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings and classifies them based on material as timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, or reinforced concrete. It also discusses various types of arches including flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Key elements of arches are also defined such as abutments, piers, intrados, extrados, voussoirs, and more.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
Tutor isolated and attached piers .ppt1Luke D'Arcy
This document discusses isolated and attached piers. Isolated piers carry direct loads and their height cannot exceed 8 times their smallest dimension. Attached piers are connected to walls to provide additional strength and transfer loads. Regulations require external walls to be supported by piers every 3 meters. Proper bonding of piers is important, avoiding straight internal joints. Pad stones provide a base for beams to be bolted to piers. Perforated screen blocks are used between brick piers to create a pleasing aesthetic effect.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses different types of partition walls, including brick partition walls. There are three main types of brick partition walls: plain brick, reinforced brick, and brick nogging. Plain brick walls are half brick thick laid in stretcher bond and plastered on both sides. Reinforced brick walls include iron or steel reinforcement every third or fourth course to increase strength. Brick nogging walls have a timber framework with half bricks fitted between. The document provides details on the construction process and advantages and disadvantages of each type of brick partition wall. It also briefly discusses other wall finishes and materials like wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, and tile cladding.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
This document discusses different types of floors used in buildings. It describes basement floors, ground floors, and subfloors. The main types discussed are timber floors, composite floors, and concrete floors. Timber floors can be single joist, double joist, or framed floors and depend on the span and loads. Composite floors combine materials like steel and concrete or two layers of flagstones. Concrete floors include reinforced concrete slabs, which are widely used today.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
About Brick - definition, manufacturing process, classification, types and Brick Masonry - terminology, types of bonds. ( Stretcher, Header, English and Flemish)
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Tutor isolated and attached piers .ppt1Luke D'Arcy
This document discusses isolated and attached piers. Isolated piers carry direct loads and their height cannot exceed 8 times their smallest dimension. Attached piers are connected to walls to provide additional strength and transfer loads. Regulations require external walls to be supported by piers every 3 meters. Proper bonding of piers is important, avoiding straight internal joints. Pad stones provide a base for beams to be bolted to piers. Perforated screen blocks are used between brick piers to create a pleasing aesthetic effect.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses different types of partition walls, including brick partition walls. There are three main types of brick partition walls: plain brick, reinforced brick, and brick nogging. Plain brick walls are half brick thick laid in stretcher bond and plastered on both sides. Reinforced brick walls include iron or steel reinforcement every third or fourth course to increase strength. Brick nogging walls have a timber framework with half bricks fitted between. The document provides details on the construction process and advantages and disadvantages of each type of brick partition wall. It also briefly discusses other wall finishes and materials like wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, and tile cladding.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
This document discusses different types of floors used in buildings. It describes basement floors, ground floors, and subfloors. The main types discussed are timber floors, composite floors, and concrete floors. Timber floors can be single joist, double joist, or framed floors and depend on the span and loads. Composite floors combine materials like steel and concrete or two layers of flagstones. Concrete floors include reinforced concrete slabs, which are widely used today.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
About Brick - definition, manufacturing process, classification, types and Brick Masonry - terminology, types of bonds. ( Stretcher, Header, English and Flemish)
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
The document discusses different types of lintels used in construction. It defines a lintel as a beam equal to the width of a wall that bridges openings. There are five main types of lintels discussed: timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to their strength, rigidity, fire resistance and economy.
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
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masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
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lintel of a house
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block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements. The main types described include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster slab, asbestos cement, metal and portable partitions. Details are provided on the construction and materials used for each type. Advantages of partitions walls are that they divide space into rooms while being lighter and less expensive than load-bearing walls.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
The document discusses various types of wood floor systems and concrete floor systems. It explains the advantages of precast concrete over site-cast concrete, such as better quality control and the ability to steam cure. It also defines one-way and two-way concrete floor systems and lists different types of each, including solid slab, joist, flat plate, and waffle slab systems.
Reinforced roofing members include reinforced planks, light weight concrete members, small reinforced members, purlins, and large reinforced members. Reinforced planks are hollow tiles with longitudinal holes and grooves for reinforcement. Light weight concrete members provide insulation and load support, with thicknesses from 7.5-25cm and unit weights of 750kg/m3. Small reinforced members are precast ribbed slabs from 50-120cm wide and 2-4m long. Purlins are precast concrete beams that support roof coverings and can have rectangular, trapezoid, L, T, or I cross-sections. Large reinforced members rest on main girders and are manufactured in lengths of 6
Lintels are horizontal members that span openings in walls and transfer the load of masonry above openings to the walls. They come in various materials, including timber, stone, brick, and steel. Timber lintels are the oldest but are no longer commonly used because they are costly, structurally weak, and vulnerable to fire. Stone lintels are suitable for spans up to 2 meters where stone is abundantly available but are weak in tension and can crack under vibratory loads. Brick lintels can span up to 1 meter for light loads but are not very structurally strong. Steel lintels are used for large openings and heavy loads, consisting of steel beams embedded in concrete or clad in stone.
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces in buildings. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements, such as being thin, providing privacy and sound insulation, and being durable and fire resistant. The main types described are brick, hollow block, wood, glass, and metal stud partitions. Brick partitions are fire resistant while wooden partitions are not as strong but lighter. The document provides details on materials and construction methods for different partition wall types.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
This document provides information on building materials, specifically steel and aluminum. It discusses what steel and alloys are, common steel and aluminum alloys, and properties and uses of steel and aluminum. It also describes the construction of steel floors, roofs, and walls. For floors, it outlines different steel floor systems used in industrial and commercial buildings like composite beams, metal decking, and precast concrete units. For roofs, it discusses steel roof trusses. For walls, it discusses light steel framed and infill walls, masonry infill walls, and concrete infill walls.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
Walls can be classified in several ways including by their load bearing ability, material used, and intended use. Load bearing walls support structural loads like floors and roofs while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. Materials used include brick, stone, concrete, wood and more. Walls are also classified by their intended use such as partition walls which divide interior space into rooms. Proper wall selection depends on factors like aesthetics, enclosure needs, acoustics, and thermal performance.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
Building construction 4- steel connection, Trusses, Joints, Foundationsaayush koolwal
The document provides information on various steel sections, connections, foundations, trusses, and roofing used in building construction. It discusses rolled steel sections like angles, channels, I-sections and other cross sections. It also describes different types of foundations like grillage foundations. Various steel connections using bolts, plates, and welding are outlined. Bridge and roof trusses including Pratt, Howe, Warren, and king post configurations are summarized. Metal decking and roofing materials like corrugated sheets are also mentioned.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
This document provides information on doors and windows. It defines doors and windows, discusses their components like frames, shutters, and sizes. It then describes different types of doors like glazed, plastic, flush, louvered, collapsible, revolving, rolling steel, and sliding doors. For windows, it discusses considerations for size, shape, location and provides guidelines for window area based on room size and climate. It also lists common window types like casement, double hung, pivoted and sliding windows.
Functional requirements of public buildingssameer313
This document outlines the functional requirements and minimum space standards for various types of public and institutional buildings according to the National Building Code of India. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and provides details on the typical units, sizes, and space requirements for educational buildings like schools and colleges, institutional buildings like dispensaries and hospitals, assembly buildings like auditoriums and theaters, and commercial buildings like hotels and restaurants. Minimum provisions are given for classrooms, laboratories, sanitary blocks, parking, and other facilities based on occupancy and use.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting, including its importance, methods, and components. It notes that rainwater harvesting helps overcome water scarcity by recharging groundwater aquifers. The two main methods are surface runoff harvesting in urban areas and rooftop rainwater harvesting. Rooftop systems collect water from roofs through gutters and pipes into a storage tank, or divert it to groundwater recharge. Key components include the catchment/roof, transportation pipes, a first flush device, and filters to clean the water before storage or recharge.
Planning of residential and public buildingssameer313
This document discusses planning considerations for residential and public buildings. It outlines various types of residential buildings such as detached houses, semidetached houses, row houses, blocks of flats, and duplex houses. Important factors for residential site selection include topography, subsoil, groundwater table, facilities, vegetation, and access. Information to collect prior to planning includes water/electricity access, drainage, orientation, views, and climate. Public buildings discussed include educational facilities, hospitals, shopping centers, offices, and banks. Planning principles note built areas of schools should not exceed 25% of site area.
This document discusses the conservation of historical monuments in India. It defines conservation as processes that retain a place's cultural significance, including maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction, and adaptation. Conservation has economic, cultural and environmental benefits. Historically, conservation efforts date back to emperors in the 3rd-19th centuries who ordered the protection of ancient buildings. Key conservation acts were passed from the 19th-20th centuries. Proper conservation requires listing heritage sites, assessing threats, and performing appropriate preservation techniques tailored for things like bricks, stones, and wood siding. The case study of Jaisalmer Fort conservation improved infrastructure and restored important structures like Rani Ka Mahal gateway.
Maharashtra Real Estate and Regulatory Act 2016sameer313
The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) aims to protect home buyers and boost investment in real estate. It establishes state-level regulatory authorities to regulate real estate transactions and ensure timely completion of projects. RERA applies to residential and commercial projects over 500 sqm or with over 8 apartments. It mandates registration of projects and real estate agents with regulatory authorities. RERA aims to increase transparency, protect buyers, and establish dispute resolution mechanisms for speedy redressal of consumer complaints.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society's
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
-Department of Civil Engineering-
By
Mr. Sameer shaikh (Assistant Professor)
Mail ID- shaikhsameercivil@sanjivani.org.in
2. LINTEL:- INTRODUCTION
• A lintel is defined as a horizontal structural member which
is placed across the opening.
• A lintel is thus a sort of beam, the width of which is equal
to the width of the wall, and the ends of which are built
into the wall.
• The bearing of lintel should be the minimum of the
following:
(1) 10cm
(2) Height of lintel.
3. Classification of Lintel
Lintels are classified into the following types according to the materials
of their construction:
(1) Timber lintels
(2) Stone lintels
(3) Brick lintels
(4) Steel lintels
(5) Reinforced cement concrete lintels
4. Timber Lintels:-
• Timber lintels are oldest type of lintels, though they are not commonly
used now-a-days, except in hilly areas.
• Timber lintels are relatively costlier, structurally weak and vulnerable to fire.
• They are also liable to decay if not properly ventilated.
5. Stone Lintels:-
• Stone lintels are the most common types. specially
where stone is abundantly available.
• A stone lintel consists of a simple stone slab of
greater thickness.
• Stone lintels can also be provided over openings in
brick walls.
• Dressed stone lintels give good architectural
appearance.
• Stone lintels may be used in the form of either one
6. Brick Lintels:-
• Brick lintels are not structurally strong and they are
used only when the opening is small (less than 1m) and
loads are light.
• A brick lintel consists of bricks placed on end or edge.
• The depth of brick lintel varies from 10 to 20 cm,
depending upon the span.
• It is constructed over temporary wooden centering.
• The bricks with frogs are more suitable for the
construction of lintel since the frogs, when filled with
mortar, form joggles which increases the shear
7.
8. Steel Lintels:-
• Steel lintels are provided where the opening is large
and where the super-imposed loads are also heavy.
• It consists of rolled steel joints or channel sections
either used singly or in combination of two or three
units.
• When used singly, the steel joist is either embedded
in concrete, or cladded with stone facing, so as to
increase its width to match with the width of the
wall.
• When more than one units are placed side by side
9. Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintels:-
• Reinforced cement concrete lintels have replaced practically all other types
of lintels because of their strength rigidity, fire resistance, economy and
ease in construction.
• These can be used on any span.
• Its width is kept equal to the width of the wall.
• The depth of R.C.C. lintel and the reinforcement depends upon the span
and the magnitude of loading.
• Longitudinal reinforcement, consisting of mild steel bars, are provided near
the bottom of lintel to take up tensile stresses.
10. • Shear stirrups are provided to resist transverse shear.
• R.C.C. lintels are also available as pre-cast units.
• For cast-in-situ units, which are quite common, formwork is required for
construction.
12. Ventilators :
• Ventilators are provided for the purpose of ventilation in the room.
• These are small windows provided at a greater height
than windows nearer to roof level, generally about
30 to 50cm below roof level.
• Horizontally pivoted shutters are provided for the ventilators.
• The shutters can be opened or closed by means of two
cords one attached to the top rail and other to the bottom rail of the shutter.
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