This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
The document discusses different types of wall construction methods including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick and block walls, stone walls, and plasterboard walls. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf separated by a cavity for insulation and moisture drainage. Timber frame walls have good insulation and an outer layer for weatherproofing. Insulated brick and block walls similarly use a cavity for insulation and drainage. Stone and plasterboard walls are also summarized.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
The document discusses different types of wall construction methods including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick and block walls, stone walls, and plasterboard walls. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf separated by a cavity for insulation and moisture drainage. Timber frame walls have good insulation and an outer layer for weatherproofing. Insulated brick and block walls similarly use a cavity for insulation and drainage. Stone and plasterboard walls are also summarized.
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Cavity walls were introduced in the 1920s to improve insulation and prevent moisture penetration compared to solid walls. They consist of an inner and outer leaf separated by a cavity. Current regulations require cavities to be filled with insulation to achieve high thermal resistance. Proper installation of wall ties and damp-proof courses is necessary to join the leaves while allowing moisture to drain. Below ground, the cavity may be filled with concrete or use solid foundation blocks to resist lateral pressure from soil.
This document discusses different types of wall structures. It describes cavity walls, load bearing vs non-load bearing walls, and the functions of walls including strength, stability, weather exclusion and more. It provides details on bonding brickwork and blockwork, including stretcher bond and corner formations. Additional topics covered include wall ties, spacing of wall ties, cavity walls, and timber stud walls.
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Cavity walls were introduced in the 1920s to improve insulation and prevent moisture penetration compared to solid walls. They consist of an inner and outer leaf separated by a cavity. Current regulations require cavities to be filled with insulation to achieve high thermal resistance. Proper installation of wall ties and damp-proof courses is necessary to join the leaves while allowing moisture to drain. Below ground, the cavity may be filled with concrete or use solid foundation blocks to resist lateral pressure from soil.
This document discusses different types of wall structures. It describes cavity walls, load bearing vs non-load bearing walls, and the functions of walls including strength, stability, weather exclusion and more. It provides details on bonding brickwork and blockwork, including stretcher bond and corner formations. Additional topics covered include wall ties, spacing of wall ties, cavity walls, and timber stud walls.
Cavity walls are constructed with an inner and outer leaf separated by an air gap, or cavity. This construction helps prevent dampness by allowing water that enters the outer leaf to drain out before reaching the inner leaf. Cavity walls are reinforced with wall ties to bind the two leaves together. Properly installed wall ties and other components are needed to bridge the cavity at openings while preventing water transfer. Mortar droppings in the cavity can form bridges for water to pass through, so the cavity must be kept clean during and after construction.
1. Concrete foundations provide structural stability and are made of a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement.
2. There are several common types of foundations used in bricklaying including traditional strip foundations, raft foundations, and trench fill foundations.
3. Cavity walls are the main type of external walls constructed and are made up of two masonry leaves bonded with cavity wall ties to form a solid mass.
1. Concrete foundations provide structural stability and are made of a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement.
2. There are different types of foundations including traditional strip foundations, raft foundations, and trench fill foundations.
3. Cavity walls are the most common wall construction and are made up of two leaves of brick or block with a cavity in between filled with insulation.
Cavity walls, Building construction, passive coolingDhvaniR2
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Normal 275 mm (11 inches) cavity wall is suitable for buildings nor exceeding two stories in height, consists of two half brick (4-1/2 inch walls with 2 inches cavity.
Cavity prevents the dampness from the outer leaf percolating into the inner leaf.
They provide excellent insulation from heat and sound.
When used in tropical countries: sufficient precautions must be taken to see that they do not become breeding places for lizards and insects.
Inner leaf is found to take a greater portion of the imposed load transmitted by floor and roof.
Two leaves of the wall are bounded together with ties usually placed 900 mm apart vertically and 450 mm horizontally in every 6th course staggered.
This gives more than 2 ties/ sq.m.
Cavity walls are those which are constructed in that way that an empty space or cavity is left between the single wall.
Also known as hollow wall
A little space is lifted between these two walls for insulation purposes.
These two walls having little space between them for insulation purpose are known as leaves of the cavity walls.
Out wall is called external leaf,
Internal wall is called internal leaf,
The empty space or cavity size should be in between 4 to 10 cm.
External and internal leaves should have 10 cm thickness.
These two leaves of cavity wall are interconnected by links or metal ties for strong bond.
Cavity walls consist of two separate leaves or walls with a gap between them. This provides advantages like reduced heat transfer, sound insulation, and protection from moisture damage. The inner leaf is typically thicker than the outer leaf in load-bearing walls. Metallic ties connect the leaves at regular intervals. Precautions must be taken during construction to prevent moisture from entering the cavity like providing weep holes and ensuring the cavity bottom is above ground level.
Cavity walls are constructed with an inner and outer leaf separated by an air gap, usually filled with insulation. Cavity wall ties connect the two leaves and prevent dampness penetration that can occur in solid walls. Potential problems include weakness of the two thin leaves, but ties strengthen the wall by binding the leaves together. Proper installation of ties and sealing around openings is important to prevent moisture from bridging the air cavity.
Cavity walls consist of two wythes (layers) of masonry separated by a cavity. The cavity improves structural properties by allowing flexibility between wythes and reduces thermal bridging. Cavity walls resist water penetration through the outer wythe and into the cavity space. Insulation can be placed within the cavity to improve thermal resistance. Cavity wall insulation saves on heating costs and improves indoor comfort by reducing heat loss through walls.
Cavity wall insulation involves filling the space between the two walls of a cavity wall with insulating material to improve the wall's thermal properties. There are three main methods of cavity wall insulation: fully filling the cavity, partially filling it, or injecting insulation into an existing cavity. Common cavity insulation materials include mineral wool bats designed to fully fill the cavity, rigid boards to partially fill it, and materials like foam or beads that can be injected. Proper installation techniques help ensure the insulation is effective.
This document discusses different types of floor construction. It describes timber suspended upper floors consisting of beams or joists supported by load bearing walls. As span increases above 3m, joists can twist causing damage, so strutting is included if span exceeds 2.5m. Reinforced concrete flat slabs are not usually economical over 5m spans, so beams can be added. Ribbed floors provide an alternative, reducing depth through narrow spaced shallow beams rather than wide spaced deep beams. Floor screeds are usually applied to provide a smooth, level surface to receive floor finishes.
Walls provide enclosure and structure for buildings. Nearly all buildings have walls that separate interior and exterior spaces and control access, daylight, ventilation, and temperature. Walls may support floors and roofs and brace other walls. There are two main types of walls in domestic English construction: masonry walls made of materials like brick, stone, or concrete blocks laid with mortar, and timber framed walls with a wood framework covered by other materials. Masonry walls are constructed using small units like bricks or larger units like blocks laid in mortar in a cellular pattern to provide strength. Cavity walls have an inner and outer leaf separated by a gap to prevent rain from penetrating the building.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction terms. It includes explanations of materials and components used in building structures like houses. Some terms defined are air barrier, attic ventilation, backhoe, batter boards, brick sizes, bulldozer, concrete joints, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation, joints, lintel, mortar, oriented strand board, plumbing, plywood, rebar, roofing elements, siding materials, stone, vapor retarder, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and windows. Diagrams accompany some entries to illustrate the components.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction terms. It includes explanations of materials and components used in building structures like houses. Some terms that are defined include air barrier, attic ventilation, backhoe, batter boards, brick bonds, brick sizes, bulldozer, cladding types, concrete joints, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation types, joints in masonry, lintel, mortar, oriented strand board, plumbing components, plywood manufacturing process, radiant barrier, rebar, roof drainage, roofing underlayment, roof shapes, siding materials, stone patterns, vapor retarder, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction terms. It includes explanations of materials and components used in building structures, such as air barriers, attic ventilation components, backhoes, batter boards, brick sizes and bonds, bulldozers, concrete joints, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation, joints in masonry, oriented strand board, plumbing components, plywood, rebar, roofing elements, siding materials, stone patterns, vapor retarders, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and window types. Diagrams accompany many of the entries.
This visual dictionary defines and provides images of various construction materials, tools, and methods. Key terms include air barriers, attic ventilation types, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation types, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing fixtures, plywood, rebar, roofing materials and components, stone types, vapor retarders, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and window types. Diagrams and short descriptions are provided for each term.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction materials and building components. It includes explanations of air barriers, attic ventilation components like soffit vents and ridge vents, excavation equipment like backhoes and front end loaders, foundation components like batter boards, types of brick bonds and brick sizes, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, doors and windows, electrical system parts, framing elements, insulation materials, masonry units, plumbing fixtures, roofing materials and components, siding materials, steel components, and more.
1. The visual dictionary provides definitions and descriptions of various construction materials and building components such as air barrier paper, attic ventilation materials, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds, concrete joints, electrical components, framing elements, insulation types, plumbing fixtures, rebar, roofing materials and terms, and stone types.
2. Each term includes a brief description and relevant details about the material or component's purpose, characteristics, sizes, and uses in construction.
3. The visual dictionary serves as a reference guide, defining and illustrating key materials that make up the fundamental elements of built structures and infrastructure projects.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Cavity walls consist of two wythes (leaves) of masonry separated by an air space or cavity. The leaves are typically brick or concrete blocks bonded together with metal ties embedded in the mortar joints. The cavity provides insulation and prevents moisture from crossing between the leaves. Proper construction of cavity walls requires completely filling all mortar joints, keeping the cavity clean, and placing wall ties in the mortar at regular intervals. Good workmanship is important for cavity walls to perform well.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. It uses a combination of a concrete structure and space frame system to achieve large column-free interior spaces under its curved exterior. The space frame enabled construction of the free-form structure and uses vertical elements absorbed by the envelope. Reinforced concrete is used for shear walls and foundations, while the space frame, concrete, and glass fiber reinforced polyester and concrete panels create the distinctive curved surface.
The slums have been defined, and classified on the basis of the development of nation they are located in, the location in context of the city, and in Indian context, as per the guidelines issued by the DDA (Delhi Development Authority).
1. Case studies of residential cum commercial buildings in Ranchi, i.e., Jascon Plaza, and Narsaria Tower.
2. Case study of Ranchi Club in order to have a study of amenities to be provided in design of building.
3. Case Study of Blessington Heights, Ranchi, for its services.
4. Case Study of Hotel Radisson Blu, Ranchi, for its elevated swimming pool, and other recreational facilities.
5. Literature Study of Spanish Gardens, Guwahati, a residential cum commercial complex.
6.Literature Study of UniTech Warehouse, Kolkata, for the study of commercial spaces.
This document discusses the spatial organization and functional areas in hospital design. It identifies four main categories of spaces: outpatient department (OPD), inpatient department (IPD), laboratories, and services. It provides details on the parts, components, planning considerations, and optimal locations for OPD, IPD, and laboratories. In conclusion, it identifies 11 broad categories of functional areas in any hospital, including care, examination and treatment, research, administration and management, supply and disposal, and other functions.
It is a complete literature study for Amusement Park cum Resort.
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The third section contains a study for a multi-cuisine restaurant for 120 diners.
The last section is the Site Study and Climatology Study for the site given for design.
Chinese gardens were influenced by Taoist beliefs that emphasized integrating with nature. They aimed to recreate natural landscapes through abstraction. Key elements included rocks, water, vegetation, pathways, bridges and pavilions. Imperial gardens were large reserves, while scholarly gardens for literati expressed emotions. Famous examples are Beihai Park, The Humble Administrator's Garden and the Summer Palace, known for their elegant blending of architecture and nature.
A literature study on architecture by Ar Eero Saarinen with description of some of his works, i.e., the Gateway Arch, the MIT Chapel, the TWA Terminal, and the Miller House.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
2. What is a Cavity Wall?
Cavity wall is a double
wall consisting of two
separate walls, called
“skins” or “leaves” of
masonry separated by
an air space and joined
together by metal ties
at suitable intervals.
These walls are
generally exterior walls,
although sometimes
used as interior walls
3. Construction Details
General features:
The two leaves of a cavity wall may
be of equal thickness if it is a non
load bearing wall, or the internal leaf
may be thicker than the external
leaf, to meet the structural
requirements.
The inner and outer skins of the wall
are adequately tied together by
means of special wall ties at the rate
of at least five ties per square meter
of wall.
The cavity should neither be less
than 40 mm nor more than 100 mm in
width.
To prevent moisture to enter, it is
essential to provide a vertical damp
proof course at window and door
reveals. The damp proof course
should be flexible.
5. Early Cavity Walls
Most walls comprised two half-brick
leaves with a 50mm cavity.
The two halves of the wall were tied at
regular intervals with steel or wrought
iron wall ties.
The external leaf of brickwork was laid in
facing bricks, the internal leaf in
commons.
A few early cavity walls had an external
leaf one brick thick and, in some early
forms of construction, the DPC ran right
across the cavity.
DPCs (to prevent rising damp) were in
common use by the early 1900s. They
could be made from lead, pitch, asphalt
and slate.
6. Building Regulations
According to building codes the double wall is generally 265mm or 275mm thick,
consisting of 102.5mm inner and outer skins and a 60-70 mm cavity (adequate for 2
storied domestic building) .
The inner leaf is increased to 215 mm or more in thickness when heavier load or floors
have to be supported
For stone faced buildings, the outer leaf is 103-206mm and inner leaf is 102.5mm. The
width of cavity in between varies from 50-75mm.
7. Position of Cavity at Foundations:
Cavity Extending up to Concrete
Bed
The cavity extends right upto the base of
the footing, of the footing, with damp
proof course introduced just below the
floor level. This is the more common
arrangement.
However, if the brick work below G.L. is
not carefully constructed, water will
enter through the joints, collect in cavity
and travel through inner leaf, causing
dampness in the flooring. The following
type remedies the stated problem.
8. Position of Cavity at Foundations
The portion of the cavity between top of
the foundation concrete and the G.L. be
filled with 1:2:4 concrete at least 150 mm
below D.P.C.
Separate D.P.C. is provided for both the
leaves.
Rain water gaining access to the cavity
through the outer leaf, and collecting in
the cavity may be drained off by the
provision of narrow outlets or weep holes.
Cavity Concreted upto
G.L.
9. Position of Cavity at Parapet Level
In the case of flat roofs,
with a parapet, the cavity
may extend either up to
the bottom of coping or
upto a level slightly
above the flat roof.
When the cavity extends
upto the bottom of
coping, D.P.C. course is
provided between the
bottom of coping and top
of cavity, so that rain
water does not enter the
cavity.
When the cavity is
terminated just above the
flat roof, one D.P.C. is
provided over the top of
the cavity and another
12. Wall ties are mostly mild steel thoroughly galvanised or
dipped in hot tar and sanded to protect from rust.
Stainless steel is used now used.
These are various patterns; the washer shown is to hold
insulation boards in position against the inner leaf.
These ties must be placed at distances not exceeding 900
mm horizontally and 450 mm vertically, and should be
staggered.
Ties must be placed at 300 mm vertical intervals at all
angles and door and window jambs to increase stability.
WallTies
14. Example
Present house in Jaipur
built in 2005 is an
exposed bricks(wire
cut bricks) house with
cavity walls. Two brick
and mortar walls
having a gap of 4" in
between. For strength,
both walls have been
tied at regular
intervals by placing
5mm "S" shaped rod -
thus giving the outer
wall the strength of a
normal 9" one.
15. Advantages of cavity walls.
Advantages of cavity walls:
There is no possibility of the moisture travelling from
the outer wall to the inner wall.
The layer of air in the cavity being non-conductor of
heat, and reduces the transmission of heat from the
external face to internal one.
This acts as damp barrier, reduces the cooling cost of
the building.
Economy- A 275 mm cavity wall costs less to construct
than a 328 mm solid wall
Cheaper than exterior or interior wall insulation.
Maintains existing wall thickness.
Minimal disruption to install
Can reduce condensation
16. Disadvantages
Cavity walls were first built, in exposed coastal areas, in order to keep out wind-driven
rain. Filling the cavity with insulation will always hold the risk that moisture will be able to
find its way across to the inside, whatever the insulation material.
There is also the possibility that the installation will leave unfilled air pockets –causing
‘cold spots’ on the inside walls which attract condensation.
Another problem concerns wall-tie corrosion; cavity insulation makes the outer brick leaf
colder, and therefore wetter, which can accelerate rusting of the wall ties. And if the ties
then have to be replaced, there is no satisfactory way of refilling the holes in the
insulation, whatever the material.
Thermal bridging problems.
Thickness of insulation is restricted by width of cavity.
Significant parts of the UK are unsuitable due to their exposure.
There are significant number of buildings with mortar droppings on ties within the cavity
which result in penetrating dampness.
Settlement and saturation of cavity-fill leading to cold bridging
17. Precautions
Damp proof course should be laid separately for two walls.
The cavity should be properly drained and ventilated by providing weep holes.
Cavity should be kept clear of dropping of mortar or brick, rubbish etc during
construction.
Vermin's or mosquitoes should not be there in the cavity wall.