This document discusses different types of floors used in buildings. It describes basement floors, ground floors, and subfloors. The main types discussed are timber floors, composite floors, and concrete floors. Timber floors can be single joist, double joist, or framed floors and depend on the span and loads. Composite floors combine materials like steel and concrete or two layers of flagstones. Concrete floors include reinforced concrete slabs, which are widely used today.
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses different types of partition walls, including brick partition walls. There are three main types of brick partition walls: plain brick, reinforced brick, and brick nogging. Plain brick walls are half brick thick laid in stretcher bond and plastered on both sides. Reinforced brick walls include iron or steel reinforcement every third or fourth course to increase strength. Brick nogging walls have a timber framework with half bricks fitted between. The document provides details on the construction process and advantages and disadvantages of each type of brick partition wall. It also briefly discusses other wall finishes and materials like wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, and tile cladding.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses different types of partition walls, including brick partition walls. There are three main types of brick partition walls: plain brick, reinforced brick, and brick nogging. Plain brick walls are half brick thick laid in stretcher bond and plastered on both sides. Reinforced brick walls include iron or steel reinforcement every third or fourth course to increase strength. Brick nogging walls have a timber framework with half bricks fitted between. The document provides details on the construction process and advantages and disadvantages of each type of brick partition wall. It also briefly discusses other wall finishes and materials like wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, and tile cladding.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and methods of constructing timber floors. It discusses basement or ground floors made of timber, and describes single, double, and framed timber floor constructions. It also covers types of flooring materials like granolithic, mosaic, ceramic, and marble. For industrial flooring, it outlines concrete floor constructions using double flagstones, filler joints, jack arches, reinforced concrete, hollow blocks and ribs, and precast concrete.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
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lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
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This document discusses various flooring materials used in building construction including cement concrete, bricks, flagstones, marble, glass, ceramic, plastic, mud, wood, cork, linoleum, asphalt and rubber. It provides details on the composition and applications of each material. Selection of flooring material depends on factors like initial cost, durability, hardness, smoothness, cleanliness, appearance, sound insulation, thermal insulation, damp proofing, fire resistance and maintenance requirements. Cement concrete is the most commonly used material as it is durable and cheaper than other options.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
This document provides information on building materials and construction tiles. It discusses why tiles are a good choice, how they are manufactured, and the different types of tiles based on material and application. The main types discussed are ceramic, vitrified, glass mosaic, stoneware, and terracotta tiles. Vitrified tiles are highlighted as having advantages over ceramic such as being stronger, more impact resistant, and having very low water absorption. A price range per square foot is also provided for the different tile types.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses doors and windows. It describes common materials used for door construction like timber, plywood, glass, metals and concrete. It outlines different types of door movements such as swinging, revolving, sliding, rolling shutter and folding doors. It also discusses window types including casement, sash, double-hung, louvered, pivoted and sliding windows. Finally, it covers locks, latches and modern door locks that use technologies like electronic and biometric locks.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
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Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
Floors divide buildings into levels and provide support for occupants and furniture. A good floor should be durable, easy to clean, noiseless, fire resistant, and have a pleasing appearance with low maintenance costs. Common flooring types include mud, brick, stone, cement concrete, terrazzo or mosaic, marble, tile, and wood. Each type has advantages - for example, mud floors are economical while marble enhances appearance. Tile floors have gained popularity over concrete due to design options, though tiles are generally more expensive.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and processes. It describes various flooring materials like wood, stone, tile, carpet, rugs and resilient floorings. The selection of flooring depends on factors like cost, durability, insulation and maintenance. Different types of flooring require specialized tools and surface preparation before installation. Issues like squeaking can arise with some flooring types.
The document describes different types of upper floors based on construction materials. It focuses on timber floors, which are classified as single joist, double joist, or triple joist/framed floors depending on their strength and span. Single joist floors are the simplest with spans up to 4 meters. Double joist floors are stronger, using binders for intermediate support of bridging joists between 3.5 to 7.5 meters. Triple joist floors are strongest, incorporating girders to support binders for spans over 7.5 meters.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and methods of constructing timber floors. It discusses basement or ground floors made of timber, and describes single, double, and framed timber floor constructions. It also covers types of flooring materials like granolithic, mosaic, ceramic, and marble. For industrial flooring, it outlines concrete floor constructions using double flagstones, filler joints, jack arches, reinforced concrete, hollow blocks and ribs, and precast concrete.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
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arch shape
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types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
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types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
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kind of arch
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
This document discusses various flooring materials used in building construction including cement concrete, bricks, flagstones, marble, glass, ceramic, plastic, mud, wood, cork, linoleum, asphalt and rubber. It provides details on the composition and applications of each material. Selection of flooring material depends on factors like initial cost, durability, hardness, smoothness, cleanliness, appearance, sound insulation, thermal insulation, damp proofing, fire resistance and maintenance requirements. Cement concrete is the most commonly used material as it is durable and cheaper than other options.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
This document provides information on building materials and construction tiles. It discusses why tiles are a good choice, how they are manufactured, and the different types of tiles based on material and application. The main types discussed are ceramic, vitrified, glass mosaic, stoneware, and terracotta tiles. Vitrified tiles are highlighted as having advantages over ceramic such as being stronger, more impact resistant, and having very low water absorption. A price range per square foot is also provided for the different tile types.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses doors and windows. It describes common materials used for door construction like timber, plywood, glass, metals and concrete. It outlines different types of door movements such as swinging, revolving, sliding, rolling shutter and folding doors. It also discusses window types including casement, sash, double-hung, louvered, pivoted and sliding windows. Finally, it covers locks, latches and modern door locks that use technologies like electronic and biometric locks.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
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Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
Floors divide buildings into levels and provide support for occupants and furniture. A good floor should be durable, easy to clean, noiseless, fire resistant, and have a pleasing appearance with low maintenance costs. Common flooring types include mud, brick, stone, cement concrete, terrazzo or mosaic, marble, tile, and wood. Each type has advantages - for example, mud floors are economical while marble enhances appearance. Tile floors have gained popularity over concrete due to design options, though tiles are generally more expensive.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and processes. It describes various flooring materials like wood, stone, tile, carpet, rugs and resilient floorings. The selection of flooring depends on factors like cost, durability, insulation and maintenance. Different types of flooring require specialized tools and surface preparation before installation. Issues like squeaking can arise with some flooring types.
The document describes different types of upper floors based on construction materials. It focuses on timber floors, which are classified as single joist, double joist, or triple joist/framed floors depending on their strength and span. Single joist floors are the simplest with spans up to 4 meters. Double joist floors are stronger, using binders for intermediate support of bridging joists between 3.5 to 7.5 meters. Triple joist floors are strongest, incorporating girders to support binders for spans over 7.5 meters.
Please contact at anisha13naidu@gmail.com for the ppt and I will send it to you.
Presentation on Timber flooring, faults, methods of repair, products and case study.
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
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Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
Timber flooring has several advantages such as environmental friendliness, durability, and ease of maintenance. There are different types of timber flooring based on materials and construction methods. Proper care and maintenance is required to preserve timber floors, including regular cleaning, polishing, and refinishing. The type of timber flooring used depends on the span and expected load of the floor.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
Reinforced roofing members include reinforced planks, light weight concrete members, small reinforced members, purlins, and large reinforced members. Reinforced planks are hollow tiles with longitudinal holes and grooves for reinforcement. Light weight concrete members provide insulation and load support, with thicknesses from 7.5-25cm and unit weights of 750kg/m3. Small reinforced members are precast ribbed slabs from 50-120cm wide and 2-4m long. Purlins are precast concrete beams that support roof coverings and can have rectangular, trapezoid, L, T, or I cross-sections. Large reinforced members rest on main girders and are manufactured in lengths of 6
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like columns, beams, floors and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, plank floors at least 3 inches thick, and roof structures made of heavy timber. Fire resistance comes from limiting combustible materials and using thick wood that can withstand fire for extended periods before collapsing.
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements. The main types described include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster slab, asbestos cement, metal and portable partitions. Details are provided on the construction and materials used for each type. Advantages of partitions walls are that they divide space into rooms while being lighter and less expensive than load-bearing walls.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, wood girders at least 6 inches thick, and floor/roof planks at least 2 inches thick. Interior walls are also fire-resistant. This construction type is beneficial as it is stable during early-stage fires and the large timber sizes allow it to burn longer before collapse compared to other materials like steel.
Timber floors can be either suspended or solid. Suspended floors use joists to support floor boards and can be single, double, or triple floors depending on the number of joist sets used. Double and triple floors use additional large joists called binders or girders to provide intermediate support over large spans. Proper joints, supports, insulation, ventilation and protection are required for timber floors.
This document discusses various types of flooring materials used in building construction including their properties and construction methods. Some key flooring materials mentioned are mud, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, mosaic, tile, marble, wood, rubber, and glass. For each type, the document outlines the material's characteristics like cost, appearance, durability, insulation, ease of maintenance and typical applications. Proper preparation of the base or sub-grade is also emphasized before installing different flooring options.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy through sight and sound barriers while being lighter in weight and cheaper than permanent walls. Various types of partition walls include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster, metal and asbestos cement partitions. Movable partition walls can also be sliding, folding or portable screens to allow temporary room division.
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces in buildings. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements, such as being thin, providing privacy and sound insulation, and being durable and fire resistant. The main types described are brick, hollow block, wood, glass, and metal stud partitions. Brick partitions are fire resistant while wooden partitions are not as strong but lighter. The document provides details on materials and construction methods for different partition wall types.
Nepal Engineering Council Registration Examination (Civil Engineering)
The document discusses various topics related to building construction technology including:
1. Brick and stone masonry including different types of bonds used.
2. Carpentry including different types of joints used in woodwork.
3. Plastering including different types of mortar mixes used.
4. Flooring including different types like terrazzo, mosaic, flagstone flooring.
5. Damp proofing including causes of dampness and different methods used like membrane and integral damp proofing.
This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and their construction methods. It discusses the functional requirements of floors including strength, stability, resistance to weather and moisture, durability, fire resistance, and resistance to heat and sound passage. Common flooring materials described are mud, brick, tile, and flagstone floors. Mud floors are suitable for rural homes, while brick floors are used in stores and godowns. Tile floors are suitable for courtyards and glazed tiles for modern buildings. Flagstone floors are used in warehouses, motor sheds, and stores. Reinforced concrete provides strength, fire resistance, and better sound resistance than timber floors. The type of flooring material chosen depends on the building function and
1. The document discusses different types of roofs including pitched, flat, gambrel, mansard, and shed roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for smaller buildings while flat roofs are better for large or irregularly shaped buildings.
2. Pitched roofs have members like rafters, purlins, wall plates, and ridges. Flat roofs use materials like asphalt, aluminum sheeting, zinc, and copper. Support for roofs includes single, collar, double, and trussed roofs using king posts, queen posts, or mansard trusses for large spans.
3.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
This document provides information on various types of floorings, including wooden flooring, tiles, mosaic tiles, carpets, rugs, and resilient flooring. It discusses the different types of wooden flooring like solid hardwood, engineered hardwood, and their characteristics. It also outlines the different types of tiles like ceramic tiles and mosaic tiles, and provides details on their construction, installation, advantages, and pricing. The document compares carpets and rugs, and lists the various types of each. It concludes with an overview of resilient flooring, including materials like linoleum and cork flooring.
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
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Benefits of Town Planning. 1. Promotes security. Town planners usually have to consider threats like storm surges and floods when planning resources within a town. Extreme ... 2. Increases attractiveness. Cities are also planned by considering the aesthetics. Planners enhance the attractiveness of a ...
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The National Capital Region (French: Région de la capitale nationale), also referred to as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau (formerly Ottawa–Hull), is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding urban and rural communities.
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Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
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Transit Oriented Development is the exciting fast growing trend in creating vibrant, livable, sustainable communities. Also known as TOD, it's the creation of compact, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around high quality train systems.
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Kochi city as an organism
Kochi city as an organism PPT
City as an organismCity as an organism • An organism- Anything that has life; is living • Every city has some characteristics that can be compared to that of a living organism • Some places of a city act as organs of an organism • Some bodies (Legislature, Judiciary, etc.) function like organs of an organism 2 3.
Garden City is an incorporated village in Nassau County, New York, United States, in the town of Hempstead.
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GARDEN CITY PPT
This document discusses subdivision practices and the metro region concept. It provides an introduction to subdivision as a process used by communities to regulate land division. It outlines the advantages of subdivision for managing development and maintaining procedures over time. The document then describes the typical procedure for subdividing land, from surveying to filing maps. Challenges with subdivision include the costs of hazard mapping and requiring code amendments. The document also introduces metro regions as densely populated urban areas consisting of multiple jurisdictions that benefit from concentration. Maximizing potential agglomeration benefits in metro regions includes providing services, transportation, infrastructure and accessibility to firms.
A development plan is an aspect of town and country planning in the United Kingdom comprising a set of documents that set out the local authority's policies and proposals for the development and use of land in their area.
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Let’s take a look at some of the most common Space and Facility Management terms and review what they mean so you can be sure to stay ahead of the curve as you plan moves, manage employees, carry out a successful space inventory and space utilization of the additional space and facilities in your office.
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Precincts are artificially enclosed areas in town planning formed by arterial and sub-arterial roads. They are quiet areas where through traffic is not allowed and all internal roads are strictly local. Each precinct is planned as a distinct residential, business, or industrial unit that connects to adjoining precincts by tunnels or bridges over dividing arterial roads, with buildings not facing those major roads and few connections between precinct roads and sub-arterial roads.
The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities"
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This document classifies costs in several ways:
1. By nature - material, labor, expenses
2. By function - production, selling, distribution, administrative
3. By identifiability - direct, indirect
4. By variability - fixed, variable, semi-variable, step
5. By controllability - controllable, uncontrollable
It also discusses other cost classifications such as product vs period costs, relevant vs irrelevant costs, normal vs abnormal costs, and more. The document provides definitions and examples for each cost classification.
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOFS • Roof covering is an essential component of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof frame work to protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agency. Various types of roofing materials are available, and their selection depends upon 1)..
Roof and roof coverings ppt
This document discusses zoning and its objectives. Zoning is the process by which a local government allocates land uses and establishes restrictions for things like building heights and densities. The objectives of zoning are to promote the common good, make town planning schemes effective, coordinate public amenities, and control growth. There are different types of zoning like functional, form-based, intensity, and incentive zoning. Zoning aspects covered include density, heights, and use zones like residential, commercial, and industrial. Advantages are listed as promoting health, safety, prosperity, and orderly development.
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
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Major problems in India. 1. COMPLICATIONS IN INDIA. 2. 2 India has made a place for itself as one of the fastest growing economies in the world, yet it loses behind in a lot behind in the name of growth. As the rich are getting richer and the poor get poorer, the divide has been expanding more than before.
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Presentation Skills is one of the most important skills for impressing others. There are three key steps involved in making an effective presentation: 1. Planning 2. Preparation 3. Delivery All these can be successfully done through proper preparation and practice. Even the best public speakers adopt these vital steps. ..
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
2. 1. Floors divide a building into different levels, one above the other for the
purpose of creating more accommodation within a limited space.
2. Depending upon the position of floors, floor can be divided into 3 types
3. Basement floor-below ground level
4. Ground floor-above ground level.
5. Sub floor : structural component which support floor covering.
6. Floor covering/floor: constructed over sub floor and is intended to provide a
hard, clean, smooth, impervious and durable surface to the floor
3.
4. 34
TYPES OF FLOORS
1. Timber floors
2. Composite floors
3. Choice of a particular type depends upon:
.Span
.Maximum load
.Speed required in construction
.Materials and labour available
5. TIMBER FLOORS
1. Basement or ground floor of timber
2. Single joist timber floors
3. Double joist timber floors
4. Framed or triple timber floors
6. 1. Basement or ground floor of timber
• Sleeper walls of 1 brick or 1.5 brick thick are constructed at centre to centre distance
of 1.2 to 1.8m
• Wall plates are provided along the wall as well as sleeper walls-serve as end supports
• Bridging joists provided at centre to centre distance of about 30cm rests on wall-plates
• Floor boards are provided to finish up the floor
7.
8. Precautions to be taken
• Soil below timber floor is covered with PCC of thickness 100mm to 150mm
• DPC are provided in the exterior walls and on top of sleeper walls
• Well-seasoned timber is used
• Hollow space between bottom concrete and floor level is filled up with selected earth
9. 2. Single joist timber floors
•Consists of single strut placed below the floor boards
•Joists are placed at a centre to centre distance of 30cm to 45cm
•Joists are supported on wall plates at their ends
•When span exceeds 2.4m, herring bone strutting is given in which inclined timber pieces are
firmly fixed between joists and ends of these struts are nailed to the joist.
10.
11. 3. Double joist timber floors
•Intermediate supports known as binders are provided for the bridging joists
•Binders are placed at a centre to centre distance of 1.8m to 2.4m
•Suitable for spans of 3.6m to 7.5m
•To reduce the over all depth of floor, bridging joists are cogged to binders
Disadvantages:
•Weight of floor is thrown on few points in a wall
•Depth of floor is increased by the use of binders and accordingly the height of room is
decreased
12.
13. 4. Framed or triple joist timber floors
•Intermediate supports known as girders are provided for the binders.
•Girders are placed at centre to centre distance of 3m
•Binders have staggered connection to girders
•Suitable for spans greater than 7.5m
14. COMPOSITE FLOORS
•Floors composed of more than one material are known as the composite floors
•Advantages over the timber floors :
1.The composite floors resist fire in a better way and they are more sound proof
2.Composite floors can be easily cleaned and hence they possess better hygienic
properties than the timber floors
3.The composite floors can be conveniently adopted for greater span
15. 1. Double flagstone floors
▪Flagstones are used in 2 layers
▪If span is about 4m, only RSJ are provided
▪If span exceeds 4m, a framework consisting of Rolled Steel Beams and joists is
formed.
▪Steel beams are placed at a distance of about 3m centre to centre and joists are
placed at right angles to the beams
▪Flagstones of about 40mm thickness and of suitable widths are fixed on the lower
flanges and upper flanges
▪Filling of selected earth or concrete is done in the space between 2 layers of the
flagstones
16.
17. 2. Filler joist floors
•Small sections of RSJ are placed in concrete
•Joists act as a reinforcement and are spaced at a centre to centre distance
of 60cm to 90cm
•Filter joist may either rest on wall or on longitudinal steel beam
•Concrete should completely surround the RSJ and beams
18. 3. Jack arch floors
• Brick arches or cement concrete arches are constructed and these arches
rest on the lower flanges of mild steel joists
• Joists in turn rest either on wall or on beam
• Joists are placed at a distance of about 1 to 1.5m centre to centre
Disadvantage:
It does not give a plain ceiling surface
19.
20. 4. R.C.C Floors
•Widely used in modern construction
•Thickness of slab usually varies from 8-20cm depending on loads acting on it
and span
•RCC can be cast-in-situ or pre-cast
•Suitable flooring can be provided on the surface of an RCC floor
•RCC floors are less costly, durable, easy to construct and fire-proof.
21.
22. 6.Hollow block and rib floors
•Hollow blocks of clay or concrete are used to reduce the total weight of the
floor
•Blocks are placed 100mm apart and in this space, mild steel bars are placed
•Blocks are provided with rough or grooved surface so that they can develop
enough bond with the concrete
•Economical, fireproof and light in weight.
•Plumbing and electrical installations can be conveniently carried through
hollow blocks without affecting the appearence
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