This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
The document discusses different types of construction cost estimates. It describes preliminary estimates which provide approximate costs using methods like per unit, plinth area, or cubic content. Detailed estimates involve accurately calculating quantities for each work item. Other estimates include revised estimates for costs exceeding 5% of original estimates, supplementary estimates for additional works, and annual repair estimates for maintenance. Terminology related to construction projects is also defined.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling structural components at a factory or manufacturing site and transporting them to the construction site for assembly. It describes the advantages as less noise, dust, time and costs compared to on-site construction. Potential disadvantages include transportation costs, accuracy needs and reduced aesthetic variety. The document outlines various prefabrication components, materials, systems, joints, casting methods and the differences between on-site and off-site prefabrication.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses structural steel construction methods. It describes how structural steel members like beams, columns, girders, and trusses are erected and secured together to form structural frameworks. It discusses different construction methods like beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It also covers structural steel components like pre-engineered metal buildings, open web steel joists, bridging, braces, and tie rods. Additionally, it discusses fastening systems using bolts and welds and metal decking and paneling used in construction.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
The document discusses different types of construction cost estimates. It describes preliminary estimates which provide approximate costs using methods like per unit, plinth area, or cubic content. Detailed estimates involve accurately calculating quantities for each work item. Other estimates include revised estimates for costs exceeding 5% of original estimates, supplementary estimates for additional works, and annual repair estimates for maintenance. Terminology related to construction projects is also defined.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling structural components at a factory or manufacturing site and transporting them to the construction site for assembly. It describes the advantages as less noise, dust, time and costs compared to on-site construction. Potential disadvantages include transportation costs, accuracy needs and reduced aesthetic variety. The document outlines various prefabrication components, materials, systems, joints, casting methods and the differences between on-site and off-site prefabrication.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses structural steel construction methods. It describes how structural steel members like beams, columns, girders, and trusses are erected and secured together to form structural frameworks. It discusses different construction methods like beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It also covers structural steel components like pre-engineered metal buildings, open web steel joists, bridging, braces, and tie rods. Additionally, it discusses fastening systems using bolts and welds and metal decking and paneling used in construction.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document describes the design of a residential building located in S.V.Nagar, Puliyangudi. The 438.9 sqm building will be a G+1 framed structure. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns were analyzed using STAAD Pro software and designed using the limit state method outlined in IS 456:2000. The building will include facilities like a portico, dining hall, drawing hall, kitchen, bedrooms, a study room, guest room, balcony, and staircase. Dimensional details of the structural elements are provided. Design of the slabs, beams, columns, footing, and staircase are discussed. The planning and design of the residential building was completed effectively using the limit state
Serviceability limit states refer to how structures perform under normal loads and consider how structures are used. Serviceability looks at deflections, cracks, vibrations, surface deterioration, and corrosion that don't cause collapse but make structures unfit for use. Periodic inspections of existing buildings should be implemented to identify structural defects, distress, material deterioration, overloading, and unauthorized work to avoid disaster and extend a structure's typical 50-year service life through repairs and maintenance. As-built drawings are important for engineers to properly assess structures.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Dampness in buildings can cause health issues and damage to the structure. It is caused by factors like rain penetration, soil drainage issues, and defective construction. Remedies include installing damp proofing courses of flexible or rigid materials at locations like foundation level, parapets, and windowsills. Proper ventilation and moisture management can also help reduce excessive moisture in homes.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
Estimates are important documents that calculate the quantities, rates, and anticipated costs of works involved in a construction project. They help determine approximate construction costs, taxes, rents, materials, labor, and more. A quantity surveyor takes off quantities from drawings and calculates rates and costs. Estimates include preliminary, rough cost, detailed, annual repair, special repair, revised, supplementary, and complete estimates. They provide essential cost information to help plan and budget construction projects.
Presentation tries to look at the cost of buildings, issues in creating cost-effective buildings and options for creating cost-effective, qualitative buildings using architectural design, making buildings green,using local materials, using innovative technologies, prefabrication and putting in place strong project management
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
PRECAST CONCRETE - introduction, applications, advantages, disadvantages, uses, construction and joinery details, precast components, examples of buildings using precast components and more information.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document describes the design of a residential building located in S.V.Nagar, Puliyangudi. The 438.9 sqm building will be a G+1 framed structure. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns were analyzed using STAAD Pro software and designed using the limit state method outlined in IS 456:2000. The building will include facilities like a portico, dining hall, drawing hall, kitchen, bedrooms, a study room, guest room, balcony, and staircase. Dimensional details of the structural elements are provided. Design of the slabs, beams, columns, footing, and staircase are discussed. The planning and design of the residential building was completed effectively using the limit state
Serviceability limit states refer to how structures perform under normal loads and consider how structures are used. Serviceability looks at deflections, cracks, vibrations, surface deterioration, and corrosion that don't cause collapse but make structures unfit for use. Periodic inspections of existing buildings should be implemented to identify structural defects, distress, material deterioration, overloading, and unauthorized work to avoid disaster and extend a structure's typical 50-year service life through repairs and maintenance. As-built drawings are important for engineers to properly assess structures.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Dampness in buildings can cause health issues and damage to the structure. It is caused by factors like rain penetration, soil drainage issues, and defective construction. Remedies include installing damp proofing courses of flexible or rigid materials at locations like foundation level, parapets, and windowsills. Proper ventilation and moisture management can also help reduce excessive moisture in homes.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
Estimates are important documents that calculate the quantities, rates, and anticipated costs of works involved in a construction project. They help determine approximate construction costs, taxes, rents, materials, labor, and more. A quantity surveyor takes off quantities from drawings and calculates rates and costs. Estimates include preliminary, rough cost, detailed, annual repair, special repair, revised, supplementary, and complete estimates. They provide essential cost information to help plan and budget construction projects.
Presentation tries to look at the cost of buildings, issues in creating cost-effective buildings and options for creating cost-effective, qualitative buildings using architectural design, making buildings green,using local materials, using innovative technologies, prefabrication and putting in place strong project management
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
PRECAST CONCRETE - introduction, applications, advantages, disadvantages, uses, construction and joinery details, precast components, examples of buildings using precast components and more information.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
This document provides an overview of prefabricated modular structures. It discusses the introduction and features of prefabricated structures, comparing them to site-cast structures. It outlines the design concept, components, types of precast systems including large panel, frame, and lift-slab systems. It also discusses design considerations, equipment used, assembly process, scheduling, advantages including reduced costs and time, limitations, and concludes with examples of prefabricated hospital structures.
Panel participant on Multi-modal Integration: Freight, Transit and Passenger, part of day-long Regional Summit on Rail & Transit, by Hamolton County and City of Cincinnati.
Feb. 20, 2014
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
GÊNESIS LEDUCA | Mixed use Residencial e Comercial na Três Rios (Freguesia)Marcelo Maia
O primeiro documento lista uma piscina com borda infinita, deck solarium, hidromassagem, área de repouso, sauna a vapor, bar da piscina, banheiros, espaço para luta e espaço zen como atrações de lazer em uma cobertura. O segundo documento lista atrações semelhantes em outra cobertura, mas substitui hidromassagem por fitness e acrescenta cyber café, auditório, foyer, sala de reunião, praça de contemplação e lounge externo.
Lowcost prefebrication and infrastructure servicesAr Jitendra
The document discusses various low-cost alternative materials and infrastructure services for rural areas. It describes prefabricated construction techniques like precast concrete and ferrocement that reduce costs. It also discusses waste water disposal and drainage systems, rural road construction using burnt clay bricks, and rainwater harvesting. Other sections cover biogas plants, smokeless cookstoves, and solar cooking, which provide more sustainable energy solutions for rural communities.
The document discusses different types of natural and man-made disasters. It categorizes natural disasters as meteorological, topographical/geological, and environmental. Man-made disasters are categorized as technological, industrial, and warfare. Specific natural disasters discussed include floods, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, landslides, and more. Man-made disasters include accidents, pollution, industrial accidents, and wars. The document also provides details on the causes and impacts of various disasters like earthquakes, floods, oil spills, and epidemics. Classification schemes for different types of disasters are presented.
Special structures are architectural designs that are unique or unusual. They can include domes, arches, vaults, and other non-rectangular shapes that defy typical building conventions. These structures often utilize innovative construction techniques and materials to create visually striking buildings that stand out from standard designs.
The document discusses the structural challenges of supporting the irregularly shaped mosque peel at the Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies project. Several proposals were considered to address clashes with MEP ducts and allow construction. The chosen solution used a secondary steel grid hung from the main steel to support horizontal rods and the peel. It required coordinating with other trades and designing connections to prevent movements from affecting the peel. BIM modeling, analysis, and fabrication drawings were crucial tools used.
This document provides an introduction to landscape sculpture, including definitions, fundamentals, design principles, and different types of sculpture. It discusses form, content, and technique as the three fundamentals of sculpture. Key design principles covered include proportion, repetition, articulation, focal area, and balance. Different types of sculpture described include relief, free-standing, kinetic, and assemblage sculptures. The document also discusses positioning and siting sculptures in gardens, including considerations for height, plinths, lawns, space, perspective, scale, light and shade, and color.
This document discusses techniques for earthquake resistance in buildings. It begins by defining earthquakes and their effects. Common techniques for earthquake resistance discussed include shear walls, bracing, dampers, rollers, base isolation, and use of light materials. Frame types used in construction that can resist earthquakes are also examined. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak columns, providing thick slabs and cross walls, and using symmetrical building shapes and reinforcement. Popular techniques for earthquake resistant design discussed are base isolation devices and seismic dampers.
- There is a need for alternative and appropriate technologies in construction due to the large housing shortage and constraints on materials and resources. Labor-based construction programs using local materials can help address this need.
- Appropriate technologies should follow principles like energy conservation, using local and renewable materials, and minimizing environmental impact. Waste materials from industries can be used to make building materials.
- Low-cost and appropriate technologies do not compromise on quality or strength while using less capital and resources. They are developed based on local needs and capabilities.
- Research institutions are developing appropriate technologies like stabilized mud blocks, mud plasters, and vaulted roofs that utilize local materials and labor to lower costs.
UNIT 1 Construction of Reinforced Masonry Walls, Pillars and Lintels.pdfNehaPaliwal31
Reinforced masonry walls are necessary to improve the shear resistance and flexural ability of brick masonry, which is brittle and resistant to little horizontal loading. Reinforcement such as steel rods or bars are embedded in mortar joints throughout or near the edges of walls. This helps the wall resist shear and bending failures from horizontal loads. Different types of reinforced masonry construction systems exist depending on the arrangement of reinforcement within solid, hollow, or grouted masonry units. Proper materials, construction techniques, and placement of reinforcement are required to strengthen masonry walls for seismic resistance.
This document summarizes Indian Standard IS 4326:1993, which provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings. It covers terminology, general principles, special construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings, and masonry, timber, and precast construction. For masonry, it specifies use of strong materials and mortar, wall thickness, reinforcement, and strengthening with horizontal bands and vertical dowels. Vertical reinforcement is also required at wall corners and junctions.
This document provides definitions and recommendations for structural design of masonry walls according to IS1905:1987. Some key points:
- It gives design recommendations for load bearing and non-load bearing solid and perforated clay brick, stone, and concrete block walls.
- Defines terms like bed block, bond, column, pier, buttress, and recommends maximum permissible stresses and design methods.
- Provides guidance on lateral support requirements for walls and columns. Lateral support could include cross walls, floors/roofs, anchoring, and minimum dimensions are specified.
- Specifies effective heights and thicknesses to use for calculating slenderness ratios of walls and columns. Slenderness ratios should not exceed
Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry BuildingsPrakash Paudel
1) Stone masonry buildings tend to perform poorly during earthquakes due to their low strength and lack of connections between walls. Common failures include out-of-plane bending of walls, shear failures, and separation of walls at joints.
2) To improve earthquake resistance, masonry buildings should have simple plans, be no more than 2 stories tall, have integrated roofs, and fully supported floors. Openings should be small and centered.
3) Horizontal bands, vertical reinforcement, and good construction practices can improve seismic performance by binding walls together and preventing rocking or sliding of wall piers.
Shear walls are concrete or masonry walls that are reinforced with steel rods arranged in a grid pattern. They are designed to resist both vertical and horizontal forces like earthquakes. Shear walls are integrated throughout the building's structure to provide three-dimensional stability. Compared to framed structures, shear wall systems are more effective at withstanding earthquakes due to their larger supporting area relative to the building footprint. Properly designed and detailed shear wall buildings have demonstrated good seismic performance in past earthquakes.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This document discusses earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings. It provides general principles for earthquake resistant structures, including using materials that are not brittle and will resist sudden collapse. It describes various construction systems for masonry, such as unreinforced, reinforced, and confined masonry. Key elements like walls, lintels, floors, and roofs are discussed. Design considerations include using uniformly distributed walls, adequate foundations, reinforced partitions, and limiting spans of cantilever slabs. Overall, masonry buildings can perform well in earthquakes if built with good quality materials and construction according to these design principles.
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1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
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2. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
The types of construction usually adopted in buildings are as follows:
a) Framed construction, and
b) Box type construction.
Framed Construction::
This type of construction is suitable for multistoried and industrial buildings
• Vertical Load Carrying Frame Construction
• Moment Resistant Frames with Shear Walls
Vertical Load Carrying Frame Construction
• This type of construction consists of frames with flexible (hinged) joints and bracing members. Steel multistoried building
or industrial frames and timber construction usually are of this type.
• Such buildings shall be adequately strengthened against lateral forces by shear walls and/or other bracing systems in
plan, elevation and sections such that earthquake forces shall be resisted by them in any direction.
3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Moment Resistant Frames with Shear Walls::
• The frames may be of reinforced concrete or steel with semi-rigid or rigid joints. The walls
are rigid capable of acting as shear walls and may be of reinforced concrete or of brickwork
reinforced or unreinforced bounded by framing members through shear connectors.
• The shear walls shall preferably be distributed evenly over the whole building. When
concentrated at one point, forming what is called a rigid core in the building, the design
shall be checked for torsional effects and the shear connection between the core and the
floors conservatively designed for the total shear transfer.
• The shear walls should extend from the foundation either to the top of the building or to a
lesser height as required from design consideration. In design, the interaction between
frame and the shear walls should be considered properly to satisfy compatibility and
equilibrium conditions.
4. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Box type construction.
• This type of construction consists of prefabricated or in situ masonry, concrete or
reinforced concrete wall along both the axes of the building. The walls support vertical
loads and also act as shear walls for horizontal loads acting in any direction. All
traditional masonry construction falls under this category. In prefabricated construction
attention shall be paid to the connections between wall panels sothat transfer of shear
between them is ensured.
5. CATEGORIES OF BUILDINGS
For the purpose of specifying the earthquake resistant features in masonry and wooden
buildings, the buildings have been categorized in five categories A to E based on the seismic
zone and the importance of building I, where
I = importance factor applicable to the building
The building categories are given in Table::
6. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Masonry Units:-
• Well burnt bricks or solid concrete blocks having a crushing strength not less than 3.5 MPa shall be used.
• The strength of masonry unit required shall depend on the number of storeys and thickness of walls
• Squared stone masonry, stone block masonry or hollow concrete block masonry of adequate strength, may
also be used.
Mortar:-
• Mortars, such as those given in
Table or of equivalent specification,
shall preferably be used for masonry
construction for various categories
of buildings.
7. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Mortar:-
• Where steel reinforcing bars are provided in masonry the bars shall be embedded with
adequate cover in cement sand mortar not leaner than 1: 3 (minimum clear cover 10 mm)
or in cement concrete of grade M15 (minimum clear cover 15 mm or bar diameter
whichever more), so as to achieve good bond and corrosion resistance.
Walls:-
• Masonry bearing walls built in mortar shall not be built of greater height than 15 m
subject to a maximum of four storey's.
• The masonry bearing walls shall be reinforced in accordance with.
• The bearing walls in both directions shall be straight and symmetrical in plan as far as
possible.
• The wall panels formed between cross walls and floors or roof shall be checked for their
strength in bending as a plate or as vertical strip subjected to the earthquake force acting
on its own mass.
8. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Masonry Bond:-
• For achieving full strength of masonry, the usual bonds specified for masonry should be
followed so that the vertical joints are broken properly from course to course.
• To obtain full bond between perpendicular walls, it is necessary to make a slopping
(stepped) joint by making the corners first to a height of 600 mm and then building the
wall in between them.
• Otherwise, the toothed joint
should be made in both the
walls alternatively in lifts of
about 450 mm.
ALTERNATING TOOTHED JOINTS IN WALLS AT CORNER AND T-JUNCTION
9. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Openings in Bearing Walls:-
• Door and window openings in walls reduce their lateral load resistance and hence, should
preferably be small and more centrally located. The guidelines on the size and position of opening
are given in Table and FIG.
Table showing Size and Position of Openings in Bearing Walls
10. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Openings in Bearing Walls:-
FIG showing Dimensions of openings and piers for recommendations in Table.
11. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
• Seismic Strengthening Arrangements:-
All masonry buildings shall be strengthened by the methods, as specified for various categories of
buildings. The overall strengthening arrangements to be adopted for category D and E buildings which
consist of horizontal bands of reinforcement at critical levels, vertical reinforcing bars at corners,
junctions of walls and jambs of opening.
• Lintel band is a band provided at lintel level on all load bearing internal, external longitudinal and
cross walls.
• Roof band is a band provided immediately below the roof or floors.
• Gable band is a band provided at the top of gable masonry below the purlins. This band shall be
made continuous with the roof band at the eaves level.
12. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
STRENGTHENING MASONRY AROUND OPENING
Strengthening Arrangements Recommended for Masonry BuildingsOVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING
14. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
• REINFORCEMENT:-
In category D and E buildings, to
further iterate the box action of walls
steel dowel bars may be used at
corners and T-junctions of walls at the
sill level of windows to length of 900
mm from the inside corner in each
wall. Such dowel may be in the form
of U stirrups 8 mm dia. Where used,
such bars must be laid in 1 : 3 cement-
sand-mortar with a minimum cover of
10 mm on all sides to minimize
corrosion.
REINFORCEMENT AND BENDING DETAIL IN R. C. BAND
15. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Framing of Thin Load Bearing Walls:-
• Load bearing walls can be made thinner than
200 mm say 150 mm inclusive of plastering
on both sides.
• Reinforced concrete framing columns and
collar beams will be necessary to be
constructed to have full bond with the walls.
• Columns are to be located at all corners and
junctions of walls and spaced not more than
1.5 m apart but so located as to frame up the
doors and windows.
FRAMING OF THIN LOAD-
BEARING BRICK WALLS
16. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
Reinforcing Details for Hollow Block Masonry;-
• The following details may be followed in placing the horizontal and vertical steel in
hollow block masonry using cement-sand or cement-concrete blocks.
17. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Types of Precast Floors/Roofs:-
Earthquake resistance measures for floors and roofs with small precast components, as covered in this standard, have
been dealt with as typical examples.
a) Precast Reinforced Concrete Unit Roof/Floor
b) Precast Reinforced Concrete Cored Unit Roof/Floor
c) Precast Reinforced Concrete Plank and
d) Joist Scheme for Roof/Floor
e) Prefabricated Brick Panel System for Roof/Floor
f) Precast Reinforced Concrete Waffle Unit Roof/Floor
18. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Precast Reinforced Concrete Unit Roof/Floor:-
• The nominal width of the unit varies from 300 to 600 mm, its height from 150 to 200
mm and a minimum flange thickness of 30 mm.
• Length of unit shall vary according to room dimensions, but the maximum length is
restricted to 4.2 m from stiffness considerations.
19. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Precast Reinforced Concrete Cored Unit Roof/Floor:-
• The unit is a reinforced concrete component having a nominal width of 300 to 600 mm
and thickness of 130 to 150 mm having two circular hollows 90 mm diameter,
throughout the length of the unit.
• The minimum flange/web thickness of the unit shall be
20 mm.
• Length of unit varies according to room dimensions,
but the maximum length shall be restricted to 4.2 m from
stiffness considerations.
20. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Precast Reinforced Concrete Plank and Joist Scheme for Roof/Floor:-
• The scheme consists of precast reinforced concrete planks supported on partially
precast reinforced concrete joists.
• The reinforced concrete planks are 300 mm wide and the length varies according to the
spacing of the joists, but it shall not exceed 1.5 m.
• To provide monolithicity to the roof/floor and to have T-beam effect with the joists, the
planks shall be made partially 30 mm thick and the partially 60 mm thick and in-situ
concrete shall be filled in the depressed portions to complete the roof/floor structurally.
21. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Prefabricated Brick Panel System for
Roof/Floor:-
• It consists of prefabricated reinforced brick
panels supported on precast reinforced
concrete joists with nominal reinforced 35 mm
thick structural deck concrete over the brick
panels and joists.
• The width of the brick panels shall be 530 mm
for panels made of bricks of conventional size
and 450 mm for panels made
• of bricks of modulus size.
• The thickness of the panels shall be 75 mm or
90 mm respectively depending upon whether
conventional or modular bricks are used.
• The length of the panels shall vary depending
upon the spacing of the joists, but the
maximum length shall not exceed 1.2 m.
22. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
• Precast Reinforced Concrete Waffle Unit Roof/Floor:-
• Waffle units are of the shape of inverted troughs, square or rectangular in plan, having
lateral dimensions up to 1.2 m and depth depending upon the span of the roof/floor to
be covered.
• The minimum thickness of flange/web shall be 35 mm.
23. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Seismic Resistance Measures:-
CONNECTION OF PRECAST CORED/CHANNEL UNIT WITH TIE BEAM
24. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Seismic Resistance Measures:-
CONNECTION OF CHANNEL/CORED UNIT FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE)
WITH TIE BEAM
25. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Seismic Resistance Measures:-
CONNECTION OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK AND PRECAST BRICK PANEL
FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE) WITH TIE BEAM
26. FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
Seismic Resistance Measures:-
CONNECTION OF PRECAST WAFFLE UNIT FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE) WITH
TIE BEAM
27. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
• Timber has higher strength per unit weight and is, therefore, very
suitable for earthquake resistant construction.
• Timber construction shall generally be restricted to two storeys.
• In timber construction attention shall be paid to fire safety
against electric short-circuiting, kitchen fire, etc.
• The superstructure of timber buildings shall be made rigid against
deformations by adopting suitable construction details at the
junctions of the framing members and in wall panels.
28. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
Foundations:-
• Timber construction shall preferably start above the plinth level, the portion below
being in masonry or concrete.
• The superstructure may simply rest on the plinth masonry, or in the case of small
buildings of one storey having plan area less than about 50 m2, it may rest on firm plane
ground so that the building is free to slide laterally during ground motion.
29. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
Types of Framing:-
The types of construction usually adopted in timber buildings are as
follows:
a) Stud wall construction, and
b) Brick nogged timber frame construction.
30. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
Stud Wall Construction:-
• The stud wall construction consists of timber studs and corner posts framed into sills,
top plates and wall plates. Horizontal struts and diagonal braces are used to stiffen the
frame against lateral loads.
• The timber studs for use in load bearing walls shall have a minimum finished size of 40 ×
90 mm and their spacing shall not exceed those given in Table.
• The timber studs in non-load bearing walls shall not be less than 40 × 70 mm in finished
cross section. Their spacing shall not exceed 1 m.
• There shall be at least one diagonal brace for every 1.6 × 1 m area of load bearing walls.
The horizontal struts shall be spaced not more than one meter apart.
• They will have a minimum size of 30 × 40 mm for all locations. The finished sizes of the
sill, the wall plate and top plate shall not be less than the size of the studs used in the
wall.
32. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
Brick Nogged Timber Frame Construction:-
• The brick nogged timber frame consists of intermediate verticals, columns, sills, wall
plates, horizontal nogging members and diagonal braces framed into each other and the
space between framing members filled with tight-fitting brick masonry in stretcher
bond.
• The vertical framing members in brick nogged load bearing walls will have minimum
finished sizes as specified in Table.
• The minimum finished size of the vertical members in non-load bearing walls shall be 40
mm × 100 mm spaced not more than 1.5 m apart.
• The sizes of diagonal bracing members shall be the same as in Table.
33. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
• The horizontal framing members in
brick-nogged construction shall be
spaced not more than 1 m apart.
Their minimum finished sizes shall
be in accordance with Table.
• The finished sizes of the sill, wall
plate and top plate shall be not less
than the size of the vertical
members used in the wall.
• Corner posts shall consist of three
vertical timbers.
• The diagonal braces shall be
connected at their ends with the
other members of the wall by
means of wire nails.
34. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
Notching and Cutting:-
• Timber framing frequently requires
notching and cutting of the vertical
members.
• The notching or cutting should in
general be limited to 20 mm in
depth unless steel strips are
provided to strengthen the notched
face of the member.
• Such steel strips, where necessary,
shall be at least 1.5 mm thick and
35 mm wide extending at least 15
cm beyond each side of the notch
or cut and attached to the vertical
member by means of bolts or
screws at each end.