The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses several common types of building defects, including cracks in walls, peeling paint, dampness, and timber decay. It describes the causes, symptoms, and categories of each defect. Cracks in walls can be caused by settling, movement, or changes in temperature/moisture. Peeling paint results from improper surface preparation or moisture issues. Dampness occurs from sources like rain, condensation, rising groundwater, or leaks. Timber decay is caused by biological factors like fungi or insects attacking wood. The document provides details on evaluating and classifying the severity of wall cracks, as well as visual examples of several defect types.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
Modern construction formworks:-
1. Aluminium formwork
2. Precast system
3.Modular formwork
4.Tunnel formwork
5.Fiberglass shuttering
Description of each formwork with their advantages and disadvantages
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses several common types of building defects, including cracks in walls, peeling paint, dampness, and timber decay. It describes the causes, symptoms, and categories of each defect. Cracks in walls can be caused by settling, movement, or changes in temperature/moisture. Peeling paint results from improper surface preparation or moisture issues. Dampness occurs from sources like rain, condensation, rising groundwater, or leaks. Timber decay is caused by biological factors like fungi or insects attacking wood. The document provides details on evaluating and classifying the severity of wall cracks, as well as visual examples of several defect types.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
Modern construction formworks:-
1. Aluminium formwork
2. Precast system
3.Modular formwork
4.Tunnel formwork
5.Fiberglass shuttering
Description of each formwork with their advantages and disadvantages
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
This document provides an overview of various waterproofing methods. It defines waterproofing and explains the importance. It then describes conventional methods like brick bat coba, bituminous treatments, and box-type waterproofing. It also covers modern techniques like crystalline waterproofing and flexible membrane waterproofing systems. For each method, it provides details on materials, application procedures, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on traditional and contemporary waterproofing options.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
The document discusses various types of cracks that can occur in buildings, their causes, and preventative measures. It describes cracks such as shrinkage cracks, hairline cracks, settlement cracks, vertical cracks, diagonal cracks, horizontal cracks, and structural cracks. Major causes of cracks outlined include initial shrinkage of materials, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep movement, chemical reactions, foundation movement and soil settlement, cracking due to vegetation, permeability of concrete, structural design flaws, poor workmanship, lack of maintenance, and natural forces. The document provides detailed explanations of different crack types, patterns, and underlying causes.
This document discusses various construction defects caused by dampness and applied forces. It describes defects like cracks in walls due to differential settlement from soil moisture changes or structural overloading. It also discusses defects from lack of expansion joints in walls, issues where rigid slabs meet load-bearing walls without slip joints, and rising dampness from lack of damp proofing. Remedies include proper drainage, deep foundations, avoiding overloading, and installing damp proof courses.
Building cracks causes & remedies byAmit PayalAMIT PAYAL
Cracks can form in concrete structures due to a variety of causes, including shrinkage during curing, temperature changes causing expansion and contraction, settlement of the structure, overloading, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. The document discusses different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage cracks, drying shrinkage cracks, thermal cracks, and cracks due to corrosion. It also provides preventive measures like reducing water content in concrete, proper mix design, finishing, curing, placement, compaction of soil, and adding control joints.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
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concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
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control joints in concrete
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
This document provides an overview of various waterproofing methods. It defines waterproofing and explains the importance. It then describes conventional methods like brick bat coba, bituminous treatments, and box-type waterproofing. It also covers modern techniques like crystalline waterproofing and flexible membrane waterproofing systems. For each method, it provides details on materials, application procedures, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on traditional and contemporary waterproofing options.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
The document discusses various types of cracks that can occur in buildings, their causes, and preventative measures. It describes cracks such as shrinkage cracks, hairline cracks, settlement cracks, vertical cracks, diagonal cracks, horizontal cracks, and structural cracks. Major causes of cracks outlined include initial shrinkage of materials, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep movement, chemical reactions, foundation movement and soil settlement, cracking due to vegetation, permeability of concrete, structural design flaws, poor workmanship, lack of maintenance, and natural forces. The document provides detailed explanations of different crack types, patterns, and underlying causes.
This document discusses various construction defects caused by dampness and applied forces. It describes defects like cracks in walls due to differential settlement from soil moisture changes or structural overloading. It also discusses defects from lack of expansion joints in walls, issues where rigid slabs meet load-bearing walls without slip joints, and rising dampness from lack of damp proofing. Remedies include proper drainage, deep foundations, avoiding overloading, and installing damp proof courses.
Building cracks causes & remedies byAmit PayalAMIT PAYAL
Cracks can form in concrete structures due to a variety of causes, including shrinkage during curing, temperature changes causing expansion and contraction, settlement of the structure, overloading, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. The document discusses different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage cracks, drying shrinkage cracks, thermal cracks, and cracks due to corrosion. It also provides preventive measures like reducing water content in concrete, proper mix design, finishing, curing, placement, compaction of soil, and adding control joints.
This document is a presentation on R.C.C. (reinforced cement concrete) failure in structures. It discusses various types of cracks that can occur in buildings, including non-structural cracks caused by moisture changes, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation. It provides examples of cracks and recommends measures to control shrinkage and prevent thermal cracks. These include providing expansion joints, control joints, and slip joints. It also discusses elastic deformation, creep, corrosion of reinforcement, and structural cracks caused by defective design, construction, or materials. The presentation concludes with guidance on repairing different types of cracks.
Cracks in concrete and its remedial measures kamariya keyur
Cracks in concrete can be caused by various factors like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, thermal variations, chemical reactions, errors in design and construction practices, structural overloads, foundation movement, and vegetation. The document classifies cracks as structural or non-structural and describes different types of cracks that can occur before or after concrete hardening. It provides details on the causes and prevention measures for different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, crazing, thermal cracks, cracks due to chemical reactions, and those arising from poor construction practices. The summary focuses on the key information around classification, types, causes and remedies of cracks in concrete structures.
The document is a report on construction defects in buildings submitted by Devesh Tripathi. It defines construction defects as any deficiencies in design, planning, construction, or inspection of new homes or buildings. Common reasons for defects are design deficiencies, material deficiencies, construction deficiencies, and subsurface deficiencies. The report categorizes building defects as structural or non-structural. Structural defects include cracks in foundations, floors, and walls. Non-structural defects include defects in brickwork, plaster, and dampness issues. Common defects discussed are cracks in walls, dampness, decay, insect/termite attacks, and roof and foundation issues. Causes of cracks include structural issues, shrinkage, foundation movement, earthquakes,
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for defects are also provided.
This document discusses various types of building defects. It begins by defining building defects and noting that they can occur in both new and old buildings. It then categorizes defects into structural and non-structural. Some common structural defects include cracks, steel corrosion, and deflection. Non-structural defects include issues with brickwork, dampness, and plaster. The document also lists several specific defects like wall cracks, peeling paint, dampness, and roof defects. It provides examples of different types of wall cracks and their potential causes, such as foundation movement, thermal effects, chemical reactions, and shrinkage. Prevention techniques are also outlined.
There are several common causes of dampness in buildings, including rain penetration, poor drainage, and defective construction materials or techniques. To prevent dampness, it is important to use a damp proof course (DPC) or damp proof membrane (DPM) to block the rising of moisture from the ground. Other techniques include waterproof surface treatments and using integral damp proofing compounds in concrete or mortar. Proper site selection, building orientation, construction methods, and materials can also help reduce dampness in structures.
The document summarizes a technical seminar on roof treatment held by South Eastern Railway. It discusses various types of roofs used in Indian Railways and causes of leakage. It also describes treatments for flat roofs and pitched roofs. Guidelines are provided for leak proof flat roofs, including proper roof design with adequate slope, drainage, detailing at roof-wall junctions, and periodic maintenance of waterproofing.
Various Reasons of Cracks in Buildings
Cracks can occur due to chemical reactions in construction materials, changes in temperature and climate, foundation movements and settling of buildings, environmental stresses like nearby trains, earth quakes etc. Faulty design, bad... more
There are several common causes of dampness in buildings, including rain penetration, poor drainage, and defective construction materials or techniques. To prevent dampness, damp proof courses or membranes can be installed to form impervious barriers between floors, walls, and the ground. Surface treatments using waterproof plasters or paints can seal exterior surfaces. Integral treatments involve adding damp-proofing compounds to building materials like concrete and mortar. Properly installing damp proof courses, using waterproof finishes, and including damp-proofing additives can effectively prevent dampness in buildings.
This document provides information about constructing a diaphragm wall for basement excavation using the diaphragm wall method. It discusses what a diaphragm wall is, its applications, and the steps involved in constructing one including excavating a pre-trench, installing guide walls and reinforcement cages, concreting using tremie tubes, and joining wall panels with water stops. It also addresses selecting suitable temporary excavation support systems, advantages of diaphragm walls, excavator machines used, and providing additional wall support with ground anchors.
This document provides an overview of soil risks and hazards for civil engineering projects. It discusses limitations of soil surveys and various hazards like expanding soils, gypsum, hydro-compactible soils, karst landscapes, landslides, liquefaction, and saturated soils. For expanding soils, it notes that proper foundations and drainage are needed to mitigate movement risks. For gypsum soils, it explains how excess gypsum can cause dissolution issues for utilities, foundations, and crops. The document also provides a case study analysis of soil samples and concludes by noting challenges with calcareous sand formations due to crushability and compressibility.
In this PPT, you will come to know about how cracks form on the structure and what preventive measures should follow to overcome cracks and different types of cracks
This document discusses various types of cracks that can occur in concrete structures. It begins by explaining that most cracks are caused by shrinkage as the concrete hardens. Cracks are then classified as either structural or non-structural. Non-structural cracks tend to be cosmetic while structural cracks can threaten safety. Several specific types of cracks are then described in detail, including those caused by sulfate attack, loading, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, alkali-aggregate reaction, thermal effects, settlement, and corrosion of reinforcement steel. Factors that contribute to cracking and various prevention and repair measures are also outlined.
This document discusses deterioration and distress in structures. It describes various types of structural deterioration like cracking, spalling, leakage, and settlement. It also differentiates between structural and non-structural distress. The causes of distress are categorized as external factors like overloading, and internal factors like moisture penetration and chemical reactions. Specific examples of deterioration at different stages - pre-construction, construction, and post-construction - are provided, along with methods for prevention.
The document discusses various types of defects that can occur in brick walls, including cracking from ground movement, thermal movement, restraint in cavity walls, and tie failure in cavity walls. It also describes defects such as spalling of brick faces from frost damage, deterioration of brick arch lintels when the timber lintel decays, and cracking around windows from corrosion of reinforcement bars in brick arches.
Building crack,types,causes & its repairingGAUTAMSWALA
The document discusses different types of cracks in concrete structures, their causes, and repair methods. It describes structural cracks as wider than 3mm and caused by poor construction practices or overloading. Non-structural cracks are thinner and caused by moisture, thermal movement, or vegetation. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection to fill hairline cracks, routing and sealing, stitching with metal anchors, grouting, and applying an overlay. The conclusion states it is impossible to completely prevent cracks but their development can be minimized by considering construction materials and techniques.
Project planning and scheduling techniquesShivangi Saini
The document discusses various project scheduling and analysis techniques including:
- Milestone charts, task lists, Gantt charts, and network diagrams for displaying project schedules.
- Critical path analysis, critical chain analysis, PERT, and resource leveling for analyzing project schedules.
- Buffer management, crashing, fast-tracking, split-to-phases, and mainline-offline scheduling for accelerating project schedules. Each technique is briefly described along with its risks and applications.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
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The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
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1. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
1
CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS: DEFINITION
Construction defects usually include any deficiency in the performing or furnishing of the design, planning, supervision, inspection,
construction or observation of construction to any new home or building.
REASONS FOR DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
Design Deficiencies Material Deficiencies Construction Deficiencies Subsurface Deficiencies
• Problems are typically encountered
with roof systems, which due to their
design complexity, pitched or flat, are
prone to leaks.
• A majority of roofing problems are a
direct result of the improper
specification of building materials,
which can result in water
penetration, intrusion or other
problems,
• The inadequacy of structural
members, which can result in cracks
and deterioration of roofing
components and materials.
ROOFING
PROBLEMS
Common manufacturer
problems with building materials
can include
• deteriorating flashing,
• building paper,
• waterproofing membranes,
• asphalt roofing shingles,
• particle board,
• inferior drywall
• other wall products used in
wet and/or damp areas, such
as bathrooms and laundry
rooms.
• A typical example is
water infiltration
through some portion of
the building structure,
which may create an
environment for the
growth of mold.
• Other problems include
cracks in foundations or
walls, dry rotting of
wood, electrical and
mechanical problems,
plumbing leaks, or pest
infestation.
• A lack of a solid foundation may
result in cracked foundations or
floor slabs and other damage to
the building.
• If subsurface conditions are not
properly compacted and
prepared for adequate drainage,
it is likely the property will
experience problems such as
improperly settling to the
ground (subsidence), the
structure moving or shifting,
flooding and in many cases
more severe problems such as
landslides.
2. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
2
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PROBLEM-1
DIAGONAL CRACKS IN BRICK WALLS
WIDE AT BOTTOM & NARROW AT THE TOP
CAUSES
1. Differential settlement of
foundation due to
expansion of clayey soil by
absorption of moisture.
This may happen when the rain water finds entry in soil or if a tree is
cut suddenly in the vicinity of structure so that the soil which was
earlier dehydrated by the tree again absorbs moisture and swells.
REMEDIES/PRECAUTIONS
1. In clayey soil, foundation should be taken as
much as deep so as to minimize the effect of
moisture
Entry as much as possible.
1. Adequate plinth protection and drainage
arrangement should be made around the
building to minimize water entry in the
foundation.
2. If from any site intended for new construction,
some vegetation is removed, don’t commence
construction activity immediately specially if soil
is clay. allow the soil to absorb moisture , swells
& stabilize
PROBLEM-2
HORIZONTAL CRACKS IN BRICK MORTAR JOINTS
CAUSES
Weakening of mortar due to
sulphate attack. these cracks
normally occur after 2-3yrs of
construction as the reaction is slow.
REMEDIES/PRECAUTIONS
1. Sulphate contents of the bricks should be checked
before allowing their use.
2. Brick walls should not be allowed to be damp because
3. Sulphate attack happens only in presence of moisture.
4. The correct remedy is to reconstruct the affected areas
3. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
3
PROBLEM-3
RANDOM CRACK IN FLOORING
CAUSES
• Flooring has been cast continuously
without making panels.
• Cracks occur due to development of
tensile stresses on account of shrinkage
and thermal contraction of concrete &
occur mostly in the first dry spell.
PRECAUTIONS
• Cast flooring in panels do adequate curing in the intial period of
hardening of concrete.
PROBLEM-4
CRACKS IN LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL BELOW R.C.C.
SLAB
CAUSES
• Due to absence of slip joint between RCC
slab and wall which doesn’t allow RCC
slab to move freely over wall leads to
cracking in the wall.
• Sometimes the movements of the slab may also cause cracking
in the wall.
• Sometimes the movement of the slab may also cause cracking
in masonry at lintel and window sill level because here the
masonry is weak.
• These cracks are observed mainly on top most storey of the
bldg, because roof is more exposed to temperature variation.
REMEDIES
• Before casting RCC slab
over bricks wall, smooth
bearing plaster should
be done over brick walls
coupled with white
wash/bitumen coating
over it.
• It allows slab to move
freely over wall
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4. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
4
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PROBLEM -5
VERTICAL CRACKS AT JUNCTION OF R.C.C. COLUMN AND
MASONRY
REMEDIES
CAUSES
•Differential movement between R.C.C.
column and masonry due to thermal
expansion/contraction shrinkage.
•Differential settlement of R.C.C. column
because of its different foundation.
•A groove in plaster should be made at
the junction of R.C.C. column and brick
wall so that crack remains hidden in the
groove and doesn’t look unsightly.
•Alternatively, chicken wire mesh should
be provided in plaster at the junction of
R.C.C. column and brick walls.
PROBLEM -6
DIAGONAL CRACKS IN WALL OVER R.C.C. LINTELS.
CAUSES
Due to drying shrinkage of lintels and
sudden deflection of lintels after
removal of shuttering.
REMEDIES
•Use precast lintels as far as possible for small openings.
•Construct brick wall over lintel after it has undergone
considerable shrinkage.
•Construct brick wall over lintel after
shuttering below it is removed so that
it doesn't undergo sudden deflection
with the construction of brick wall
over it.
5. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
5
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PROBLEM -7
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CRACK IN PANEL WALL IN R.C.C
FRAMED STRUCTURE
CAUSES
Panels wall too lightly built to the R.C.C.
beams so that the beams are not free to
deflect ,load is transmitted the wall and
vertical and horizontal cracks are
produced in the depending upon the direct in which wall is more slender
(i.e height and length
REMEDIES
•Some gap should be left between top of panel wall
and soffit beam /slab so that beam can deflect
freely.
•This gap can be fill by weak mortar .
•If lateral support is required to be given to wall beam then some special
lateral connections can be made in such a way free deflection of beam is
not hindered in vertical direction.
PROBLEM -8
HORIZONTAL CRACKS BETWEEN BRICK PARAPET
WALL AND ROOF SLAB
CAUSES
differential thermal expansion
and contraction and
differential drying shrinkage of
R.C.C. slab &brick wall.
Due to thermal expansion and arching of slab ,it is not
free to expand .this situation mainly occurs in case of
non projecting slab.
REMEDIES
•Make parapet wall a little inside
of the edge of slab so that crack
wont be visible.
•Providing a groove in plaster at the junction of parapet
wall and slab so that crack forms in the groove and
doesn’t look unsightly
•put chicken wire mesh in the plaster at the junction of
parapet wall and slab .
•Provide adequate
insulation cover over roof
slab so that its thermal
movements are
minimized.
6. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
6
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PROBLEM -9
VERTICAL CRACK BELOW OPENING IN LINE WITH WINDOW
JAMBS
CAUSES
These cracks are caused due to vertical shear
cause by differential strain in lightly loaded
masonry below the opening and heavily
loaded portion of wall having no opening
REMEDIES
•Too much difference in stress in different
walls or parts of a wall should be avoided.
•Portions of wall acting as pillars and having
too much concentric loads should be replaced
by RCC pillars if possible .
PROBLEM - 10
VERTICAL CRACKS IN THE SIDE WALLS AT THE
CORNERS OF A LONG BUILDING.
CAUSES
1) The cracks are due to thermal
expansion sometimes aggravated
by moisture of long brick wall and
would be noticed in hot weather.
2) There will be more chances of such
cracks occurring in building
constructed in cold weather.
REMEDIES
1) As far as possible long stretches of walls should be
intercepted by cross walls and expansion joint should be
given at suitable intervals.
2) Bricks should be allowed to undergo initial moisture
expansion before use.
PROBLEM -11
CRACKING DUE TO ARCHING AND UPHEAVING OF A FLOOR.
CAUSES
1) Due to sulphate action in base
concrete.
2) Due to expansion of clayey soil
below by absorbing moisture.
REMEDIES
1) TAKE ALL MEASURES TO PREVENT CONTACT OF SULPHATES WITH
CEMENT OR USE SULPHATE RESISTENT CEMENT.
7. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
7
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PROBLEM - 1
DAMPNESS IN THE CEILING BELOW ROOF SLAB/TERRACES/BALCONIES.
CAUSES
1. Roof slopes not proper. water stagnates at some
points.
2. Rain water pipe choked. So water collects
around that location and gradually seeps below
in the roof.
3. Overhead tank not water proofed so water seeps from it
through its pillars to the roof slab.
4. Area around overhead water tank at roof not properly cleaned.
so some vegetation starts growing due to dampness and makes
its way through the roofing from where water also seeps.
5. Water proofing of roof not properly carried up to the pillars of
overhead water tank because of which water can seep through
this junction of pillars to the roof slabs.
6. Water proofing treatment done over roof not carried up to
specified height over parapet wall.
REMEDIES
1. Correct the roof slopes
wherever required by putting
screed concrete and put
adequate number of rain water
pipes.
2. Water proofing should be done
inside the overhead water tank
on roof.
3. Roof area around and below the water tank should be properly
cleaned and no vegetation should be allowed to grow due to
dampness.
4. Overflow pipe provided in the O.H.T. at roof should be carried
up to the nearest rainwater pipe..
5. Roof topping concrete should
not be cast continuously but
rather laid in panels and the
grooves between panels should
be filled with a sealant or
polymer mixed cement.
PROBLEM -2
SEEPAGE IN THE CEILING BELOW ROOF SLAB IN THE
CORNERS ALONG JUNCTION OF WALL AND SLAB.
1. Since the parapet load is low, the roof slab bends
to lift at its corners due to deflection causing crack..
2. Since the parapet load is low, slab is also able to
move due to thermal contractions/expansion &
shrinkage.
Remedies
1) By making brick or concrete cornice at the bottom of parapet
wall and making drip mould in it.
2) By extending roof slab itself by 2” to 3” beyond the load bearing
wall and making a drip mould at the bottom .
3) By taking precautions that minimum water drips through roof
and parapet wall to the outside wall.
8. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
8
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PROBLEM - 3
SEEPAGE IN THE WALLS OF TOILET ABOVE TOILET FLOOR LEVEL
CAUSES
Leakage in water supply lines which
are concealed in the walls.
REMEDIES
1) Make a chase in the wall along the route of water
lines in the toilet/bathroom and expose these lines
at the location+ of dampness . then examine them for
leakage.
2. In extreme cases some pipe piece can also be found cracked rusted
(specially when pipes have become quite old) which should be
replaced.
2. As a preventive measures, during the time
of new construction , all the water lines
must be pressure tested before concealing
them and before accepting the work. this
will save much of future maintenance
problem.
PROBLEM- 4
ROOF /TERRACE CONCRETE SLAB POROUS IN GENERAL
AND LOT OF FINE HAIR LINE CRACKS BECAUSE OF
WHICH WATER SEEPS
CAUSES
Concrete not cast properly and mixing
and compacting not done uniformaly and
properly.
REMEDY
Apply water profing coating over the
concrete slab.
PROBLEM-5
WATER ENTERING THROUGH DOORS AND WINDOWS
OF THE BUILDING AND CAUSING DAMPNESS INSIDE
THE BUILDING
3. Floor not sloping away from external door
4. There is gap between door /window frames and jambs
5. Glazed windows are opened inside the room instead of
outside
1. Chajjas not provided over doors and
windows
2. Stilts not provided at the bottom of door
on the outside
CAUSES
REMEDIES
1. Provide chajjas over doors and windows
2. Gaps between doors/windows frame and jambs should be properly
sealed through sealant.
3. Rubber gasket/beading should be provided on edge of door/ window
shutters if you want a perfect leak proof door/ window.
4. Glazed windows should always open outside and not inside the room.
9. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
9
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PROBLEM -1
CRACKS TO BRICKWORK
CAUSES
1. This is the lack of tying in
of brickwork.
2. Wall has been
constructed and not tied
into the adjoining
brickwork
REMEDY
By construction of the two brick walls at the
same time with the brickwork being
interlocked
PROBLEM – 2
DEFECTIVE FLASHINGS
1. Flashings to the base of the cavity have
been installed.
2. These flashings are designed to collect any
water entry to the
3. Building and discharge it to the outside
4. In this case the end of the flashing has not
been turned up at the
5. Ends and would allow any water trapped within the cavity to
6. Form a water leakage
REMEDY
The flashing in this case should have been turned up at the ends
to prevent the leaks at the door sill.
3. Case a half brick has been cut and abuts the joining wall
4. There is no form of tying in of the brickwork, nor fixing
PROBLEM - 3
SPALLING OF CONCRETE (CONCRETE CANCER)
Spalling of concrete is commonly called
concrete cancer . This occurs when the steel
reinforcing rods within the concrete are
affected by moisture, or a salt environment,
which causes the steel to rust which then
expands and pushes off the surface
CAUSES
• The problem occurs because the
steel reinforcing has insufficient
“cover” which allows either
moisture or salt laden air to
affect the steel reinforcing.
REMEDY
•The new mesh which has been fitted is also bolted
and fixed to the affected concrete slab above to
provide adequate fixing.
•This confirms the mesh is only fitted
to provide some bonding agent for
the later rendering to the underside of
the slab.
10. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
10
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1. CONCRETE CREEP
It is the property of concrete by which it continues to deform with time
under sustained stress. the total deformation of concrete element can
be divided into two parts:
1. An initial, instantaneous deformation at an application of load.
2. A time dependent deformation due to creep.
REMEDY
1 . Design the structure with a mind to the degree of restraint during
drying or cooling of the concrete.
2 . Pre stress wherever feasible.
3. SHRINKAGE
The moisture loss results in concrete
shortening of length. The shortening
of length of a member or contraction
of the concrete per unit length due to
drying when concrete sets in known as
shrinkage.
this is an irreversible process.
REMEDY
1. Provide competent inspection, and back it up.
2. Use materials known to have a good service record with
regard to cracking, irrespective of shrinkage or other tests on
single contribution causes.
3. Use the minimum cement content consistent with design
requirements.
2. CARBONATION
•Carbonation occurs in concrete because the calcium bearing
phases present are attacked by carbon dioxide of the air and
converted to calcium carbonate.
•Carbonation may be recognized in the
field by the presence of a dis colour zone in
the surface of the concrete. the colour may
vary from light gray and difficult to
recognize to strong orange and easy to
recognize. carbonation can be visualized by
using phenolphthalein.
REMEDY
1. Use the minimum water content necessary for workability; do
not permit over wet consistencies.
2. Place the concrete uniformly, and take account of early
settlement in the forms, around reinforcement , on slopes,
and elsewhere.
11. DEPT. OF ARCH
GBU
GREATER NOIDA
DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - VII
SHIVANGI SAINI
13/AR/010
B.ARCH, IV YR, VII SEM
SHEET NO.
11
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4. CORROSION OF THE REINFORCEMENT
•Corrosion of steel bars is due to oxygen and moisture.
•Any common steel will corrode slowly when exposed to the air with
no protection.
•when ordinary steel is used to in concrete, it automatically protected
from corrosion by means of:
1. cover of concrete and alkalinity of concrete.
2. steel in corroding expands and can double its volume.
3. layers and lumps can flake off.
4. as most reinforcement is embedded in concrete, this expansion
can push off the surrounding concrete.
INSUFFICIENT STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Due to the insufficient amount of steel
present in the concrete element it will
not perform to the design and if over-
stressed, suffer from carbonation or
other damages and will not have
sufficient factor of safety.
•connecting hoops and tie-rods bent over where they did not line up
•ties and pre-cast panels not pulled out to make in-situ connections with
in-situ elements.
•lack of stitch bars between precast units in
in-situ joints.
•continuity re bars not passing through all
connecting hoops.
POOR FIXING OF BETWEEN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
REMEDY
•Cure the concrete moist or sealed, beginning very early.
•Avoid extremes of temperature.
•Protect the concrete in service from moisture and temperature
changes wherever feasible, as by backfilling, shading, or coating.
MOISTURE OR
THERMAL EXPANSION
MOVEMENT IN MATERIALS
CHANGE IN SIZE OF MATERIALS
CRACKS
REMEDY
EXPANSION JOINTS
FLOWCHART SUMMARIZING THE DEFECTS DUE
TO CHANGE IN SIZE.