This document discusses earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings. It provides general principles for earthquake resistant structures, including using materials that are not brittle and will resist sudden collapse. It describes various construction systems for masonry, such as unreinforced, reinforced, and confined masonry. Key elements like walls, lintels, floors, and roofs are discussed. Design considerations include using uniformly distributed walls, adequate foundations, reinforced partitions, and limiting spans of cantilever slabs. Overall, masonry buildings can perform well in earthquakes if built with good quality materials and construction according to these design principles.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
1. Masonry structures are vulnerable to earthquake damage due to their brittle nature and weak connections.
2. Common failure modes of masonry buildings during earthquakes include walls tearing apart, shearing off diagonally, and collapsing at corners.
3. Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and flat jack tests are used to evaluate the strength of existing masonry structures without damaging them.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
This document discusses retrofitting of structures. Retrofitting is required when structures are damaged or do not meet current seismic standards. It summarizes various retrofitting techniques such as adding shear walls, infill walls, steel bracing, wall thickening, wing walls, mass reduction, base isolation, and jacketing structural elements. It provides examples of existing retrofitted structures in Gujarat. Retrofitting increases strength and ductility but can reduce space and increase foundation loads. Materials discussed include steel, fiber reinforced polymer, and reinforced concrete.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution Aditya Sanyal
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
Shear walls are preferred in seismic regions because they are very effective at resisting lateral forces during earthquakes. Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to transfer seismic forces throughout the height of the building. They provide large strength, high stiffness, and ductility. Shear wall buildings have performed much better during past earthquakes compared to reinforced concrete frame buildings. Some key advantages of shear walls include good earthquake resistance when designed properly, easy construction, reduced construction costs, and minimized damage to structural and non-structural elements during seismic events.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
1. Masonry structures are vulnerable to earthquake damage due to their brittle nature and weak connections.
2. Common failure modes of masonry buildings during earthquakes include walls tearing apart, shearing off diagonally, and collapsing at corners.
3. Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and flat jack tests are used to evaluate the strength of existing masonry structures without damaging them.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
This document discusses retrofitting of structures. Retrofitting is required when structures are damaged or do not meet current seismic standards. It summarizes various retrofitting techniques such as adding shear walls, infill walls, steel bracing, wall thickening, wing walls, mass reduction, base isolation, and jacketing structural elements. It provides examples of existing retrofitted structures in Gujarat. Retrofitting increases strength and ductility but can reduce space and increase foundation loads. Materials discussed include steel, fiber reinforced polymer, and reinforced concrete.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution Aditya Sanyal
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
Shear walls are preferred in seismic regions because they are very effective at resisting lateral forces during earthquakes. Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to transfer seismic forces throughout the height of the building. They provide large strength, high stiffness, and ductility. Shear wall buildings have performed much better during past earthquakes compared to reinforced concrete frame buildings. Some key advantages of shear walls include good earthquake resistance when designed properly, easy construction, reduced construction costs, and minimized damage to structural and non-structural elements during seismic events.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
Different types of damages that have been observed in masonry buildings durin...Nitin Kumar
The document summarizes different types of damages observed in masonry buildings during past earthquakes outside and inside India. For earthquakes outside India, it describes damages like through diagonal cracks or X-shaped cracks on walls, horizontal cracks on walls and bearing brick columns, severe damage to stair parts, and damage to non-structural components like parapets and corridor fences. It also discusses damages caused by structural irregularities. For earthquakes in India, it lists failure patterns of masonry structures under categories such as out-of-plane flexural failure, in-plane shear failure, separation of walls at junctions, corner separations, failure of masonry piers, and collapse of wythes.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
This document provides information on grouting and guniting processes. It defines grouting as placing a cementitious material into cavities to improve load capacity or repair structures. Grouting mixtures are described along with categories, properties, specifications and applications. Guniting is introduced as a technique using pneumatic application of cementitious mortar to rehabilitate structures like bridges and buildings. The document outlines equipment, procedures and processes for mixing, pumping and applying grouts and shotcrete.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
The document discusses confined masonry as an alternative construction method to reinforced concrete frames. Confined masonry involves building walls first then adding columns later, which is simpler than the precision required for reinforced concrete frames. It notes confined masonry has been used successfully in earthquake-prone areas and presents less complexity in low-tech environments. The Confined Masonry Initiative is working to promote confined masonry through guidelines, training, demonstration projects, and addressing remaining research needs.
This document discusses different modeling methods for analyzing confined masonry buildings, including wide column (FR) models and finite element (FE) models. Wide column models simplify the structure but cannot accurately capture behavior like force transmission around openings. FE models are more flexible but require more work. Both model types generally capture total shear forces well but have larger errors for moments and axial forces near openings. The document recommends FE modeling and including tie columns, parapets, and effective widths to improve accuracy, as these factors significantly influence structural behavior.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
Different types of damages that have been observed in masonry buildings durin...Nitin Kumar
The document summarizes different types of damages observed in masonry buildings during past earthquakes outside and inside India. For earthquakes outside India, it describes damages like through diagonal cracks or X-shaped cracks on walls, horizontal cracks on walls and bearing brick columns, severe damage to stair parts, and damage to non-structural components like parapets and corridor fences. It also discusses damages caused by structural irregularities. For earthquakes in India, it lists failure patterns of masonry structures under categories such as out-of-plane flexural failure, in-plane shear failure, separation of walls at junctions, corner separations, failure of masonry piers, and collapse of wythes.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
This document provides information on grouting and guniting processes. It defines grouting as placing a cementitious material into cavities to improve load capacity or repair structures. Grouting mixtures are described along with categories, properties, specifications and applications. Guniting is introduced as a technique using pneumatic application of cementitious mortar to rehabilitate structures like bridges and buildings. The document outlines equipment, procedures and processes for mixing, pumping and applying grouts and shotcrete.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
The document discusses confined masonry as an alternative construction method to reinforced concrete frames. Confined masonry involves building walls first then adding columns later, which is simpler than the precision required for reinforced concrete frames. It notes confined masonry has been used successfully in earthquake-prone areas and presents less complexity in low-tech environments. The Confined Masonry Initiative is working to promote confined masonry through guidelines, training, demonstration projects, and addressing remaining research needs.
This document discusses different modeling methods for analyzing confined masonry buildings, including wide column (FR) models and finite element (FE) models. Wide column models simplify the structure but cannot accurately capture behavior like force transmission around openings. FE models are more flexible but require more work. Both model types generally capture total shear forces well but have larger errors for moments and axial forces near openings. The document recommends FE modeling and including tie columns, parapets, and effective widths to improve accuracy, as these factors significantly influence structural behavior.
This document provides an overview of a short course on seismic design of reinforced and confined masonry buildings. The course will cover the Simplified Method and Wide Column Model for seismic analysis. The Simplified Method is based on distributing lateral seismic forces to shear walls and checking if the total wall shear strength exceeds demand. It makes assumptions about wall behavior and rigid diaphragms. Seismic force demand and distribution to individual walls is also discussed. The document provides background on the theoretical basis and definitions key terms like wall density index. Tables with recommended wall density index values for different building parameters in India are also included.
This document provides an overview of confined masonry construction. It defines confined masonry as a system where masonry walls are built first and then reinforced concrete columns and beams are cast. The key components are masonry walls made of clay brick or concrete blocks, vertical tie-columns that confine the walls, and horizontal tie-beams. Confined masonry began as an informal system based on its performance in earthquakes, and is now used in seismic regions around the world.
Brick masonry houses are very vulnerable during earthquakes as they are brittle structures. To improve seismic performance, all walls must be properly joined to act as a box with the roof and foundation. This allows forces from shaking to travel through the structure without causing major damage. Specifically, good connections between walls and limiting the size of openings and dimensions of walls can strengthen box action. The choice of building materials like bricks and mortar also affects earthquake resistance, with clay bricks and cement-sand mortar being most suitable. Indian standards provide guidelines for materials in each seismic zone.
TIPS:16 - HOW TO MAKE STONE MASONRY BUILDINGS EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT?Amar Gohel
This document provides information on making stone masonry buildings more earthquake resistant. It discusses types of stone masonry and features that can improve earthquake resistance, such as ensuring proper wall construction with shaped stones and reinforced mortar, including through-stones or overlapping bond stones every 600mm for structural integrity, and adding horizontal reinforcing elements like wood or concrete bands. The document also notes that while these seismic features can reduce damage, stone masonry buildings may still be vulnerable to heavy damage or collapse in major earthquakes given the inherent weaknesses of their construction.
Shake-table testing allows for the most accurate simulation of seismic response by subjecting physical models to actual ground motions. However, it is not practical for most design applications due to the resources required. Numerical analysis using techniques like finite element modeling provide a reasonable approximation of seismic response while being more practical for design. Shake-table testing is best suited for research purposes to validate numerical models.
This document discusses past earthquakes in India and retrofitting techniques for masonry structures. It summarizes the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which had a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 making it one of the largest ever recorded. Over 230,000 people were killed across 14 countries by the resulting tsunamis. The document then discusses failure modes of confined masonry walls and retrofitting techniques to improve seismic resistance, including adding horizontal reinforcement, improving wall density and tie columns. Key factors for seismic resistance of confined masonry structures are also summarized.
Design Steps for Earthquake Resistant StructuresIshan Garg
This document provides information about earthquakes and their causes. It discusses what earthquakes are, how they are caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults, and defines key terms like epicenter. It describes the interior structure of the Earth and plate tectonics. Safety procedures during earthquakes are outlined. The types of earthquake waves and how they are measured on seismographs is explained. Finally, it discusses earthquake magnitude scales and seismic zoning in India.
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
This document provides guidelines for seismic design of low-rise confined masonry buildings. Confined masonry construction consists of load-bearing masonry walls confined by vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete tie elements. The walls are built first and then tied together by cast-in-place tie columns and tie beams integrated with floor slabs. This construction method improves wall stability and integrity compared to unreinforced masonry. The guidelines describe components of confined masonry buildings, their seismic response, design requirements, and recommendations for non-engineered construction up to two stories.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry BuildingsPrakash Paudel
1) Stone masonry buildings tend to perform poorly during earthquakes due to their low strength and lack of connections between walls. Common failures include out-of-plane bending of walls, shear failures, and separation of walls at joints.
2) To improve earthquake resistance, masonry buildings should have simple plans, be no more than 2 stories tall, have integrated roofs, and fully supported floors. Openings should be small and centered.
3) Horizontal bands, vertical reinforcement, and good construction practices can improve seismic performance by binding walls together and preventing rocking or sliding of wall piers.
This document is a project report on earthquake resistant buildings submitted by a civil engineering student. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking the project guide. The contents section lists topics that will be covered such as what is an earthquake, how they affect buildings, seismic zones in India, and popular earthquake resistant techniques. The introduction defines earthquakes and classifies their magnitudes. It also discusses how earthquakes can damage buildings and the impacts like structural damage, fires, and landslides. Popular earthquake resistant techniques discussed include shear walls, seismic dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and rollers.
Seismic retrofitting is a collection mitigation technique for earthquake engineering.
It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquake.
It is of utmost important for historic monuments, areas prone to severe earthquakes and tall or
expensive structures.
The retrofitting techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes and severe winds from thunderstorms.
Retrofitting proves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems
rather than replacement of building.
Shear walls are concrete or masonry walls that are reinforced with steel rods arranged in a grid pattern. They are designed to resist both vertical and horizontal forces like earthquakes. Shear walls are integrated throughout the building's structure to provide three-dimensional stability. Compared to framed structures, shear wall systems are more effective at withstanding earthquakes due to their larger supporting area relative to the building footprint. Properly designed and detailed shear wall buildings have demonstrated good seismic performance in past earthquakes.
This document discusses wall materials and construction techniques for disaster resistant buildings. It covers different types of masonry bonds used in walls like rat trap bond and English bond. It discusses wall geometry and how factors like height, length, and reinforcement placement affect wall strength. It also addresses openings, wall and beam reinforcements, and field testing of construction materials like bricks and cement to ensure quality. The goal is to understand wall design and construction methods that improve a building's ability to withstand disasters.
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
SHEAR WALL ANALYSIS & DESIGN OPTIMIZATION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGSIRJET Journal
The document discusses the analysis and optimization of shear walls in high-rise buildings. It begins with an abstract that outlines analyzing a 19-story residential building with and without shear walls to compare vertical loads, moments, lateral forces, and torsion moments at each floor. It then discusses using optimization techniques to address structural engineering issues for high-rise buildings, including size and topological optimization while considering stability, safety, and load responses. The remainder of the document provides details on planning, design, and analysis of shear walls, including comparing walls to conventional construction and discussing forces on shear walls. It also covers the scope, literature review, analysis methods using software, and definitions of structural optimization.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
Earthquake Resistant Designs - Timber and SteelTejas Javery
This presentation gives a general idea about the construction techniques and certain elements that are used in the case of earthquake-resistant structures. It broadly talks about how framing and all is done when it comes to Timber, and about different elements like dampers and all when it comes to steel. (Just giving a broad idea. See the presentation for yourself.)
Was used as an introductory presentation for the Building Construction and Technology class, for Architecture.
This presentation gives a brief idea about how earthquake resistant structures are made, using the materials like timber and steel. You might feel there are only pictures in the presentation, but they are enough to understand the process. if need further help, feel free to contact. :) 07972923439.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document provides information on high-rise buildings. It begins with definitions of high-rise, skyscraper, and supertall buildings based on height. It then discusses the demands and drivers for high-rise construction such as land scarcity and prestige. The document outlines the development of high-rise buildings from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. It provides details on structural systems such as tube, shear wall, braced frame, and core structures. Finally, it discusses structural loads, foundation types, construction materials and interior/exterior structural components of high-rise buildings.
Reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions often include vertical shear walls that run from the foundation to the roof. Shear walls help buildings withstand earthquakes by carrying lateral forces down to the foundation. They perform much better when properly designed with features like symmetrical placement, ductile reinforcement, and thickened boundary elements at the ends that experience high stresses. Buildings with sufficient shear walls have shown good performance during past earthquakes, making shear wall construction a popular approach in seismic design.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
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2. Introduction
Earthquake Resistant Structures
• Designed to withstand earthquake
• Can’t be entirely immune to damage
• Prevents collapsing
• Limited loss of functionality
Masonry
• Most important construction method
• Can resist loads and environmental impact
• Fire resistant, Durable, Thermal capacity
3. General Principles
• Shouldn’t be brittle or collapse suddenly
• Resisting Elements
• Tied together
• Good foundation
• Good quality material
• Suitably reinforced
4. Cause of Earthquake
Seismic waves
When pieces of crustal rock suddenly slip and move, they release enormous
amounts of energy, which then propagates through the crust as seismic waves.
• P waves
• S waves
5. Design Philosophy
• Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of
the buildings that carry vertical and horizontal forces
should not be damaged; however buildings parts that do
not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
• Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main
members may sustain repairable damage, while the other
parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable
damage.
• Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may
sustain severe damage, but the building should not
collapse.
7. Designing Masonry Buildings
Masonry has been popular through the ages for its fire
resistance, its thermal capacity and its durability.
Use of strong mortars, high strength masonry, added
reinforcement, improved detailing and the
introduction of good anchorage between masonry
walls and floors and roofs have enhanced the
resistance of masonry to seismic stress.
10. Confined Masonry
This is a construction system where masonry structural walls are
surrounded on all four sides with reinforced concrete.
Figure: Methods of confining masonry
11. Walls
• Walls are to be uniformly distributed along each principal axis of
the plan.
• The minimum thickness of structural walls should be 240 mm. The
total cross-sectional area of structural walls along each of the two
axes should not be less than 3% of the gross floor area.
• Adequate foundations and good anchorage between walls and
floors are essential.
• Distances between structural walls of reinforced masonry should
not be more than 6m; distances in confined masonry should not
be more than 8m.
• Partitions should be reinforced with 6 mm ø bars placed at the bed
joints with vertical spacing of 600 mm in order to prevent their
out-of-plane instability.
General Principles
12. Lintels
Lintels should have a minimum of 250 mm bearing length at both ends to
prevent local collapse due to crushing of supports during an earthquake. The
width of a lintel should not be less than150 mm.
In the case of openings larger in
area than 2.5 m2, the lintel
should be anchored to the tie
columns as shown in Figure (a)
If the distance between top of lintel
and underside of beam above is less
than 60 cm, the two should be
united as shown in Figure (b).
13. Floors and Roofs
During earthquakes, floors and roofs should act as rigid horizontal
diaphragms, which distribute the seismic forces among structural walls
in proportion to their stiffness.
Tie Beams
The function of tie beams is to transfer horizontal shear induced by the
earthquakes from the floor and roof to the structural walls. They
connect the structural walls with each other and improve the rigidity of
the horizontal diaphragms.
14. Cantilever Slabs and Overhangs
These elements can cause harmful vertical vibration during heavy
earthquakes. To reduce this, spans should not exceed those shown on
Figure below.
15. Concluding Remarks
Masonry buildings have performed well in several earthquakes worldwide. This
construction practice is widely used in many countries and regions for the
following reasons:
It is based on traditional construction practice;
It does not require highly qualified labour (as is the case with RC frame
construction);
It has a broad range of applications - it can be used for single-family
houses as well as for medium-rise apartment buildings.
Good earthquake performance is based on the following premises:
Use of good quality materials,
Good quality concrete and masonry construction, and
• Simple architectural design.
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