The document discusses the key components of building superstructure including beams, columns, and lintels. It describes that the superstructure sits above the foundation and provides utility and safety. It then focuses on the different types of beams such as simply supported, fixed, and cantilever beams. It also discusses columns and lintels, how they transmit loads, and common materials used like reinforced concrete.
The document discusses different types of beams used in building construction. It defines a beam as a long structural member used to provide support to upper parts of a building while transferring imposed loads to supports at its ends. The document then describes various types of beams including cantilever beams, simply supported beams, continuous beams, and overhanging beams. It notes that beams can vary in their shape, dimensions, reinforcement details, and support conditions.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Beam and column and its types in detailBilal Rahman
The document discusses different types of beams and columns. It describes beams based on their end support (simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilevered, fixed), cross-section shape (I-beam, T-beam, C-beam), and equilibrium condition (statically determinate, statically indeterminate). It also describes columns based on their shape (rectangular, L-shaped), type of reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Columns can also serve decorative purposes by carrying sculpture or commemorating events.
What Is A Beam? And What Are The Different Types Of Beam? (https://civiltech-...PoojaGurnule
The article or blog is related to the beam and different types of beam depending on different conditions. Based on Support Conditions, Based on Construction Materials, Based on Cross-Section Shapes, Based on Geometry, Based on Equilibrium Conditions, Based on Method Of Construction
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
This document summarizes the key components that make up the superstructure of a building, including beams, columns, slabs, staircases, walls, and roofs. It describes the functions and types of each component. Beams transfer loads and come in different types depending on their support. Columns transmit loads from above to the foundation and are often made of reinforced concrete. Slabs provide floor or ceiling surfaces and can be designed for one-way or two-way loading. Walls define spaces, carry loads, and provide shelter. Staircases allow movement between levels. Roofs protect the building from the environment.
1. The document discusses different types of structural systems used in buildings including walls, post and lintel frames, arches, vaults, domes, and trusses.
2. It explains the different types of loads that structures must withstand including dead loads from permanent structural elements and live loads from movable objects and occupants.
3. It also describes different types of stresses structures experience such as tension, compression, shear, deformation, and bending and the properties of common building materials.
The document discusses the key components of building superstructure including beams, columns, and lintels. It describes that the superstructure sits above the foundation and provides utility and safety. It then focuses on the different types of beams such as simply supported, fixed, and cantilever beams. It also discusses columns and lintels, how they transmit loads, and common materials used like reinforced concrete.
The document discusses different types of beams used in building construction. It defines a beam as a long structural member used to provide support to upper parts of a building while transferring imposed loads to supports at its ends. The document then describes various types of beams including cantilever beams, simply supported beams, continuous beams, and overhanging beams. It notes that beams can vary in their shape, dimensions, reinforcement details, and support conditions.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Beam and column and its types in detailBilal Rahman
The document discusses different types of beams and columns. It describes beams based on their end support (simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilevered, fixed), cross-section shape (I-beam, T-beam, C-beam), and equilibrium condition (statically determinate, statically indeterminate). It also describes columns based on their shape (rectangular, L-shaped), type of reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Columns can also serve decorative purposes by carrying sculpture or commemorating events.
What Is A Beam? And What Are The Different Types Of Beam? (https://civiltech-...PoojaGurnule
The article or blog is related to the beam and different types of beam depending on different conditions. Based on Support Conditions, Based on Construction Materials, Based on Cross-Section Shapes, Based on Geometry, Based on Equilibrium Conditions, Based on Method Of Construction
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
This document summarizes the key components that make up the superstructure of a building, including beams, columns, slabs, staircases, walls, and roofs. It describes the functions and types of each component. Beams transfer loads and come in different types depending on their support. Columns transmit loads from above to the foundation and are often made of reinforced concrete. Slabs provide floor or ceiling surfaces and can be designed for one-way or two-way loading. Walls define spaces, carry loads, and provide shelter. Staircases allow movement between levels. Roofs protect the building from the environment.
1. The document discusses different types of structural systems used in buildings including walls, post and lintel frames, arches, vaults, domes, and trusses.
2. It explains the different types of loads that structures must withstand including dead loads from permanent structural elements and live loads from movable objects and occupants.
3. It also describes different types of stresses structures experience such as tension, compression, shear, deformation, and bending and the properties of common building materials.
The document describes the construction of reinforced concrete structures for a building project. It discusses the layout, foundation, columns, beams, and slabs. The foundation includes isolated and combined rectangular footings. Columns are vertical load bearing members made of M40 concrete with longitudinal and transverse rebar. Beams are horizontal members that include inverted, concealed, and deep beams made of M25 concrete. Slabs are horizontal plates that can be one-way or two-way, 150mm thick made of M20 concrete with rebar arranged for structural action.
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
The document discusses different types of structural elements used in building construction including beams, loads, supports, columns, and trusses. It describes several types of beams such as simply supported beams, continuous beams, overhanging beams, cantilever beams, and fixed beams. It also discusses different types of loads, supports, and how columns and trusses function structurally.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document discusses the design of footings. It defines footings as structural members that transmit and distribute column and wall loads to the soil. The major requirements for footing design are that it sustains applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and results in uniform settlement within tolerable limits. Shallow foundations are used when soil has sufficient strength within a short depth. Types of shallow foundations include isolated, combined, strap, strip, and raft foundations. Footing types include isolated, combined, and strap footings. Formulas are provided for calculating bending moment in rectangular footings. Worked examples are given for footing reinforcement design.
The document defines and describes 10 different types of structures: beam bridge, truss bridge, suspension bridge, arch bridge, shell structure, frame structure, solid structure, and two additional descriptions of beam and arch bridges. A beam bridge uses a horizontal beam supported at both ends to support weight. A truss bridge uses a lightweight truss structure for stability. A suspension bridge hangs between two ends for support. An arch bridge can withstand heavy loads. A shell structure has a solid outer surface and hollow inner area. A frame structure uses a skeleton frame for support rather than walls. A solid structure is made of solid, strong material.
The document provides information about slabs, beams, and stairs in construction. It defines slabs as flat horizontal elements that take transverse loading and transfer load to beams and columns. It describes various types of slabs and beams based on how they transfer loads and their support structures. It also defines stairs and provides technical terms used in stair construction. It describes different types of stairs based on their shape and materials used.
This document provides information about beams used in structural engineering. It defines beams, discusses their structural characteristics like moment of inertia and stresses, and describes different types of beams including simply supported, fixed, cantilever, and trussed beams. It also covers beam design, applications in bridges and cranes, potential failure modes from plastic hinges, buckling or material failure, and methods to prevent failures like lateral restraints.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
Columns serve both structural and decorative purposes in architecture. Structurally, columns are vertical elements that usually have a rounded shaft, capital, and base that support loads. Decoratively, columns can carry sculpture or commemorate events and people. There are three main classical column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - which vary in ornamentation from plain to fancy. Columns can also be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, loading, or slenderness ratio. Their proper positioning and avoidance of excessive slenderness helps prevent buckling under load.
Footings are the lower part of a building's foundation constructed below ground level. They transfer the building's live and dead loads to the soil over a large area to prevent movement of the soil or building. Footings must resist settlement and lateral loads. Their size depends on the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, total load on the footing, and column dimensions. Shear failure can occur at the footing-column connection or within the footing itself. Combined or strap footings are used to distribute loads across property lines or between closely spaced columns.
Structural system of Buildings(sub-structure+ super structure)Kaiserin Tania
The document summarizes the structural system of buildings, focusing on foundations and substructures. It defines foundations as the part of the structure that transfers loads from the building to the soil. Substructures are the parts of buildings located underground, transferring loads from the superstructure above ground to the soil. There are different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations, as well as deep pile foundations, classified based on function, materials, and installation methods. Foundations are designed according to soil conditions and building loads to distribute weight effectively while preventing settlement.
Braced steel frames are commonly used to resist lateral loads from earthquakes. There are two main types of bracing configurations: concentric and eccentric. Cross bracing provides the highest lateral stiffness compared to diagonal bracing or unbraced frames. Analysis of a sample braced steel frame model found that cross bracing reduced story drift by 87% and column shear and bending moments compared to an unbraced frame. However, axial forces in the columns increased with the addition of bracing. Response spectrum analysis accounted for multiple vibration modes while time history analysis used specific earthquake acceleration records over time. Cross bracing consistently performed best at reducing lateral deformation and forces in the frame.
The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs.
[1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete.
[2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular.
[3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,
This document describes different types of beams based on their end support, cross-section shape, equilibrium condition, and geometry. Beams can be simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilever, fixed, or trussed based on their end support. Their cross-section can be I-beams, T-beams, or C-beams. Based on equilibrium, beams are either statically determinate or indeterminate. A beam's geometry can be straight, curved, or tapered.
simple supported beams with shear force and bending moments diagrams, different types of loading conditions, everyday scenarios of simply supported beams, advantages and disadvantages of simple supported beams
Manish Raj gave a seminar on beams for his civil engineering class. He began by defining a beam as a structural element that resists lateral loads, causing bending. Beams are characterized by their support, cross-section profile, length, and material. Manish then classified beams based on their geometry, equilibrium conditions, and support type. Key support types discussed included simply supported beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, continuous beams, and fixed beams.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document provides details about a building construction project submitted by Ishfaq Rashid to the Department of Civil Engineering at Ram Devi Jindal Group of Colleges. It discusses the project area of 29 acres located in Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka Expressway in Gurugram. The project involves constructing a gated low-rise luxury residential complex with a basement, stilt floor, and 4 upper floors along with covered car parking. It provides information on the excavation, plain cement concrete, raft foundation, structural elements like columns, beams, walls and their connections, slabs, terrace, plaster, tiling, and painting work involved in the project.
1. Concrete beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases were constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
2. For beams and columns, formwork was erected, reinforcement bars were installed, and then concrete was poured and allowed to cure.
3. Concrete slabs were either precast off site or cast in place using formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring and curing.
4. Walls were constructed using concrete bricks laid with mortar.
The document describes the construction of reinforced concrete structures for a building project. It discusses the layout, foundation, columns, beams, and slabs. The foundation includes isolated and combined rectangular footings. Columns are vertical load bearing members made of M40 concrete with longitudinal and transverse rebar. Beams are horizontal members that include inverted, concealed, and deep beams made of M25 concrete. Slabs are horizontal plates that can be one-way or two-way, 150mm thick made of M20 concrete with rebar arranged for structural action.
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
The document discusses different types of structural elements used in building construction including beams, loads, supports, columns, and trusses. It describes several types of beams such as simply supported beams, continuous beams, overhanging beams, cantilever beams, and fixed beams. It also discusses different types of loads, supports, and how columns and trusses function structurally.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document discusses the design of footings. It defines footings as structural members that transmit and distribute column and wall loads to the soil. The major requirements for footing design are that it sustains applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and results in uniform settlement within tolerable limits. Shallow foundations are used when soil has sufficient strength within a short depth. Types of shallow foundations include isolated, combined, strap, strip, and raft foundations. Footing types include isolated, combined, and strap footings. Formulas are provided for calculating bending moment in rectangular footings. Worked examples are given for footing reinforcement design.
The document defines and describes 10 different types of structures: beam bridge, truss bridge, suspension bridge, arch bridge, shell structure, frame structure, solid structure, and two additional descriptions of beam and arch bridges. A beam bridge uses a horizontal beam supported at both ends to support weight. A truss bridge uses a lightweight truss structure for stability. A suspension bridge hangs between two ends for support. An arch bridge can withstand heavy loads. A shell structure has a solid outer surface and hollow inner area. A frame structure uses a skeleton frame for support rather than walls. A solid structure is made of solid, strong material.
The document provides information about slabs, beams, and stairs in construction. It defines slabs as flat horizontal elements that take transverse loading and transfer load to beams and columns. It describes various types of slabs and beams based on how they transfer loads and their support structures. It also defines stairs and provides technical terms used in stair construction. It describes different types of stairs based on their shape and materials used.
This document provides information about beams used in structural engineering. It defines beams, discusses their structural characteristics like moment of inertia and stresses, and describes different types of beams including simply supported, fixed, cantilever, and trussed beams. It also covers beam design, applications in bridges and cranes, potential failure modes from plastic hinges, buckling or material failure, and methods to prevent failures like lateral restraints.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
Columns serve both structural and decorative purposes in architecture. Structurally, columns are vertical elements that usually have a rounded shaft, capital, and base that support loads. Decoratively, columns can carry sculpture or commemorate events and people. There are three main classical column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - which vary in ornamentation from plain to fancy. Columns can also be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, loading, or slenderness ratio. Their proper positioning and avoidance of excessive slenderness helps prevent buckling under load.
Footings are the lower part of a building's foundation constructed below ground level. They transfer the building's live and dead loads to the soil over a large area to prevent movement of the soil or building. Footings must resist settlement and lateral loads. Their size depends on the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, total load on the footing, and column dimensions. Shear failure can occur at the footing-column connection or within the footing itself. Combined or strap footings are used to distribute loads across property lines or between closely spaced columns.
Structural system of Buildings(sub-structure+ super structure)Kaiserin Tania
The document summarizes the structural system of buildings, focusing on foundations and substructures. It defines foundations as the part of the structure that transfers loads from the building to the soil. Substructures are the parts of buildings located underground, transferring loads from the superstructure above ground to the soil. There are different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations, as well as deep pile foundations, classified based on function, materials, and installation methods. Foundations are designed according to soil conditions and building loads to distribute weight effectively while preventing settlement.
Braced steel frames are commonly used to resist lateral loads from earthquakes. There are two main types of bracing configurations: concentric and eccentric. Cross bracing provides the highest lateral stiffness compared to diagonal bracing or unbraced frames. Analysis of a sample braced steel frame model found that cross bracing reduced story drift by 87% and column shear and bending moments compared to an unbraced frame. However, axial forces in the columns increased with the addition of bracing. Response spectrum analysis accounted for multiple vibration modes while time history analysis used specific earthquake acceleration records over time. Cross bracing consistently performed best at reducing lateral deformation and forces in the frame.
The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs.
[1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete.
[2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular.
[3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,
This document describes different types of beams based on their end support, cross-section shape, equilibrium condition, and geometry. Beams can be simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilever, fixed, or trussed based on their end support. Their cross-section can be I-beams, T-beams, or C-beams. Based on equilibrium, beams are either statically determinate or indeterminate. A beam's geometry can be straight, curved, or tapered.
simple supported beams with shear force and bending moments diagrams, different types of loading conditions, everyday scenarios of simply supported beams, advantages and disadvantages of simple supported beams
Manish Raj gave a seminar on beams for his civil engineering class. He began by defining a beam as a structural element that resists lateral loads, causing bending. Beams are characterized by their support, cross-section profile, length, and material. Manish then classified beams based on their geometry, equilibrium conditions, and support type. Key support types discussed included simply supported beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, continuous beams, and fixed beams.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document provides details about a building construction project submitted by Ishfaq Rashid to the Department of Civil Engineering at Ram Devi Jindal Group of Colleges. It discusses the project area of 29 acres located in Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka Expressway in Gurugram. The project involves constructing a gated low-rise luxury residential complex with a basement, stilt floor, and 4 upper floors along with covered car parking. It provides information on the excavation, plain cement concrete, raft foundation, structural elements like columns, beams, walls and their connections, slabs, terrace, plaster, tiling, and painting work involved in the project.
1. Concrete beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases were constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
2. For beams and columns, formwork was erected, reinforcement bars were installed, and then concrete was poured and allowed to cure.
3. Concrete slabs were either precast off site or cast in place using formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring and curing.
4. Walls were constructed using concrete bricks laid with mortar.
The document discusses various aspects of superstructure components including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and staircases. It provides details on:
- Types of beams used on site, including precast and in-situ concrete beams, with reinforcement for strength.
- The concrete columns constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
- Walls being primarily concrete bricks with mortar, providing structural support and enclosure.
- Floors being constructed using either precast or cast-in-place concrete slabs reinforced for strength.
- Staircases being made of reinforced concrete with formwork to provide circulation between levels.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
This document discusses wall materials and construction techniques for disaster resistant buildings. It covers different types of masonry bonds used in walls like rat trap bond and English bond. It discusses wall geometry and how factors like height, length, and reinforcement placement affect wall strength. It also addresses openings, wall and beam reinforcements, and field testing of construction materials like bricks and cement to ensure quality. The goal is to understand wall design and construction methods that improve a building's ability to withstand disasters.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses rigid pavements constructed using concrete slabs. Rigid pavements are commonly used when road conditions are adverse, such as heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. The key materials used in concrete pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures. Reinforcement such as dowel bars and tie bars are also used. Concrete pavements consist of a soil subgrade, drainage layer, sub-base course, separation membrane, and concrete slabs with different types of joints. Common types of concrete pavements include jointed plain concrete pavement, jointed reinforced concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The document discusses the construction methods and equipment used for rigid
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
This document provides an overview of concrete and masonry construction for architecture students. It discusses the basic components and properties of concrete, including aggregates, paste, and the hydration process. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of concrete. Additionally, it outlines different types of building foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations. The document concludes by examining different types of concrete floor and roof structures as well as masonry walls, bonds, and lintels.
The document discusses different types of masonry construction and bonds used in brick masonry walls. It provides details on various types of masonry including brick, stone, concrete, veneer, and gabion masonry. It also describes different bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Key points on supervising brick masonry construction are highlighted.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. It defines precast concrete as concrete that is cast in reusable molds and cured in a controlled environment off-site before being transported to the construction site. Benefits of precast construction include better quality control during curing, less weather dependence, faster construction time, and lower costs. Examples of precast concrete applications include buildings, bridges, retaining walls, and transportation products. The document also discusses design considerations, formwork, casting, handling, transportation and erection of precast concrete elements.
Precast concrete is produced by casting concrete in reusable molds away from the construction site. This allows for mass production of identical components like beams, floors, and walls in a controlled environment. When complete, the precast components are transported and lifted into place at the construction site. Using precast concrete can speed up construction time and reduce costs compared to traditional cast-in-place concrete through economies of scale in production.
This document provides an analysis and design summary of a 12-story residential building in Basti, India. It includes summaries of the structural elements designed - flat slab, columns, shear walls, and pile foundations. The flat slab and columns were designed for bending moments and shear forces. Rectangular columns were designed with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Shear walls were designed to resist wind loads. Pile foundations were selected due to weak soil, with friction piles penetrating 18 meters designed to support column loads.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Civil engineering basics
1. mylearnings.in
CIVIL ENGINEERING BASICS
For all competitive exams and for practicing engineers
What are Civil Engineering Basics ?
Civil Engineering basics are the basic parameters related to different Structures which all the
engineers should know.
Sub-structure :- Part of structure which is below the ground level is called substructure
Super-structure :- Part of structure which is above ground level is super structure.
Elevation – It’s the view which we can see when we stand right in front of the structure on any of
the sides.
Plastering – A cement, sand and water mix applied on brick wall for smooth surface for painting.
Plinth level – The level on which the actual structure stands on.
Riser – The vertical height of single step.
Tread – The horizontal portion where we put our foot on which going on steps.
Going – The inclined portion of stairs.
Footing – The bottom most part of structure. These are categorized as Isolated footing,
combined footing, Raft etc.
Columns – The vertical members of structure .
Clear cover – It’s the clear distance maintained from concrete face up to face of the
reinforcement steel.
Effective depth – It is the distance from top of the concrete face upto the CG of reinforcement.
Singly reinforced section – A section of concrete member with reinforcement at only on tension
face.
Doubly reinforced section – A section of concrete member with reinforcement on both tension
and compression side.
2. mylearnings.in
Stirrups –Steel bent in closed shape of either Rectangular of circular shape. These are generally
to hold column bars in position and also effective in shear carrying capacity.
Cantilever beam – A beam with fixed support on one side and the other end is free.
Propped cantilever – A beam with fixed support on one side and other end is with pinned
support.
Pedestal – When Length of the member is less than 3 times in width then its called pedestal.
One way slab – When ratio of length to width is more than 2 its one way slab
Two way slab – When ration of length to width is less than or equal to 2 , its two way slab.
Slender column – when length to width ratio of column is more than 12 , then its slender
column
Plain cement concrete (PCC) – The cement concrete mix provided on the ground level over
which foundations, beams are constructed. This is simply a levelling surface.
Pile foundation – The foundation system with Pile i.e cylinder shaped reinforced concrete.
Generally preferred when soil is very weak.
Frog – A small Depression on top of brick. This is for proper bonding with other bricks.
Scaffolding – A temporary structure constructed during the construction when work needs to be
carried out at higher elevations.
Retaining wall – A wall constructed to retain earth.
Tension – A force acting on member and in the direction away from the structure. Imagine
pulling the rubber band with two fingers.
Compression – A force acting on member in the direction towards the structure. This is simple
download load acting on structure.
Stress – Ratio of force applied to its sectional area.
Strain – This is the ratio of change in length to its original length.
Hooke’s Law – With in elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain.
Poisson’s Ratio – It is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
Strut – A compression member in a truss.
Flab slab – A structural component supported only by columns and no beam arrangement.
Piers – The column types structures for supporting bridge slabs along the length.
3. mylearnings.in
Abutment – The end supports of bridge are abutments.
Lintel – A structural member just above the door or window or rolling shutter.
Cement :- Cement is basically obtained by grinding the stones containing lime and clay. Cement
is the binder which helps in the bonding of cement, sand along with water.
Some of the very important types of cement are
1. Low Heat cement used generally in construction of dams.
2. Sulphate resisting cement used in corrosive type environment. Ex. Sewage contact
surfaces
3. Rapid hardening cement
4. Quick setting cement
Aggregates : - Aggregates are generally of two Types 1) Fine Aggregate and 2) Coarse
Aggregate
Fine aggregate is the one that passes through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 0.075 mm sieve
Coarse aggregate is the one that retains on 4.75 mm sieve.
Example of Fine aggregate – Sand
Example of Coarse aggregate – Gravel
Concrete :- Concrete is obtained by mixing cement, aggregate and water as per desired mix.
Here water to cement ratio plays important role. Strength of concrete is inversely proportional
to water cement ratio.
Concrete is represented by design mix as M-25.
M is Mix and 25 means compression strength at the end of 28 days considering concrete cubes
of 15 cm cube.
Concrete has Two setting types
a) Initial Setting time - 30 min
b) Final Setting time – 10 hrs
The test for setting time is done using Vicats apparatus.
Concrete setting time can be reduced or increased depending on climatic conditions by using
admixtures.
Admixture for increasing the setting time is called retarder and for reducing the setting time is
called accelerator.