Reinforced masonry walls are necessary to improve the shear resistance and flexural ability of brick masonry, which is brittle and resistant to little horizontal loading. Reinforcement such as steel rods or bars are embedded in mortar joints throughout or near the edges of walls. This helps the wall resist shear and bending failures from horizontal loads. Different types of reinforced masonry construction systems exist depending on the arrangement of reinforcement within solid, hollow, or grouted masonry units. Proper materials, construction techniques, and placement of reinforcement are required to strengthen masonry walls for seismic resistance.
This document discusses steel grillage foundations. It begins by defining a steel grillage foundation as a type of shallow foundation used for heavily loaded steel columns where soil bearing capacity is poor. It is constructed using steel beams arranged in two or more tiers at right angles. The document then describes the construction process which involves laying beams on a concrete bed, pouring concrete between them, and attaching columns using base plates. Precautions like minimum depths and gaps are also outlined. Diagrams of the plan, elevation, and elements are included.
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along edges to form a structure without additional beams. They were first used in 1923 for an aircraft hangar. The principle is inspired by folding in nature like leaves and wings. Structural behavior depends on folding pattern and connections. Types include folded plate surfaces, frames, and spatial structures made of materials like concrete, metal, wood, and glass. Applications include roofs, walls, floors, and steel sheet piles. Advantages are light construction and longer spans while disadvantages include complex formwork and labor. Examples are the Air Force Academy Chapel and Yokohama Passenger Terminal. The document recommends using folded plates for portable homeless shelters in Bangladesh.
The document discusses aluminum partition walls. It defines a partition wall and notes that aluminum partition walls are non-load bearing. It lists advantages of partition walls such as dividing space, providing privacy, being light weight and easy to construct. Aluminum partition walls are offered in different specifications and are durable with low maintenance. They provide sound and thermal insulation and are waterproof and resistant to abrasion, borers, fungus and termites.
Structural glazing provides energy and daylight balance for a 4mm glass pane. A 4mm glass pane was analyzed for its energy transmission and daylighting potential when used in structural glazing applications. The analysis found that a 4mm thick glass pane in a structural glazing system achieves an optimal balance of energy transmission and daylighting.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The vernacular architecture of Assam is influenced by six key factors: socio-economics, climate, topography, building techniques, building typology, and urban form. Bamboo is widely used as the major building material due to its availability and cultural significance. The architecture features hip or gable roofs to prevent waterlogging during heavy rains, and higher plinth levels to protect against flooding. Traditional building techniques include bamboo trusses, joints, and wall construction. Typical building typology includes timber frame walls filled with bamboo panels and plaster. Urban forms retain vernacular roots while incorporating some modern materials.
This document discusses steel grillage foundations. It begins by defining a steel grillage foundation as a type of shallow foundation used for heavily loaded steel columns where soil bearing capacity is poor. It is constructed using steel beams arranged in two or more tiers at right angles. The document then describes the construction process which involves laying beams on a concrete bed, pouring concrete between them, and attaching columns using base plates. Precautions like minimum depths and gaps are also outlined. Diagrams of the plan, elevation, and elements are included.
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along edges to form a structure without additional beams. They were first used in 1923 for an aircraft hangar. The principle is inspired by folding in nature like leaves and wings. Structural behavior depends on folding pattern and connections. Types include folded plate surfaces, frames, and spatial structures made of materials like concrete, metal, wood, and glass. Applications include roofs, walls, floors, and steel sheet piles. Advantages are light construction and longer spans while disadvantages include complex formwork and labor. Examples are the Air Force Academy Chapel and Yokohama Passenger Terminal. The document recommends using folded plates for portable homeless shelters in Bangladesh.
The document discusses aluminum partition walls. It defines a partition wall and notes that aluminum partition walls are non-load bearing. It lists advantages of partition walls such as dividing space, providing privacy, being light weight and easy to construct. Aluminum partition walls are offered in different specifications and are durable with low maintenance. They provide sound and thermal insulation and are waterproof and resistant to abrasion, borers, fungus and termites.
Structural glazing provides energy and daylight balance for a 4mm glass pane. A 4mm glass pane was analyzed for its energy transmission and daylighting potential when used in structural glazing applications. The analysis found that a 4mm thick glass pane in a structural glazing system achieves an optimal balance of energy transmission and daylighting.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The vernacular architecture of Assam is influenced by six key factors: socio-economics, climate, topography, building techniques, building typology, and urban form. Bamboo is widely used as the major building material due to its availability and cultural significance. The architecture features hip or gable roofs to prevent waterlogging during heavy rains, and higher plinth levels to protect against flooding. Traditional building techniques include bamboo trusses, joints, and wall construction. Typical building typology includes timber frame walls filled with bamboo panels and plaster. Urban forms retain vernacular roots while incorporating some modern materials.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Muram floors are constructed in India because of the same reasons as that of mud floors. They possess similar characteristic as that of mud. Its construction technique is difficult than mud floor.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Drywall, also known as plasterboard or gypsum wallboard, is a building material made of a paper liner wrapped around a core of gypsum plaster. It is lightweight, easy to install, and allows for smooth surfaces that make painting and installation of pipes and cables simpler and cheaper than other materials. Profiles made of galvanized steel are used to construct and support drywall partitions and suspended ceilings, with vertical studs, horizontal runners, main ceiling channels, furring channels, and wall angles providing structure.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
Roof trusses and types are discussed. Roof trusses are triangular frameworks that provide structural support to roofs. Common roof truss types include planar, spaceframe, Pratt, bowstring, king post, queen post, and Town's lattice trusses. Roof shapes like gable, hip, shed, gambrel and materials like tiles, asphalt shingles are also covered. Key elements of roofs like rafters, ridges, eaves are defined along with characteristics of different roof structures.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials, including clay tiles, concrete tiles, slates, and their properties. Clay tiles are used for sloped roofs and come in various styles like Allahabad tiles and Mangalore tiles. Concrete tiles are made from cement, sand and color pigments through an extrusion process. Slate roofing tiles are obtained from quarries as blocks and split into thin laminates. Factors that affect roofing material selection include cost, durability, appearance, and climate. Proper installation methods involve overlapping tiles, using battens and felt underlay, and nailing patterns. Regular maintenance of clay tiles involves inspecting for cracks which can be repaired with mortar.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry BuildingsPrakash Paudel
1) Stone masonry buildings tend to perform poorly during earthquakes due to their low strength and lack of connections between walls. Common failures include out-of-plane bending of walls, shear failures, and separation of walls at joints.
2) To improve earthquake resistance, masonry buildings should have simple plans, be no more than 2 stories tall, have integrated roofs, and fully supported floors. Openings should be small and centered.
3) Horizontal bands, vertical reinforcement, and good construction practices can improve seismic performance by binding walls together and preventing rocking or sliding of wall piers.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Muram floors are constructed in India because of the same reasons as that of mud floors. They possess similar characteristic as that of mud. Its construction technique is difficult than mud floor.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Drywall, also known as plasterboard or gypsum wallboard, is a building material made of a paper liner wrapped around a core of gypsum plaster. It is lightweight, easy to install, and allows for smooth surfaces that make painting and installation of pipes and cables simpler and cheaper than other materials. Profiles made of galvanized steel are used to construct and support drywall partitions and suspended ceilings, with vertical studs, horizontal runners, main ceiling channels, furring channels, and wall angles providing structure.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
Roof trusses and types are discussed. Roof trusses are triangular frameworks that provide structural support to roofs. Common roof truss types include planar, spaceframe, Pratt, bowstring, king post, queen post, and Town's lattice trusses. Roof shapes like gable, hip, shed, gambrel and materials like tiles, asphalt shingles are also covered. Key elements of roofs like rafters, ridges, eaves are defined along with characteristics of different roof structures.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials, including clay tiles, concrete tiles, slates, and their properties. Clay tiles are used for sloped roofs and come in various styles like Allahabad tiles and Mangalore tiles. Concrete tiles are made from cement, sand and color pigments through an extrusion process. Slate roofing tiles are obtained from quarries as blocks and split into thin laminates. Factors that affect roofing material selection include cost, durability, appearance, and climate. Proper installation methods involve overlapping tiles, using battens and felt underlay, and nailing patterns. Regular maintenance of clay tiles involves inspecting for cracks which can be repaired with mortar.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry BuildingsPrakash Paudel
1) Stone masonry buildings tend to perform poorly during earthquakes due to their low strength and lack of connections between walls. Common failures include out-of-plane bending of walls, shear failures, and separation of walls at joints.
2) To improve earthquake resistance, masonry buildings should have simple plans, be no more than 2 stories tall, have integrated roofs, and fully supported floors. Openings should be small and centered.
3) Horizontal bands, vertical reinforcement, and good construction practices can improve seismic performance by binding walls together and preventing rocking or sliding of wall piers.
Concrete blocks can be solid or hollow. They are made through a process of mixing concrete aggregates and cement and molding them into blocks. Concrete blocks have advantages over bricks like being lighter weight, easier to install, and providing better insulation. Cavity walls are constructed with an inner and outer leaf separated by a cavity for improved insulation, moisture resistance, and cost savings. Reinforced masonry uses steel reinforcement in walls, piers, lintels, and slabs to increase strength, especially in seismic areas or for heavy loads.
Concrete blocks can be solid or hollow and are used to construct walls. They are made by mixing cement, aggregates like sand or gravel, and water. Hollow blocks have a void space for lighter weight. Reinforced masonry incorporates steel reinforcement into walls, piers, lintels, or slabs to increase strength. Cavity walls have two leaves separated by an air space for better insulation.
This document discusses different types of concrete block masonry and reinforced masonry. It describes the manufacturing process of concrete blocks and their properties. Hollow concrete blocks have a void area over 25% and are lighter than solid blocks. Cavity walls provide insulation benefits and consist of an inner and outer leaf separated by a ventilated cavity. Reinforced masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength, using techniques like horizontal bars in walls, vertical bars in retaining walls, and stirrups in lintels and piers.
This document provides definitions and recommendations for structural design of masonry walls according to IS1905:1987. Some key points:
- It gives design recommendations for load bearing and non-load bearing solid and perforated clay brick, stone, and concrete block walls.
- Defines terms like bed block, bond, column, pier, buttress, and recommends maximum permissible stresses and design methods.
- Provides guidance on lateral support requirements for walls and columns. Lateral support could include cross walls, floors/roofs, anchoring, and minimum dimensions are specified.
- Specifies effective heights and thicknesses to use for calculating slenderness ratios of walls and columns. Slenderness ratios should not exceed
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
This document discusses wall materials and construction techniques for disaster resistant buildings. It covers different types of masonry bonds used in walls like rat trap bond and English bond. It discusses wall geometry and how factors like height, length, and reinforcement placement affect wall strength. It also addresses openings, wall and beam reinforcements, and field testing of construction materials like bricks and cement to ensure quality. The goal is to understand wall design and construction methods that improve a building's ability to withstand disasters.
This document summarizes Indian Standard IS 4326:1993, which provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings. It covers terminology, general principles, special construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings, and masonry, timber, and precast construction. For masonry, it specifies use of strong materials and mortar, wall thickness, reinforcement, and strengthening with horizontal bands and vertical dowels. Vertical reinforcement is also required at wall corners and junctions.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
bonding in brick work is arranging of bricks into either columns or wall. the individual brick units are tied to together and vertical joints of the the successive courses do not lie on the same vertical line.to obtain maximum strength throughout the wall column or pier
Shear walls are rigid vertical structures in buildings that transfer lateral forces from other structural elements to the foundation. They resist forces from wind, earthquakes, and uneven settling that can tear a building apart. Shear walls maintain the shape of the building frame and prevent rotation at joints. They are especially important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral forces. Shear wall behavior depends on the materials used, thickness, length, and position in the building frame. They resist lateral, seismic, and vertical forces by acting as a rigid diaphragm that transfers loads to the foundations.
Shear walls are rigid vertical structures in buildings that transfer lateral forces from other structural elements to the foundation. They resist forces from wind, earthquakes, and uneven settling that can tear a building apart. Shear walls maintain the shape of a building frame and prevent rotation at joints. They are especially important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral forces. Shear wall behavior depends on the materials used, thickness, length, and positioning in the building frame. They resist lateral, seismic, and vertical forces by acting as a rigid diaphragm that transfers loads to the foundations.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth (or other material) in a vertical position at locations where an abrupt change in ground level occurs.
The walls therefore prevents the retained earth from assuming its natural angle of repose.
The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
This document provides information on block walling, including its advantages, standard dimensions, weights, terminology, classifications, bonding arrangements, structural stability, damp proof courses, expansion joints, compressive strength, tolerances, uniform beds and joints, and brick identification, dimensions, classifications, building to gauge, racking back, return corners, toothing, bonds, and construction steps. Block walling is a versatile, durable, and cost-effective building method that provides fire resistance, sound insulation, and inherent thermal mass.
Similar to UNIT 1 Construction of Reinforced Masonry Walls, Pillars and Lintels.pdf (20)
This document describes the various climatic zones in India based on factors like temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind. It outlines the characteristics of 6 main climate types - hot and dry, warm and humid, moderate, composite, cold and cloudy, and cold and dry. Each climate type is defined by typical temperature and humidity ranges, precipitation levels, sky/sun conditions, and the key design considerations needed for structures in that zone, such as controlling solar heat gain/loss and ventilation.
Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky black substance derived from petroleum that is primarily used in road construction. It is used as a binder mixed with aggregate to create asphalt concrete. Asphalt shingles are a type of roofing material made from asphalt coated fiberglass or organic felt, and topped with ceramic granules. Asphalt shingles are available in fiberglass or organic styles, and in 3-tab or laminated profiles. Asphalt roofing has advantages of being lightweight, flexible, durable, safe, and affordable but has disadvantages such as being damaged by freezing temperatures and requiring regular maintenance.
The document discusses roofing materials and asbestos cement sheets. It provides information on different types of roofing materials such as thatch, shingles, asbestos, metal sheets, and concrete. It then focuses on asbestos cement sheets, describing the manufacturing process using wet and dry methods. The characteristics of asbestos cement sheets are discussed, noting they are durable, weatherproof, fireproof and waterproof. The advantages and disadvantages of asbestos cement sheets are also summarized.
Bamboo are flowering evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae that can grow very quickly. They have hollow stems with scattered vascular bundles and include giant bamboo, which are the largest members of the grass family. The inter nodal regions of bamboo stems are hollow.
This document discusses different types of pavement materials and pavers. It describes concrete pavers, interlocking concrete pavers, stone pavers, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rigid and flexible pavements. The document also outlines the concrete paver block manufacturing process and provides examples of manufacturers. It discusses applications of concrete pavers and includes images of different pavement styles.
Thatching is a traditional roofing method that uses dry plant materials like straw, water reed, rushes or heather layered to shed water. It has been used for centuries in tropical and temperate climates. The document discusses the process of thatching roofs, materials used like sedge and water reed, advantages like insulation and cost effectiveness, and disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from birds and needing maintenance. Examples of thatched roofs are also shown.
Galvanized iron sheets are commonly used as roofing and siding for buildings due to their low cost and ease of maintenance. They are available in corrugated or flat forms in standard dimensions of 8 feet by 4 feet. The zinc coating protects the iron from corrosion, increasing the sheet's lifespan while retaining its strength properties. Though prone to leaks and unable to support additional weight, galvanized iron is a reliable and aesthetically pleasing roofing material when installed properly with J-hooks and valley gutters.
Terrazzo is a composite material made of marble or other stone chips bound together by a cementitious matrix poured in place or precast. It is used for floor and wall treatments and has a smooth, shiny, and durable surface. Terrazzo is hard, heavy, water resistant, and easy to maintain, making it suitable for use in entryways, kitchens, bathrooms, and other high-traffic commercial and public areas. However, terrazzo has high initial costs and a complex installation process.
This document provides information on aluminium roofing material. It discusses the manufacturing process which involves rolling aluminium coils into sheets and applying protective coatings. Aluminium roofing has advantages like durability, corrosion resistance, and light weight. The installation process is described which involves measuring the roof area, preparing the work site, removing the old roof, and installing insulation and roofing panels. Roll forming machines are used to shape aluminium coils into panels with different profiles. The document provides a high-level overview of the key aspects of aluminium roofing.
The document discusses principles and concepts related to reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It describes RCC as concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded to take tensile stresses. The steel is generally round bars of diameters between 6mm to 32mm. RCC is equally strong in tension, compression, and shear. It also discusses RCC mix proportions, uses of RCC in foundations, beams, slabs etc., load transfer, mixing of concrete, formwork, curing and stripping times.
This document lists various building materials including brick masonry, corrugated tiles, decayed wood, glass, marble, rusted metal, paving, gravel, timber, stone masonry, concrete, steel, thatched roof, and air-conditioning outlet.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics covers the properties and transmission of sound, and architectural acoustics applies these principles to buildings.
2. Important acoustic concepts include frequency, wavelength, amplitude, intensity measured in decibels, and reverberation.
3. A room's acoustics are determined by how sound waves propagate and are reflected off surfaces based on their material and shape.
4. Reverberation is the gradual decay of sound in a room after the source stops due to multiple reflections, and is measured by reverberation time.
The document presents allocation percentages for land use in a development project, with housing taking up the majority at 61%, roads at 19%, open space at 10%, commercial at 7%, and services at 3%. It includes a table breaking down the square meters and percentages allocated to each category: housing, roads, services, commercial, and open space.
Revivalism in architecture consciously echoes styles from previous eras. Neoclassicism derives from Classical Greek and Roman architecture, emphasizing symmetry, tall columns, triangular pediments, and domes. Neo-Gothic architecture has pointed arches, flying buttresses, ornate interiors with decorative tracery, and emphasizes vertical lines and a sense of height. Major structures built in the Neo-Gothic style include the Chicago Tribune Tower, known for its pointed windows and carved exterior. Victorian Gothic Revival closely modeled medieval European architecture, exemplified by the Gothic Palace of Westminster in London.
The site is zoned for commercial use with existing institutional buildings and plots for future projects. It has moderate to heavy traffic and corresponding noise levels. The site currently contains palm, neem, and peepal trees, a concrete base, an existing deep borewell, a garbage area, and a house. It has a slight northwest slope and is near several neighborhood amenities like a hospital, library, bank, and police station. The site is irregular in shape, measuring approximately 115x239x66x80x163x106 meters.
This is Stage one of my Future Deep Strike Aircraft project to develop a replacement for the FB-111 / F-111F / F-15E and B-1B. This stage covers requirements and threats. Stage 2 will cover Design Studies, and the CCA Wingman.
Upcycling for Everyone project exhibition postersKyungeun Sung
'Upcycling for Everyone' project exhibition posters, funded by De Montfort University's QR funding for participatory research and AHRC-funded International Upcycling Research Network project. Exhibition launch at LCB Depot on 5th July 2024.
TRENDS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Digital Technologies can play a crucial role in making Metro Rizal's waste management systems more circular and sustainable
2. Introduction
Function of Brick wall?
Brick masonry is brittle which
implies that,
poor shear resistance
poor flexural ability
resist very little horizontal loading.
3. Types of failures under horizontal loads
Shear - a wall loaded with significant vertical load as well as horizontal
forces can fail in shear. (With Aspect Ratio 1:1 or 2:1 or even in higher
vertical loads) (lighter vertical load = less resistance to shear failure)
Sliding Shear - a wall with poor shear strength, Lightly loaded with
vertical load and loaded predominantly with horizontal forces can
exhibit this failure mechanism. (Aspect ratio 1:1)
Bending - this type of failure can occur if walls are with improved shear
resistance. Bending failure can occur due to small vertical loads, rather
than high shear resistance. (Aspect ratios 2:1 )
4. Types of failures under horizontal loads
The bending strength is the governing factor.
Depending on the direction of load the wall exhibits following two
failures,
Vertical orientation of failure plane
and corresponding bending
strength normal to bed joints
Horizontal orientation of failure
plane and corresponding bending
strength parallel to bed joints
5. Necessity
Thus, Masonry walls with Shear resistance and better flexural property can
be achieved by embedding tensile members which integrates with the
masonry so as to assist in resisting shear and bending.
The location of the tensile members within the wall would be dictated by
the type and magnitude of shear force and bending moment the wall is
expected to resist before its failure.
Mechanism of action of
vertical and horizontal
reinforcement of a masonry
wall failing in shear
6. Necessity
For shear resistance - the reinforcement can be placed throughout the
cross section of the wall in both horizontal and vertical alignment.
For resistance from bending moments - reinforcement is to be placed
vertically near or along the outer edge of the cross section of the wall.
Schematic masonry wall section
challenges - due to
method of construction
and necessity of staggering
perpends etc.
• Custom made bricks
• variation in construction
methodology
7. Materials
Masonry Units- Masonry units are formed out of clay, cement concrete,
autoclave cured aerated concrete, and natural stone.
The units are shaped in various forms and sizes.
8. Materials
Reinforcement - Mild steel rods and flats is the most commonly available
material
susceptible to corrosion (and increase of volume due to corrosion) which is
not acceptable.
5mm to 25mm dia M.S. rod can be used after coating it with anticorrosion
paints and should be provided a cover of not less than 15mm if placed
horizontally and 30mm if placed vertically.
M.S. flats of 20-25mm width and 3mm thick could also used for horizontal
placement in mortar joints after anticorrosion paint coat.
M.S. flat with holes at regular intervals can be placed vertically.
The holes are required to insert links/bolts to tie the flats provided on both
faces of the wall.
G.I. rods could also be used instead of Mild steel.
Stainless steel bars and flats though costlier, might work best in very
corrosive environments like coastal areas etc.
9. Materials
Joint reinforcements are usually arrangement of reinforcing bars as chords
and web. Common configurations are ladder type or truss type arrangement.
10. Materials
Motor only high strength motor should be used
For Plain Masonry - the minimum recommended compressive strength of
mortar is 5MPa.
For Reinforced Masonry - the minimum recommended compressive
strength of mortar is 10MPa.
11. Reinforced masonry construction
systems
A construction system where steel reinforcement is embedded in the mortar
joints of masonry or placed in holes and after filled with concrete or grout is
called reinforced masonry.
Types, (based on arrangement of reinforcement)
Reinforced solid unit masonry using common or purpose made brick/blocks
Reinforced and grouted hollow unit masonry
Reinforced grouted cavity masonry
Reinforced pocket type walls and Quetta Bond Reinforced Masonry
12. Reinforced masonry construction
systems
Reinforced solid unit masonry
masonry using Common brick, stone ashlar blocks, cement concrete block,
etc….. using….. steel bars, flats or expanded metal mesh….. embedded in the
mortar joint of every course or courses at regular interval…. Minimum
required cover on the edge.
13. Reinforced masonry construction
systems
Reinforced solid unit masonry
Staggering….. placing of vertical reinforcement…..special masonry units…..
allows to introduce reinforcement closer to the face of masonry….. enhanced
flexural capability.
14. Reinforced masonry
construction systems
Reinforced solid unit masonry
Horizontal Reinforcement for long half brick thick
partition wall
M.S. flat of section 3 X 25 mm, or M.S. round
bars of 6 to8 mm dia.
minimum crushing strength of 10 N/mm2 and
mortar should not be leaner than 1 cement : 4
sand.
Reinforcement in every 3rd or 4th course
Minimum mortar cover of 15 mm horizontally
and 5 mm in the vertically
Lateral resistance of brick walls in exposed
situations should, therefore, be increased where
necessary by other means such as increase in
thickness of wall or by providing piers or
buttresses.
18. Reinforced masonry construction
systems
Reinforced masonry is expected to resist shear and bending stresses.
In order to span the openings like window and door in the wall a concrete
lintel can be employed but for small opening a reinforced brick lintel can
also be constructed especially architectural requirement of exposed brick
walls.
19. Reinforced
Brick Lintels
The brick lintel or soldier
arch(flat arch) can be
reinforced by 2 nos. 12mm
dia. m.s. bars embedded in
the horizontal longitudinal
joints and extended to 150
mm beyond the jambs.
Alternatively 6mm diameter
MS bars embedded in the
continuous longitudinal
joints, together with 6mm
diameter bent steel bars
called stirrups, bedded in
every third vertical joint.
20. Reinforced masonry walls for
earthquake prone zone III, IV &V
Concept of ‘Containment Reinforcement’
(i)It is recommended that containment reinforcement may be provided for low-rise (up to 3
storey load bearing) masonry buildings in earthquake zones III, IV, and V. This is in
addition to horizontal bands.
(ii) In case of buildings with heavy roofs/floors (mass of the floor more than 200kg/m2), if
height of the wall is 3.0m or less and the length of the wall is less than or equal to 3.0m
containment reinforcement need not be provided if there are no openings in the wall.
21. Reinforced masonry walls for
earthquake prone zone III, IV &V
Concept of ‘Containment Reinforcement’
(iii) Masonry buildings with light roofs (tiled roof, asbestos or zinc sheet roofs) must have
containment reinforcement on all walls irrespective of the aspect ratio of the wall.
(iv) Walls with height greater than 3.0m must invariably have containment
reinforcement.
(v) All door and window jambs must have containment reinforcement on either sides of the
opening at a distance of 150.0mm to 200.0mm from the jamb. Masonry piers between door
and window openings or between two window openings should not be less than 0.75m in
width.
(vi) The wires/rods of containment reinforcement must be tied to the steel in the
horizontal band to form a coarse two-dimensional cage holding the masonry in place.
(vii) Normally, the horizontal spacing between two sets of containment reinforcement
should be between 0.75m to 1.25m.
22. Reinforced Brick Masonry
Advantages
1.Reinforced brick masonry does not require shuttering and concrete.
2.Large cost saving compared with that of reinforced concrete.
3.Reinforced brick masonry is easy to construct.
4.Cool rooms.
5.Fireproof work.
6.Cheaply supervised.
7.Weather protection.
8.The tools and implements used are simple and low-tech.
Disadvantages
1.There is always limitation in Reinforced brick masonry.
2.Load bearing masonry has a high self-weight or Low strength-to-weight ratio.
3.Labour intensive construction
4.Moisture penetration.
5.Thermal expansion
6.A slow and tedious process.
7.Requires skilled masons.
8.Low tensile strength, can fail during earthquakes
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