This document provides information on ordinary Portland cement grade 53, including its definition, history, manufacturing process, chemical and physical requirements, and uses. Key points:
- Cement is made from limestone, clay, and other materials that are heated to form clinker and then ground with gypsum.
- The manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials, crushing, grinding, burning at high temperatures, cooling clinker, and grinding it with gypsum to form cement.
- Cement must meet chemical requirements for composition and physical requirements for things like setting time and strength.
- The main uses of cement are in concrete and mortar for construction of buildings, infrastructure, and more.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
The document provides information about cement, including its history, chemical composition, manufacturing process, hydration, types of cement and tests conducted on cement. It begins with describing how cement is made from raw materials such as limestone, clay and iron ore through grinding, heating and cooling processes. It then discusses the chemistry and reactions involved in cement hydration. The document also lists and describes common types of cement used in construction, such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, white cement, as well as tests to measure cement consistency, setting time and strength.
Cement is a binding material made of a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are two main processes for manufacturing cement - the dry process and wet process. In the dry process, raw materials are ground without water, while in the wet process water is added during grinding. The ground raw materials are then burned in a kiln at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, and cement is tested for qualities like fineness, setting time, and compressive strength.
Cement is a binding material made of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, high alumina cement, air entraining cement, supersulphated cement, masonry cement, expansive cement, colored cement, and white cement. The document discusses the chemical composition and functions of cement constituents and manufacturing processes.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances that is used as a binding agent in construction. It is produced through a process involving mixing raw materials, burning in a rotary kiln, and grinding the clinker produced. The manufacturing process can be either dry or wet. Key tests are conducted on cement to check properties like strength, color, presence of lumps, and solubility in water. There are various types of cement suited for different applications.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
The document provides information about cement, including its history, chemical composition, manufacturing process, hydration, types of cement and tests conducted on cement. It begins with describing how cement is made from raw materials such as limestone, clay and iron ore through grinding, heating and cooling processes. It then discusses the chemistry and reactions involved in cement hydration. The document also lists and describes common types of cement used in construction, such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, white cement, as well as tests to measure cement consistency, setting time and strength.
Cement is a binding material made of a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are two main processes for manufacturing cement - the dry process and wet process. In the dry process, raw materials are ground without water, while in the wet process water is added during grinding. The ground raw materials are then burned in a kiln at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, and cement is tested for qualities like fineness, setting time, and compressive strength.
Cement is a binding material made of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, high alumina cement, air entraining cement, supersulphated cement, masonry cement, expansive cement, colored cement, and white cement. The document discusses the chemical composition and functions of cement constituents and manufacturing processes.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances that is used as a binding agent in construction. It is produced through a process involving mixing raw materials, burning in a rotary kiln, and grinding the clinker produced. The manufacturing process can be either dry or wet. Key tests are conducted on cement to check properties like strength, color, presence of lumps, and solubility in water. There are various types of cement suited for different applications.
Hydration is the chemical reaction between cement and water that forms bonds and results in a solid mass. The main compounds in cement - C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF - hydrate to form calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H gel), calcium hydroxide, and calcium aluminate hydrates. Hydration is affected by factors like composition, fineness, water-cement ratio, and curing temperature. Special cements include acid-resistant, blast furnace, expanding, colored, high alumina, hydrophobic, low heat, and oil well cements used for their properties.
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When mixed with water, cement undergoes hydration reactions that cause it to harden over time. Tricalcium silicate reacts rapidly and contributes to early strength, while dicalcium silicate reacts slowly and provides later strength. Tricalcium aluminate also reacts quickly but is retarded by gypsum addition. The reactions are exothermic and generate heat.
Cement is produced through a process involving crushing, grinding, and burning of limestone and clay. Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824. The first cement factory in India was established in Tamil Nadu in 1904. Cement production involves quarrying raw materials, crushing them, mixing with water or dry process, grinding, burning at high temperatures to form clinker, cooling clinker, and final grinding with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction activities like building, roads, bridges due to its binding properties and high compressive strength.
The document provides information on the process of determining the fineness of cement through dry sieving. It involves weighing 10g of cement and placing it on a 90μm sieve. The sieve is agitated to allow fine material to pass through while retaining particles larger than 90μm. The residue is weighed and reported as a percentage of the original sample weight. This process is repeated and the mean percentage residue is calculated to determine the fineness of the cement sample.
The document discusses the process of cement manufacturing. It begins with the raw materials used, which include limestone, clay, iron oxide, and aluminum. These materials are quarries, crushed, and transported to a plant for storage. They are then ground together and preheated before being burned in a kiln at 1500°C to produce clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground with gypsum, and stored in silos before being packaged and distributed. The document outlines the characteristics, types, grades, setting process, optimal storage conditions, and common uses of cement in construction.
This document discusses different types of cement. It begins with a brief history of cement, noting that Romans were early developers of hydraulic cement. It then categorizes and describes various cement types including natural cement, Portland cement, Portland limestone cement, blended cement, pozzolan lime cement, masonry cement, aluminous cement, and fly ash cement. It provides details on their compositions and typical uses. The document concludes with an overview of cement types commonly used in India.
This document provides information about cement, including its history, definition, manufacture, and composition. It discusses the four main processes used to manufacture cement: wet, semi-wet, semi-dry, and dry. The wet and dry processes are described in more detail. It also summarizes the classification of cements as hydraulic or non-hydraulic, and provides examples of their applications. Finally, it outlines the key functions of cement and its main constituent materials like lime, silica, alumina, and others.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of cement. It begins with crushing and mixing of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and iron ore. The raw materials are then heated in a kiln to form clinker. Clinker is ground into a fine powder to produce cement. When mixed with water, cement undergoes chemical reactions that result in hardening over time as it hydrates. The hydration process involves calcium silicates and aluminates reacting with water to form compounds like calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrates.
This document discusses Portland cement and the cement manufacturing process. It begins with an overview of what cement is and how it is used to make concrete. It then describes the industrial process for manufacturing cement, involving grinding raw materials like limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then pulverized with gypsum to become Portland cement powder. The document also provides a brief history of cement development and explains how cement kilns can beneficially reuse solid and hazardous wastes as a source of energy and raw material replacement due to the kilns' high temperatures and long retention times.
This document summarizes the process for manufacturing portland cement. It begins by defining cement as a powder made from calcining limestone and clay, which can be mixed with water or sand and gravel to make mortar or concrete. The main raw materials are limestone and chalk or shale and clay. The manufacturing process involves grinding these raw materials, mixing them intimately in a kiln at 1300-1500°C to form clinkers, which are then ground into a fine powder along with gypsum to make portland cement. There are two main processes - wet and dry - which differ in whether raw materials are ground with or without water during mixing and grinding. The wet process allows for more accurate mixing but the dry process
Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement globally, with over 1.5 billion tons produced annually. It is manufactured through a wet or dry process involving crushing and mixing limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a rotary kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker with gypsum. When mixed with water, it undergoes hydration reactions where compounds in the cement chemically react and harden over time, giving cement its strength. Ordinary Portland cement is used in general construction like buildings and bridges due to its strength and resistance to cracking, though it has less chemical resistance than other cements.
Cement is a powdery material that binds other materials together when mixed with water. It is made through a process of crushing raw materials like limestone, mixing them into a slurry or powder, burning the mixture in a kiln, and finely grinding the resulting clinker. The most common type is Portland cement, which is a finely ground powder that sets and hardens through chemical reactions with water. Cement is widely used in construction for buildings, infrastructure, and other applications due to its ability to form strong structures and conform to various shapes.
This document discusses various tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing checks for lumps, color, texture, and stability when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the ideal water-cement ratio for uniform consistency.
3. Fineness, soundness, and strength tests evaluate particle size, potential expansion, and compressive strength. Proper testing ensures cement meets specifications for hydration, strength development, and resistance to damage.
This document discusses Ordinary Portland Cement and Rapid Hardening Cement. It defines cement and describes its main types. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used type and comprises calcium, silica, alumina, and iron. The production process involves crushing raw materials, mixing them, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding gypsum. OPC is used in construction where special properties are not required. Rapid Hardening Cement gains strength more quickly than OPC and is used when early strength or cold weather work is needed.
The document discusses different types of cement. It defines cement and describes its composition and manufacturing process. The main types discussed are ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), Portland blast furnace slag cement (PBSF), rapid hardening cement, low heat cement, sulfate resisting cement, and white cement. It provides details on the characteristics and common applications of each cement type.
This presentation summarizes the types and properties of cement. It discusses the history of cement and how it was first used by Egyptians. It then covers the main types of cement including grey cement (e.g. OPC, rapid hardening), white/colored cement, and blended cements (e.g. PPC, PSC). The presentation also outlines the physical properties of cement such as consistency, setting time, soundness, and fineness. Finally, it summarizes the chemical properties including the main compounds in cement and how they contribute to strength.
Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens after mixing with water. Romans first developed hydraulic cement by mixing volcanic ash with lime. Portland cement, the most common type today, was invented in 1824 and consists of calcium silicates and other compounds. It is produced through a process of grinding raw materials like limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker with gypsum. The clinker compounds hydrate and harden when mixed with water. Cement is primarily used to bind sand, gravel and water into concrete for construction applications.
Portland cement is produced through a four step process:
1) Limestone and other raw materials are quarried and crushed
2) The raw materials are ground and blended to ensure proper chemical composition
3) The raw materials are heated in a kiln to over 1400°C, undergoing chemical reactions to form the four main compounds that make up cement
4) The resulting clinker is ground with gypsum to produce the fine powder that is Portland cement
This document discusses temperature controlled mass concrete. It defines mass concrete as any concrete with minimum lateral dimensions over 1.3 meters, for which additional measures are needed to control heat from hydration. High temperatures can cause cracking, reduced strength, and issues like delayed ettringite formation. Methods to control temperature discussed include using less cement, chilled water, precooling aggregates, insulation, and monitoring temperatures during curing. Full-scale mockups are recommended to test temperature control methods for each project.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
Hydration is the chemical reaction between cement and water that forms bonds and results in a solid mass. The main compounds in cement - C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF - hydrate to form calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H gel), calcium hydroxide, and calcium aluminate hydrates. Hydration is affected by factors like composition, fineness, water-cement ratio, and curing temperature. Special cements include acid-resistant, blast furnace, expanding, colored, high alumina, hydrophobic, low heat, and oil well cements used for their properties.
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When mixed with water, cement undergoes hydration reactions that cause it to harden over time. Tricalcium silicate reacts rapidly and contributes to early strength, while dicalcium silicate reacts slowly and provides later strength. Tricalcium aluminate also reacts quickly but is retarded by gypsum addition. The reactions are exothermic and generate heat.
Cement is produced through a process involving crushing, grinding, and burning of limestone and clay. Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824. The first cement factory in India was established in Tamil Nadu in 1904. Cement production involves quarrying raw materials, crushing them, mixing with water or dry process, grinding, burning at high temperatures to form clinker, cooling clinker, and final grinding with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction activities like building, roads, bridges due to its binding properties and high compressive strength.
The document provides information on the process of determining the fineness of cement through dry sieving. It involves weighing 10g of cement and placing it on a 90μm sieve. The sieve is agitated to allow fine material to pass through while retaining particles larger than 90μm. The residue is weighed and reported as a percentage of the original sample weight. This process is repeated and the mean percentage residue is calculated to determine the fineness of the cement sample.
The document discusses the process of cement manufacturing. It begins with the raw materials used, which include limestone, clay, iron oxide, and aluminum. These materials are quarries, crushed, and transported to a plant for storage. They are then ground together and preheated before being burned in a kiln at 1500°C to produce clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground with gypsum, and stored in silos before being packaged and distributed. The document outlines the characteristics, types, grades, setting process, optimal storage conditions, and common uses of cement in construction.
This document discusses different types of cement. It begins with a brief history of cement, noting that Romans were early developers of hydraulic cement. It then categorizes and describes various cement types including natural cement, Portland cement, Portland limestone cement, blended cement, pozzolan lime cement, masonry cement, aluminous cement, and fly ash cement. It provides details on their compositions and typical uses. The document concludes with an overview of cement types commonly used in India.
This document provides information about cement, including its history, definition, manufacture, and composition. It discusses the four main processes used to manufacture cement: wet, semi-wet, semi-dry, and dry. The wet and dry processes are described in more detail. It also summarizes the classification of cements as hydraulic or non-hydraulic, and provides examples of their applications. Finally, it outlines the key functions of cement and its main constituent materials like lime, silica, alumina, and others.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of cement. It begins with crushing and mixing of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and iron ore. The raw materials are then heated in a kiln to form clinker. Clinker is ground into a fine powder to produce cement. When mixed with water, cement undergoes chemical reactions that result in hardening over time as it hydrates. The hydration process involves calcium silicates and aluminates reacting with water to form compounds like calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrates.
This document discusses Portland cement and the cement manufacturing process. It begins with an overview of what cement is and how it is used to make concrete. It then describes the industrial process for manufacturing cement, involving grinding raw materials like limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then pulverized with gypsum to become Portland cement powder. The document also provides a brief history of cement development and explains how cement kilns can beneficially reuse solid and hazardous wastes as a source of energy and raw material replacement due to the kilns' high temperatures and long retention times.
This document summarizes the process for manufacturing portland cement. It begins by defining cement as a powder made from calcining limestone and clay, which can be mixed with water or sand and gravel to make mortar or concrete. The main raw materials are limestone and chalk or shale and clay. The manufacturing process involves grinding these raw materials, mixing them intimately in a kiln at 1300-1500°C to form clinkers, which are then ground into a fine powder along with gypsum to make portland cement. There are two main processes - wet and dry - which differ in whether raw materials are ground with or without water during mixing and grinding. The wet process allows for more accurate mixing but the dry process
Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement globally, with over 1.5 billion tons produced annually. It is manufactured through a wet or dry process involving crushing and mixing limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a rotary kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker with gypsum. When mixed with water, it undergoes hydration reactions where compounds in the cement chemically react and harden over time, giving cement its strength. Ordinary Portland cement is used in general construction like buildings and bridges due to its strength and resistance to cracking, though it has less chemical resistance than other cements.
Cement is a powdery material that binds other materials together when mixed with water. It is made through a process of crushing raw materials like limestone, mixing them into a slurry or powder, burning the mixture in a kiln, and finely grinding the resulting clinker. The most common type is Portland cement, which is a finely ground powder that sets and hardens through chemical reactions with water. Cement is widely used in construction for buildings, infrastructure, and other applications due to its ability to form strong structures and conform to various shapes.
This document discusses various tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing checks for lumps, color, texture, and stability when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the ideal water-cement ratio for uniform consistency.
3. Fineness, soundness, and strength tests evaluate particle size, potential expansion, and compressive strength. Proper testing ensures cement meets specifications for hydration, strength development, and resistance to damage.
This document discusses Ordinary Portland Cement and Rapid Hardening Cement. It defines cement and describes its main types. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used type and comprises calcium, silica, alumina, and iron. The production process involves crushing raw materials, mixing them, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding gypsum. OPC is used in construction where special properties are not required. Rapid Hardening Cement gains strength more quickly than OPC and is used when early strength or cold weather work is needed.
The document discusses different types of cement. It defines cement and describes its composition and manufacturing process. The main types discussed are ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), Portland blast furnace slag cement (PBSF), rapid hardening cement, low heat cement, sulfate resisting cement, and white cement. It provides details on the characteristics and common applications of each cement type.
This presentation summarizes the types and properties of cement. It discusses the history of cement and how it was first used by Egyptians. It then covers the main types of cement including grey cement (e.g. OPC, rapid hardening), white/colored cement, and blended cements (e.g. PPC, PSC). The presentation also outlines the physical properties of cement such as consistency, setting time, soundness, and fineness. Finally, it summarizes the chemical properties including the main compounds in cement and how they contribute to strength.
Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens after mixing with water. Romans first developed hydraulic cement by mixing volcanic ash with lime. Portland cement, the most common type today, was invented in 1824 and consists of calcium silicates and other compounds. It is produced through a process of grinding raw materials like limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker with gypsum. The clinker compounds hydrate and harden when mixed with water. Cement is primarily used to bind sand, gravel and water into concrete for construction applications.
Portland cement is produced through a four step process:
1) Limestone and other raw materials are quarried and crushed
2) The raw materials are ground and blended to ensure proper chemical composition
3) The raw materials are heated in a kiln to over 1400°C, undergoing chemical reactions to form the four main compounds that make up cement
4) The resulting clinker is ground with gypsum to produce the fine powder that is Portland cement
This document discusses temperature controlled mass concrete. It defines mass concrete as any concrete with minimum lateral dimensions over 1.3 meters, for which additional measures are needed to control heat from hydration. High temperatures can cause cracking, reduced strength, and issues like delayed ettringite formation. Methods to control temperature discussed include using less cement, chilled water, precooling aggregates, insulation, and monitoring temperatures during curing. Full-scale mockups are recommended to test temperature control methods for each project.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
This document describes a test to determine the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from saturated sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutions. The soundness test involves immersing coarse aggregate samples in a sodium sulfate solution for 24 hours, then drying and cooling them in cycles over 10 days. The percentage loss is calculated by comparing the initial and final weights, with aggregates showing less than 25% loss considered suitable for use in road pavement due to sufficient resistance to weathering.
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregatesShanu Aggarwal
The document provides an overview of a comparative study on concrete using recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses the need for recycled aggregates due to shortage of natural aggregates and increasing construction waste. It also explains the process of recycling concrete. The document then reviews several literature studies on properties of concrete with recycled aggregates. It further lists the various experiments conducted as part of the study, including tests on fine and coarse aggregates, cement, and recycled coarse aggregates. The results of sieve analysis, water absorption, crushing value, impact value, specific gravity tests are presented.
- Portland cement is produced by heating limestone, clay, and other materials to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum.
- The main compounds in clinker are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
- The proportions of calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide in the raw materials determine the compound composition through Bogue equations.
This document provides an overview of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. It describes how XRF works by exciting a sample with X-rays which causes the emission of secondary X-rays unique to the elemental composition of the sample. The document discusses the basic components of an XRF spectrometer and the principles behind XRF analysis. It also outlines the history of XRF development and provides examples of its applications in fields like geology, metallurgy, and more.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
The document discusses X-ray fluorescence (XRF) theory and applications. XRF involves bombarding a sample with X-rays, which causes fluorescent X-rays to be emitted from the sample that are characteristic of its elemental composition. This allows for both qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. Key advantages of XRF include rapid, nondestructive analysis of major and trace elements in various materials. Common applications include analysis of soils, minerals, metals, and more in fields like geology, archaeology, and environmental analysis.
This document provides information on procedures to determine properties of aggregates through various laboratory tests. It describes tests to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis. It also describes tests to determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of aggregates in loose and compacted states. Additionally, it provides the procedure to determine the bulking characteristics of sand and how bulking increases with moisture content up to a maximum point. The document contains sections on aim, apparatus, procedure, observations and calculations and results for each test.
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%Rajput Praveer
The document discusses replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. Rice husk ash is a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement. The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash. It also discusses the materials used in the study including rice husk ash, cement and aggregates. The objectives of the study are to investigate the suitability of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material and to evaluate the strength properties of concrete with rice husk ash replacement.
- Cement is tested in the field to check for lumps, consistency, and ability to float in water.
- Laboratory tests include setting time, soundness, fineness, and strength. Setting time tests use a Vicat apparatus to check initial and final set. Soundness tests use a Le Chatelier apparatus to check for expansion. Fineness is measured by the Blaine air permeability test. Strength is measured through compressive testing of cement mortar cubes.
- Common cement types include ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, and Portland pozzolana cement made by intergrinding clinker with fly ash or calcined clay.
XRF & XRD analysis techniques are used to analyze materials. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Over time, scientists developed an understanding of X-ray diffraction and how to use it for crystallography. By the mid-20th century, powder diffractometry techniques and databases had been established. X-rays are electromagnetic waves or photon beams with wavelengths between 0.01 to 10 nm, corresponding to energies from 0.125 to 125 keV. They can be hazardous due to their ionizing properties, requiring safety precautions as they are invisible, travel in straight lines at the speed of light, and can cause serious injury.
Ordinary Portland Cement is summarized as follows:
1) Cement is a binding material made from burning limestone and clay at high temperatures which produces clinker that is then finely ground with gypsum.
2) The main types of cement are Portland cement, blended cements, masonry cement and aluminous cement. Portland cement is the most common and is made from a mixture of limestone and clay.
3) Cement sets due to a hydration reaction where the cement compounds react with water to form calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide. The setting time and strength of cement are tested according to standardized methods.
Portland Cement
Portland cement is extensively used in the construction of nuclear waste facilities and as a matrix for shielding and immobilization of radioactive species. It affords both a physical and chemical potential for immobilization. These potentials are quantified and related to specification, fabrication, and performance. However, performance in the long term depends on the cement formulation as well as the geochemistry of the disposal environment and interactions between cement and its near field environment including inactive waste components and other containment materials. Future performance can be estimated using data from natural analogs,
the experience of the performance of historic structures, and by modeling. A comparison of Portland cement with other non-Portland cement is also made.
Internship report-2 D.G cement company limited (d.g khan)Zuhair Bin Jawaid
Muhammad Yousif Gurmani completed an internship at D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC) in Lahore, Pakistan. DGKCC is one of the largest cement manufacturers in Pakistan, with a production capacity of 5,500 tons of clinker per day. During his internship, Gurmani learned about the various processes involved in cement production, including limestone and clay crushing, grinding in raw mills and coal mills, heating in kilns, cement grinding, packing, and quality control. He observed these processes firsthand at the different sections of the DGKCC plant over the course of his internship.
The document provides a summary of an internship report on cement production. It discusses:
1) The key stages in cement production including quarrying raw materials, crushing, grinding, preheating, burning in a kiln to form clinker, cooling, grinding clinker into cement, and packing.
2) The raw materials used including limestone and clay or shale, and processes like proportioning, weighing, and homogenizing raw materials.
3) Details of production equipment like hammer crushers, vertical raw mills, preheaters, rotary kilns, and cement mills.
4) Chemical reactions that occur in the kiln to form the main cement minerals like calcium silicates and alumin
Concrete Technology Introduction By DR. Vishwanath KantheBhavesh Bagul
The document discusses the key ingredients of concrete including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. It provides details on the properties and testing of cement and aggregates.
Cement is the most important ingredient and is made by grinding raw materials like limestone and clay and burning them in a kiln. The chemical composition and hydration process of cement are described. Different types of cement like ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resisting cement are also mentioned.
The properties of aggregates like size, shape, texture and strength are outlined. Tests for properties like specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis are noted. The effect of aggregate size and shape on concrete properties is summarized.
This document provides an introduction to cementitious materials. It defines cementitious materials as any material with cementing properties that contributes to the formation of hydrated calcium silicate compounds. It then discusses the main types of cementitious materials including Portland cement, blended cements, performance cements, slag cement, fly ash, and silica fume. The document provides brief overviews of the manufacturing processes and typical compositions and uses of these materials. It concludes with a brief historical overview of the development of cement from ancient times through the modern Portland cement.
1. Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth and is composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. When water reacts with cement through a process called hydration, it causes the cement to harden and bind the other components together to form concrete.
3. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement.
This document provides an overview of concrete ingredients and their properties. It discusses that concrete is composed of a binding medium (cement) and aggregates (sand and gravel) held together by water. Portland cement is the most common type of cement used due to its availability and properties. The document outlines the manufacturing processes for Portland cement and describes different cement types. It also discusses tests performed on cement to ensure quality, including fineness, setting time, consistency and compressive strength. Concrete's widespread use is attributed to its resistance to water, ability to be molded, and relatively low cost.
Cement is a binding agent used in construction that hardens when mixed with water. It is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures, forming clinker which is then finely ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. Different types of cement include rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement containing calcium chloride, and sulphate resisting cement for use where sulphates are present. Cement is tested for fineness, consistency, setting time, strength and soundness to ensure quality for construction projects.
Portland cement is one of the most widely used construction materials and is made through a series of steps. It is produced using a wet or dry process. The wet process involves mixing raw materials like limestone, clay, and iron ore with water to form a slurry before burning in a kiln. The dry process uses dried raw materials that are ground and heated without water. The manufactured clinker is then ground with gypsum and packaged for use. Portland cement has various properties that depend on its chemical composition and production methods.
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement is a binding material used in construction that hardens when mixed with water. Portland cement is the most common type and consists of compounds that hydrate to form crystals or gel. It is made by grinding limestone and clay, blending them precisely, burning the mixture in a kiln at high temperatures, and grinding the resulting clinker with gypsum. When mixed with water or aggregate, cement sets and hardens due to chemical reactions between its compounds and water.
The document provides an overview of cement production. It discusses the history of cement, which was first invented by Egyptians and later refined by Greeks and Romans. The key raw materials used are limestone and materials containing clay and silica. Approximately 3,400 pounds of raw materials are needed to produce one ton of Portland cement. The mixture is ground, burned at high temperatures to form clinker, and then ground again with gypsum to produce cement. The document outlines the cement production process and discusses the chemistry and properties of cement, as well as the industry, environmental impacts, and alternatives.
This document discusses the cement manufacturing process. It describes how cement is made by quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a slurry, and firing the slurry in a rotary kiln to form clinkers. The clinkers are then cooled, ground into a powder, and packaged. It also mentions cement industries located in Nagpur, India and concludes that cement is a key construction material used worldwide in structures.
This document provides an overview of cement, including its history, main chemical compounds, properties, hydration process, setting, and types. It discusses how Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824 and how cement production has expanded globally. The four main compounds in Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The document also examines cement's physical properties like fineness and strength, as well as the hydration and setting processes. Different cement types include ASTM Types I-V as well as masonry cement and natural cement.
The document is notes written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student in Peshawar, Pakistan, about cement and cement testing. It contains information on:
- The difference between cement and concrete (cement is a dry powder ingredient in concrete)
- A flow chart of the cement manufacturing process
- Details on what makes portland cement "portland"
- The importance of cement fineness on hydration rate and strength development
- Different types of cement and their common uses
- The differences between the wet and dry cement manufacturing processes
- High alumina cement and its advantages, disadvantages, and applications
This document discusses different types of cements, with a focus on Portland cement. It describes the history and invention of Portland cement, the raw materials and chemical constituents used, and the manufacturing process. The document also outlines eight common types of Portland cement - Type I, IA, II, IIA, III, IIIA, IV, and V - along with their key properties and common uses.
The document provides information on a presentation about different types of cement. It discusses the definition and constituents of cement. It then covers the history of cement use in Nepal. The main types of cement discussed include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Extra Rapid Hardening Cement, Sulphate Resisting Cement, and others. For each type, the document outlines their manufacturing process, properties, and common uses.
Cement, one of the most essential building materials, is a compulsory agent that sets and hardens to hold to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc. Cement is a combination of composites consisting mainly of silicates and aluminates of calcium produced out of silica, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide and iron oxide. We can affirm that cement is a hydraulic substance made by finely crushing clinker together with Gypsum and other additives such as slag, and fly ash etc.
Cement is a binding agent that hardens when combined with water and other materials like sand and gravel. It is made by heating limestone, clay, and iron ore in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. There are two main types of cement: hydraulic cement, which hardens when mixed with water, and non-hydraulic cement, which does not require water to harden. Hydraulic cement, also known as Portland cement, is the most commonly used type and is made of calcium silicates and other compounds that react with water. Cement is essential in construction for uses like making concrete, mortar, grout and stucco and is used in buildings
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document provides an overview of doors, including their components and types. It discusses the frame and shutter, as well as technical terms like head, sill, and horn. Doors are classified based on their arrangement of components, method of construction, operation, and materials. Battened, ledged, framed, and braced doors are described. Other door types covered include glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, sliding, swing, rolling steel shutter, and metal doors. Location considerations and specifications for doors are also mentioned.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
Gypsum is a mineral that is processed and used to make gypsum board (drywall). Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy. It is available in various thicknesses for different applications. Regular gypsum board is used for walls and ceilings. Multi-ply systems use two or more layers of gypsum board to increase fire resistance and soundproofing. Gypsum board installation requires basic tools and is applied either directly to framing or with furring strips to surfaces like masonry.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
Concrete and concrete blocks are materials commonly used for retaining walls. Concrete is composed of aggregate bonded with cement that hardens over time. Concrete blocks come in solid, hollow, and interlocking forms and can be lightweight, medium, or normal weight depending on their aggregate mix. Retaining walls made of concrete blocks are laid with mortar between each block to retain soil behind the wall. The base of the retaining wall is thickest to withstand pressure, while the top is thinner, and reinforcement is often added along the outer surfaces to support heavy loads exerted on the wall.
Ceramics can be classified into several categories based on their composition and properties. They include whitewares used for crockery, tiles, and sanitary products; refractories used in furnaces due to their high temperature resistance; glasses used for windows, containers, and fibers; and cements used to make concrete. Ceramics have properties like extreme hardness, corrosion and heat resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and high strength at elevated temperatures. However, they also have low ductility and toughness making them brittle. The industrial processing of ceramics involves steps like drying and high temperature firing to form glass between silicon dioxide particles. Common ceramic products discussed are tiles, technical ceramics, and glass
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
The document discusses different types of paints used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes the key ingredients in paint like pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. It also outlines different types of surface finishes like white wash, color wash, distemper, cement paint etc. The preparation of surfaces prior to painting and application methods for different paint types are explained. Water based and oil based paints are compared in terms of their advantages.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. INTRODUCTION
Definition: “Cement is a crystalline compound of
calcium silicates and other calcium compounds
having hydraulic properties” (Macfadyen, 2006).
3. History
Lime and clay have been used as
cementing material on constructions
through many centuries.
Cement was first invented by the
Egyptians. Cement was later
reinvented by the Greeks and the
Babylonians who made their mortar out
of lime. Later, the Romans produced
cement from pozzolana.
Romans are commonly given the
credit for the development of
hydraulic cement, the most
significant incorporation of the
Roman’s was the use of pozzolan-
lime cement by mixing volcanic ash
from the Mt. Vesuvius with lime.
Best know surviving example is the
Pantheon in Rome
In 1824 yoosuph Aspdin from
England invented the Portland
cement
4. Cements are considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and
harden under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s
chemical compounds or minerals
There are two types:
1. Those that activate with the addition of water
2. And pozzolanic that develop hydraulic properties when
the interact with hydrated lime Ca(OH)2
Pozzolanic: any siliceous material that develops hydraulic cementitious properties
when interacted with hydrated lime.
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made from calcination
of clay-rich limestones.
Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made from
argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and clay or shale, with few
raw materials. Because they were found to be inferior to portland, most plants
switched.
Types of Cement
5. Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing clinker with
gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to 35%) of ground
limestone have been added as a filler to a portland cement base.
Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or more SCM
(supplementary cemetitious materials) like pozzolanic additives.
Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only a small quantity
is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans with lime.
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other materials have been
added primarily to impart plasticity.
Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the main raw materials.
Used for refractory applications (such as cementing furnace bricks) and certain
applications where rapid hardening is required. It is more expensive than
portland. There is only one producing facility in the U.S.
6. TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Cements of different chemical composition & physical characteristics may
exhibit different properties when hydrated. It should thus be possible to select
mixtures of raw materials for the production of cements with various
properties.
In fact several cement types are available and most of them have been
developed to ensure durability and strength properties to concrete. It should
also be mentioned that obtaining some special properties of cement may lead
to undesirable properties in another respect. For this reason a balance of
requirements may be necessary and economic aspects should be considered.
1) Standard Types: these cements comply with the definition of P.C., and are
produced by adjusting the proportions of four major compounds.
2) Special Types: these do not necessarily couply with the definiton of P.C. & are
produced by using additional raw materials.
7. Standard Cements (ASTM)
Type I: Ordinary Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete construction when
special properties are not required.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete construction. Main
difference between Type I&II is the moderate sulfate
resistance of Type II cement.
Type III: High Early Strength P.C.
Strength development is rapid.
Type IV: Low Heat P.C.
Generates less heat during hydration & therefore gain of
strengthis slower.
8. GEOLOGY (RAW MATERIALS)
The fundamental chemical compounds to produce cement clinker are:
Lime (CaO)
Silica (SiO2)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
Fly ash: by-product of burning finely grounded coal either for industrial application or in
the production of electricity
Raw materials used in the production of clinker cement
9. 5 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
When tested in accordance with the methods given in IS 4032, ordinary Portland
cement, 53 grade shall comply with the chemical requirements given in Table .
Chemical Requirements for Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade
11. NOTES
1 In the event of cements failing to comply with any one or both the requirements of
soundness specified in the above table, further tests in respect of each failure shall be
made as described in IS 4031 (Part 3), from another portion of the same sample after
aeration. The aeration shall be done by spreading out the sample to a depth of 75 mm
at a relative humidity of 50 to 80 percent for a total period of 7 days. The expansion of
cements so aerated shall be not more than 5 mm and 0.6 percent when tested by Le
Chatelier method and autoclave test respectively. For 53-S grade cement, the
requirement of soundness of unaerated cement shall be maximum expansion of 5 mm
when tested by the Le-Chatelier method.
2 If cement exhibits false set, the ratio of final penetration measured after 5 minutes of
completion of mixing period to the initial penetration measured exactly after 20 seconds
of completion of mixing period, expressed as percent, shall be not less than 50. In the
event of cement exhibiting false set, the initial and final setting time of cement when
tested by the method described in IS 4031(Part 5) after breaking the false set, shall
conform to the value given in the above table.
3 By agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, transverse strength test
of plastic mortar in accordance with the method described in IS 4031(Part 8) may be
specified. The permissible values of the transverse strength shall be mutually agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier at the time of placing the order.
4 Notwithstanding the compressive and transverse strength requirements specified as
per the above table, the cement shall show a progressive increase in strength from the
strength at 72 hours.
12. Limestone deposits are mainly extracted by bench mining in which holes are
charged with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil explosive and blasted
The rock is excavated with front end loaders (10 m3
capacity) and loaded into
70 to 90 tons haul trucks and then transported to the primary crusher
Marl and chalk normally do not require blasting.
A trend is to use in pit moveable primary crushers and belt conveyors to
transport the rock to a fixed secondary crusher, thereby reducing the number
of trucks and haulage distance
Underground mining of limestones is not typical, in the U.S one plant obtains
its limestone from underground operation, using room and pillar mining
method.
Clay and shale normally extracted using front end loaders and loaded into
haul trucks.
When they occur as overburden the clays and shales not used are stored and
often reused for reclamation in the mined out areas of the quarry
MINING METHODS
14. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. BLASTING : The raw materials that are used to manufacture cement (mainly limestone and clay) are
blasted from the quarry.
Quarry face
1. BLASTING 2. TRANSPORT
3. CRUSHING AND TRANSPORTATION : The raw materials, after crushing, are
transported to the plant by conveyor. The plant stores the materials before they are
homogenized.
Quarry
3. CRUSHING & TRANSPORTATION
2. TRANSPORT : The raw materials are loaded into a dumper.
crushing
conveyor
dumper
storage at
the plant
loader
15. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. RAW GRINDING : The raw materials are very finely ground in order to produce the raw mix.
1. RAW GRINDING
Raw grinding and burning
2. BURNING
2. BURNING : The raw mix is preheated before it goes into the kiln, which is heated by a flame that can
be as hot as 2000 °C. The raw mix burns at 1500 °C producing clinker which, when it leaves the kiln, is
rapidly cooled with air fans. So, the raw mix is burnt to produce clinker : the basic material needed to
make cement.
conveyor Raw mix
kiln
cooling
preheating
clinker
storage at
the plant
Raw mill
16. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1.GRINDING : The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground giving a “pure cement”. Other secondary
additives and cementitious materials can also be added to make a blended cement.
1. GRINDING
Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch
2. STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH
2. STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH :The cement is stored in silos before being dispatched either in
bulk or in bags to its final destination.
clinker
storage
Gypsum and the secondary additives are
added to the clinker.
silos
dispatch
bags
Finish grinding
17. TESTS
• The sample or samples of cement for test shall be taken as described in 10 and shall
be tested in the manner described in the relevant clauses.
• Independent Testing
If the purchaser or his representative requires independent tests, the samples shall
be taken before or immediately after delivery at the option of the purchaser or his
representative, and the tests shall be carried out in accordance with this standard on
the written instructions of the purchaser or his representative.
The manufacturer shall supply, free of charge, the cement required for testing.
Unless otherwise specified in the enquiry and order, the cost of the tests shall be
borne as follows:
a) By the manufacturer, if the results show that the cement does not comply with the
requirements of this standard, and
b) By the purchaser, if the results show that the cement complies with the requirement
of this standard.
After a representative sample has been drawn, tests on the sample shall be carried
out as expeditiously as possible.
REJECTION
12.1 Cement may be rejected if it does not comply with any of the requirements of this specification.
12.2 Cement remaining in bulk storage at the factory, prior to shipment, for more than six months, or
cement in bags, in local storage such as, in the hands of a vendor for more than 3 months after
completion of tests, may be retested before use and may be rejected if it fails to conform to any of the
requirements of this specification.
18. Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster)
Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking, etc.)
Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing)
Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
USES
19. Cement used for railway sleepers shall additionally
satisfy the following chemical/mineralogical requirements and shall
be designated as 53-S grade:
• Magnesia, percent by mass, Max 5.0
• Tricalcium aluminate content percent by mass, %, Max 10.0
• Tricalcium silicate, percent by mass, Min 45.0
Note – The tricalcium silicate content (C3S) is calculated by the formula:
C3S = 4.07 CaO - 7.60 Si02 - 6.72 Al203 - 1.43 Fe203 - 2.85 SO3
20. FINENESS OF CEMENT
As hydration takes place at the surface of the cement particles, it is the
surface area of cement particles which provide the material available for
hydration. The rate of hydration is controlled by fineness of cement. For
a rapid rate of hydration a higher fineness is necessary.
However,
• Higher fineness requires higher grinding (cost).
• Finer cements deteriorate faster upon exposure to atmosphere.
• Finer cements are very sensitive to alkali-aggregate reaction.
• Finer cements require more gypsum for proper hydration.
• Finer cements require more water.
Fineness of cement is determined by air permeability methods. For
example, in the Blaine air permeability method a known volume of air is
passed through cement. The time is recorded and the specific surface is
calculated by a formula.
Fineness is expressed in terms of specific surface of the cement (cm2
/gr).
For OPC specific surface is 2600-3000 cm2
/gr.
21. SETTING
Setting refers to a change from liquid state to solid state. Although, during
setting cement paste acquires some strength, setting is different from
hardening.
The water content has a marked effect on the time of setting. In
acceptance tests for cement, the water content is regulated by bringing
the paste to a standard condition of wetness. This is called “normal
consistency”.
Normal consistency of O.P.C. Ranges from 20-30% by weight of cement.
Vicat apparatus is used to determine normal consistency. Normal
consistency is that condition for which the penetration of a standard
weighed plunger into the paste is 10mm in 30sec. By trial & error
determine the w/c ratio.
In practice, the terms initial set&final set are used to describe arbitrary
chosen time of setting. Initial set indicates the beginning of a noticeable
stiffening & final set may be regarded as the start of hardening (or
complete loss of plasticity).
22. Factors Affecting Setting Time
• Temperature & Humidity
• Amount of Water
• Chemical Composition of Cement
• Fineness of Cement (finer cement, faster setting)
Abnormal Settings
False-set
Flash-set
Flash-Set: is the immediate stiffening of cement paste in a few minutes after
mixing with water. It is accompanied by large amount of heat generation
upon reaction of C3A with water.
Gypsum is placed in cement to prevent flash-set. The rigidity can not be
overcome & plasticity may not be regained without addition of water.
Amount of gypsum must be such that it will be used upto almost hardening.
Because expansion caused by ettringite can be distributed to the paste before
hardening. More gypsum will cause undesirable expansion after hardening.
23. False-Set: is a rapid development of rigidity of cement paste without
generation of much heat. This rigidity can be overcome & plasticity can be
regained by further mixing without addition of water. In this way cement
paste restores its plasticity & sets in a normal manner without any loss of
strength.
Probable Causes of False-Set:
1) When gypsum is ground by too hot of a clinker, gypsum may be
dehydrated into hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2H2O) or anhydrate (CaSO4). These
materials when react with water gypsum is formed, which results in
stiffening of the paste.
2) Alkali oxides in cement may carbonate during storage. Upon mixing such
a cement with water, these alkali carbonates will react with
Ca(OH2) (CH- Calcium Hydroxide) liberated by hydrolysis of C3S
resulting in CaCO3. CaCO3 precipates in the mix & results in false-set.
24. SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
Soundness is defined as the volume stability of cement paste.
The cement paste should not undergo large changes in volume after it
has set. Free CaO&MgO may result in unsound cement. Upon hydration
C&M will form CH&MH with volume increase thus cracking.
Since unsoundness is not apparent until several months or years, it is
necessary to provide an accelerated method for its determination.
1) Lechatelier Method: Only free CaO can be determined.
2) Autoclave Method: Both free CaO&MgO can be determined.
25. STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Strength tests are not carried out on neat cement pastes, because it
is very difficult to form these pastes due to cohesive property of
cement.
Strength tests are carried out on cement mortar prepared by
standard gradation (1 part cement+3 parts sand+1/2 part water)
PP
1
” 1
”
• σt=P/1in2
• Difficult test procedure
26. 2) Flexural Strength (tensile strength in bending):
• σf=(M*C)/I
• M:maximum moment
• I:moment of inertia
• C:distance to bottom fiber
from C.G.
P
L
4c
m
4c
m
C
27. 3) Compression Test:
i) Cubic Sample ii)Flexural Sample after it
is broken
P
P
σc=P/A
4cm
4cm
4cm
σc=P/A
A=4x4
28. Packing
9.1.1 The cement shall be packed in any of the following bags:
a) jute sacking bag conforming to IS 2580,
b) double hessian bituminized (CRI type),
c) multi-wall paper sacks conforming to IS 11761,
d) polyethylene lined (CRI type) jute,
e) light weight jute conforming to IS 12154,
f) HDPE/ PP woven sacks conforming to IS 11652,
g) jute synthetic union bags conforming to IS 12174, or
h) any other approved composite bag