The document discusses different types of video display devices, focusing on cathode ray tubes (CRTs). It describes how CRTs work using an electron gun, deflection plates, and phosphor-coated screen to produce images. Color CRT monitors are also covered, explaining how they produce color using either beam penetration or shadow mask methods. Other display types mentioned include direct view storage tubes, flat panel displays, and their key differences from CRTs.
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
The depth buffer method is used to determine visibility in 3D graphics by testing the depth (z-coordinate) of each surface to determine the closest visible surface. It involves using two buffers - a depth buffer to store the depth values and a frame buffer to store color values. For each pixel, the depth value is calculated and compared to the existing value in the depth buffer, and if closer the color and depth values are updated in the respective buffers. This method is implemented efficiently in hardware and processes surfaces one at a time in any order.
This document discusses line attributes in computer graphics, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, caps (butt, round, projecting square), joins (miter, round, bevel), and color. It describes how to set these attributes using functions like setLinetype(), setLinewidthscaleFactor(), and setPolylineColourIndex(). Lines can also be displayed using pen or brush options which have properties like shape, size, and patterns.
Attributes of output primitives( curve attributes & area fill attributes)shalinikarunakaran1
Curve attributes and area fill attributes in output primitives can be customized. Areas can be filled with solid colors or patterns, with options to choose specific colors and patterns. There are three basic area fill styles - hollow with a color border, filled with a solid color, or filled with a specified pattern. The fill style is selected using the setInteriorStyle function, which can set the style to hollow, solid, or pattern. Hatching patterns can also be used to fill areas.
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
There are three main methods for generating characters using software: the stroke method, vector/bitmap method, and starbust method. The stroke method uses a sequence of line and arc drawing functions defined by starting and end points. The starbust method uses a fixed pattern of 24 bit line segments to represent characters. The bitmap method stores characters as arrays of 1s and 0s representing pixels, allowing for variable font sizes by increasing the array size. All the methods can create aliased characters, and the starbust method requires extra memory to store the 24 bit segment codes.
It gives the detailed information about Three Dimensional Display Methods, Three dimensional Graphics Package, Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interface, Input of Graphical Data, Graphical Data: Input Functions, Interactive Picture-Construction
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
The depth buffer method is used to determine visibility in 3D graphics by testing the depth (z-coordinate) of each surface to determine the closest visible surface. It involves using two buffers - a depth buffer to store the depth values and a frame buffer to store color values. For each pixel, the depth value is calculated and compared to the existing value in the depth buffer, and if closer the color and depth values are updated in the respective buffers. This method is implemented efficiently in hardware and processes surfaces one at a time in any order.
This document discusses line attributes in computer graphics, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, caps (butt, round, projecting square), joins (miter, round, bevel), and color. It describes how to set these attributes using functions like setLinetype(), setLinewidthscaleFactor(), and setPolylineColourIndex(). Lines can also be displayed using pen or brush options which have properties like shape, size, and patterns.
Attributes of output primitives( curve attributes & area fill attributes)shalinikarunakaran1
Curve attributes and area fill attributes in output primitives can be customized. Areas can be filled with solid colors or patterns, with options to choose specific colors and patterns. There are three basic area fill styles - hollow with a color border, filled with a solid color, or filled with a specified pattern. The fill style is selected using the setInteriorStyle function, which can set the style to hollow, solid, or pattern. Hatching patterns can also be used to fill areas.
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
There are three main methods for generating characters using software: the stroke method, vector/bitmap method, and starbust method. The stroke method uses a sequence of line and arc drawing functions defined by starting and end points. The starbust method uses a fixed pattern of 24 bit line segments to represent characters. The bitmap method stores characters as arrays of 1s and 0s representing pixels, allowing for variable font sizes by increasing the array size. All the methods can create aliased characters, and the starbust method requires extra memory to store the 24 bit segment codes.
It gives the detailed information about Three Dimensional Display Methods, Three dimensional Graphics Package, Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interface, Input of Graphical Data, Graphical Data: Input Functions, Interactive Picture-Construction
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
This document discusses various 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shearing. It provides the transformation matrices for each type of 3D transformation. It also discusses combining multiple transformations through composite transformations by multiplying the matrices in sequence from right to left.
This document discusses various attributes that can be used to modify the appearance of graphical primitives like lines and curves when displaying them, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, fill style (hollow, solid, patterned), and fill color/pattern. It describes how these attributes are specified in applications and how different rendering techniques like rasterization can be used to display primitives with various attribute settings.
This document discusses character attributes. It seems to focus on describing personality traits or qualities that define a person's character. In just a few words, it aims to capture the essence of someone's character.
The document discusses line drawing algorithms in computer graphics. It defines a line segment and provides equations to determine the slope and y-intercept of a line given two endpoints. It then introduces the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, an incremental scan conversion method that calculates the next point on the line based on the previous point's coordinates and the line's slope. The algorithm involves less floating point computation than directly using the line equation at each step. An example demonstrates applying DDA to scan convert a line between two points. Limitations of DDA include the processing costs of rounding and floating point arithmetic as well as accumulated round-off error over long line segments.
In a raster scan system, the electron beam scans across rows of the screen from top to bottom, turning intensity on and off to illuminate spots and form an image. The image definition is stored in a refresh buffer memory that holds intensity values for screen points. In a random scan system, an application and graphics package are stored in memory, and graphics commands are translated into a display file that a display processor accesses to refresh the screen. Graphics patterns are drawn by directing the electron beam along picture lines one at a time, positioning it between coordinate-defined endpoints to fill each line.
a spline is a flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve through a designated set of points.
Polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, Resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points.
This document discusses 2D geometric transformations including translation, rotation, and scaling. It provides the mathematical definitions and matrix representations for each transformation. Translation moves an object along a straight path, rotation moves it along a circular path, and scaling changes its size. All transformations can be represented by 3x3 matrices using homogeneous coordinates to allow combinations of multiple transformations. The inverse of each transformation matrix is also defined.
Graphics software acts as an intermediary between application programs and graphics hardware, supporting output primitives and interaction devices. There are two main types of graphics software: general programming packages that provide extensive graphics functions for use in languages like C and FORTRAN, including functions for shapes, colors, and transformations; and special-purpose applications packages that are designed for non-programmers to generate displays without programming knowledge, such as painting and CAD programs.
Polygon clipping involves taking a polygon and clipping it against another shape to produce one or more smaller polygons. The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm handles polygon clipping by testing each edge of the clipping polygon against each edge of the clip shape. There are four cases for how an edge can be clipped - wholly inside, exit, wholly outside, enter - and the algorithm saves or discards vertices based on these cases. Repeatedly clipping against each edge of the clip shape handles all cases and produces the final clipped polygon(s).
The document discusses window to viewport transformation. It defines a window as a world coordinate area selected for display and a viewport as a rectangular region of the screen selected for displaying objects. Window to viewport mapping requires transforming coordinates from the window to the viewport. This involves translation, scaling and another translation. Steps include translating the window to the origin, resizing it based on the viewport size, and translating it to the viewport position. An example transforms a sample window to a viewport through these three steps.
This document discusses the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, which is a basic line drawing algorithm used in computer graphics. The DDA algorithm uses slope-intercept form (y=mx+b) to incrementally calculate pixel positions along the line between two points. It handles cases where the slope is less than or greater than 1 by incrementing either the x or y coordinate by 1 at each step. The DDA algorithm is simple to implement but requires floating point calculations and has orientation dependency issues.
Video monitors use cathode ray tubes to display output. In a cathode ray tube, an electron gun fires a beam of electrons that is focused and deflected to hit phosphor on the screen, causing it to glow. The beam rapidly redraws the image to keep the screen illuminated, in a process called refresh. Key components of the electron gun include a heated cathode that emits electrons, an accelerating anode that speeds up the electrons, and control and focusing systems that shape the beam. When electrons hit phosphor, their energy causes the phosphor to glow briefly.
3D transformation in computer graphicsSHIVANI SONI
This document discusses different types of 2D and 3D transformations that are used in computer graphics, including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing, and reflection. It provides the mathematical equations and transformation matrices used to perform each type of transformation on 2D and 3D points and objects. Key types of rotations discussed are roll (around z-axis), pitch (around x-axis), and yaw (around y-axis). Homogeneous coordinates are introduced for representing 3D points.
Visible surface detection in computer graphicanku2266
Visible surface detection aims to determine which parts of 3D objects are visible and which are obscured. There are two main approaches: object space methods compare objects' positions to determine visibility, while image space methods process surfaces one pixel at a time to determine visibility based on depth. Depth-buffer and A-buffer methods are common image space techniques that use depth testing to handle occlusion.
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
The document discusses different line and area attributes that can be used to display graphics primitives. It describes parameters like line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, and fill style (solid, patterned, hollow). It explains how these attributes can be set using functions like setLineType() and setInteriorStyle(). Pixel masks and adjusting pixel counts are used to properly render dashed lines at different angles. Color can be represented directly or indirectly via color codes mapped to an output device's color capabilities. Patterns for filled areas are defined via 2D color arrays.
This document discusses various attributes that can be applied to output primitives in computer graphics. It describes character attributes like font, size, color and orientation that control text appearance. Marker attributes determine properties of individual marker symbols. Bundled attributes allow setting a set of attribute values for a primitive using an index. Inquiry functions provide a way to get information about current attribute values. Antialiasing techniques like increasing resolution through supersampling are also covered to improve image quality.
This document provides an overview of graphics display systems. It discusses the basic components and operation of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including the electron gun, focusing and deflection systems. It describes the refresh process of raster-scan CRTs and how random-scan CRTs work. Color CRT monitors are discussed, specifically the beam penetration and shadow mask methods. Key characteristics like resolution, persistence and aspect ratio are also summarized.
The document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which were the primary output devices in graphical systems and video monitors. CRTs display images using an electron beam that scans across phosphorescent screen coatings. There are two types of display methods: raster scan and random scan. Color CRTs use three electron guns and phosphors to produce red, green, and blue light, and require convergence calibration. CRTs were used in televisions, computer monitors, radar displays, and oscilloscopes. They can produce bright, high quality images but also have disadvantages like health hazards from radiation emission and potential overheating issues.
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
This document discusses various 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shearing. It provides the transformation matrices for each type of 3D transformation. It also discusses combining multiple transformations through composite transformations by multiplying the matrices in sequence from right to left.
This document discusses various attributes that can be used to modify the appearance of graphical primitives like lines and curves when displaying them, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, fill style (hollow, solid, patterned), and fill color/pattern. It describes how these attributes are specified in applications and how different rendering techniques like rasterization can be used to display primitives with various attribute settings.
This document discusses character attributes. It seems to focus on describing personality traits or qualities that define a person's character. In just a few words, it aims to capture the essence of someone's character.
The document discusses line drawing algorithms in computer graphics. It defines a line segment and provides equations to determine the slope and y-intercept of a line given two endpoints. It then introduces the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, an incremental scan conversion method that calculates the next point on the line based on the previous point's coordinates and the line's slope. The algorithm involves less floating point computation than directly using the line equation at each step. An example demonstrates applying DDA to scan convert a line between two points. Limitations of DDA include the processing costs of rounding and floating point arithmetic as well as accumulated round-off error over long line segments.
In a raster scan system, the electron beam scans across rows of the screen from top to bottom, turning intensity on and off to illuminate spots and form an image. The image definition is stored in a refresh buffer memory that holds intensity values for screen points. In a random scan system, an application and graphics package are stored in memory, and graphics commands are translated into a display file that a display processor accesses to refresh the screen. Graphics patterns are drawn by directing the electron beam along picture lines one at a time, positioning it between coordinate-defined endpoints to fill each line.
a spline is a flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve through a designated set of points.
Polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, Resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points.
This document discusses 2D geometric transformations including translation, rotation, and scaling. It provides the mathematical definitions and matrix representations for each transformation. Translation moves an object along a straight path, rotation moves it along a circular path, and scaling changes its size. All transformations can be represented by 3x3 matrices using homogeneous coordinates to allow combinations of multiple transformations. The inverse of each transformation matrix is also defined.
Graphics software acts as an intermediary between application programs and graphics hardware, supporting output primitives and interaction devices. There are two main types of graphics software: general programming packages that provide extensive graphics functions for use in languages like C and FORTRAN, including functions for shapes, colors, and transformations; and special-purpose applications packages that are designed for non-programmers to generate displays without programming knowledge, such as painting and CAD programs.
Polygon clipping involves taking a polygon and clipping it against another shape to produce one or more smaller polygons. The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm handles polygon clipping by testing each edge of the clipping polygon against each edge of the clip shape. There are four cases for how an edge can be clipped - wholly inside, exit, wholly outside, enter - and the algorithm saves or discards vertices based on these cases. Repeatedly clipping against each edge of the clip shape handles all cases and produces the final clipped polygon(s).
The document discusses window to viewport transformation. It defines a window as a world coordinate area selected for display and a viewport as a rectangular region of the screen selected for displaying objects. Window to viewport mapping requires transforming coordinates from the window to the viewport. This involves translation, scaling and another translation. Steps include translating the window to the origin, resizing it based on the viewport size, and translating it to the viewport position. An example transforms a sample window to a viewport through these three steps.
This document discusses the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, which is a basic line drawing algorithm used in computer graphics. The DDA algorithm uses slope-intercept form (y=mx+b) to incrementally calculate pixel positions along the line between two points. It handles cases where the slope is less than or greater than 1 by incrementing either the x or y coordinate by 1 at each step. The DDA algorithm is simple to implement but requires floating point calculations and has orientation dependency issues.
Video monitors use cathode ray tubes to display output. In a cathode ray tube, an electron gun fires a beam of electrons that is focused and deflected to hit phosphor on the screen, causing it to glow. The beam rapidly redraws the image to keep the screen illuminated, in a process called refresh. Key components of the electron gun include a heated cathode that emits electrons, an accelerating anode that speeds up the electrons, and control and focusing systems that shape the beam. When electrons hit phosphor, their energy causes the phosphor to glow briefly.
3D transformation in computer graphicsSHIVANI SONI
This document discusses different types of 2D and 3D transformations that are used in computer graphics, including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing, and reflection. It provides the mathematical equations and transformation matrices used to perform each type of transformation on 2D and 3D points and objects. Key types of rotations discussed are roll (around z-axis), pitch (around x-axis), and yaw (around y-axis). Homogeneous coordinates are introduced for representing 3D points.
Visible surface detection in computer graphicanku2266
Visible surface detection aims to determine which parts of 3D objects are visible and which are obscured. There are two main approaches: object space methods compare objects' positions to determine visibility, while image space methods process surfaces one pixel at a time to determine visibility based on depth. Depth-buffer and A-buffer methods are common image space techniques that use depth testing to handle occlusion.
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
The document discusses different line and area attributes that can be used to display graphics primitives. It describes parameters like line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, and fill style (solid, patterned, hollow). It explains how these attributes can be set using functions like setLineType() and setInteriorStyle(). Pixel masks and adjusting pixel counts are used to properly render dashed lines at different angles. Color can be represented directly or indirectly via color codes mapped to an output device's color capabilities. Patterns for filled areas are defined via 2D color arrays.
This document discusses various attributes that can be applied to output primitives in computer graphics. It describes character attributes like font, size, color and orientation that control text appearance. Marker attributes determine properties of individual marker symbols. Bundled attributes allow setting a set of attribute values for a primitive using an index. Inquiry functions provide a way to get information about current attribute values. Antialiasing techniques like increasing resolution through supersampling are also covered to improve image quality.
This document provides an overview of graphics display systems. It discusses the basic components and operation of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including the electron gun, focusing and deflection systems. It describes the refresh process of raster-scan CRTs and how random-scan CRTs work. Color CRT monitors are discussed, specifically the beam penetration and shadow mask methods. Key characteristics like resolution, persistence and aspect ratio are also summarized.
The document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which were the primary output devices in graphical systems and video monitors. CRTs display images using an electron beam that scans across phosphorescent screen coatings. There are two types of display methods: raster scan and random scan. Color CRTs use three electron guns and phosphors to produce red, green, and blue light, and require convergence calibration. CRTs were used in televisions, computer monitors, radar displays, and oscilloscopes. They can produce bright, high quality images but also have disadvantages like health hazards from radiation emission and potential overheating issues.
The document discusses various display devices including CRT, flat panel displays, and their components and technologies. CRTs use an electron gun and phosphor-coated screen to create images and come in random scan and raster scan varieties. Components include the electron gun, control electrodes, focusing system, and deflection yoke. Flat panel displays are thinner than CRTs and include LCD and plasma displays.
The CRT display was invented in 1897 and was widely used in early computers and televisions. It works by using an electron gun to produce a beam that illuminates phosphors on the screen, producing light to display an image. The first color CRT monitors used an arrangement of three electron guns and color phosphors to produce a full color image. While CRTs provided high quality images at a low cost, they were large, heavy, and produced electromagnetic fields, leading to their replacement by flat panel displays.
Video display devices use various technologies to visually present electronic information. Common types include CRT, LCD, LED, and plasma displays. CRTs use an electron gun to excite phosphors on the screen and were widely used in monitors and TVs. They can operate in raster or random scan modes. Color CRTs use shadow mask or beam penetration methods. Flat panel displays like LCDs are thinner than CRTs and use light modulation rather than emission to display images.
Introduction to computer graphics part 2Ankit Garg
This document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and how they work as display devices for computer graphics. It explains that CRTs contain an electron gun that emits a stream of electrons which are focused into a beam and directed to specific points on the phosphor-coated front of the picture tube. When the electron beam hits a phosphor dot, it glows proportionally to the beam strength. Color CRTs use three electron guns and a shadow mask to separately excite red, green, and blue phosphor dots, allowing for color displays. The document also covers other properties of CRTs like resolution, persistence, and aspect ratio.
This lecture discusses video and sound input and output devices. It covers monitors, including CRT, LCD, and plasma screen technologies. It explains how video cards work to interface between the computer and display. Refresh rates and resolutions that impact image quality are discussed. Sound systems are also mentioned as part of multimedia capabilities.
This document provides an overview of video display devices and color graphics technologies. It discusses raster scan displays, which refresh the screen by sweeping the electron beam across rows of pixels stored in a frame buffer. Random scan displays direct the electron beam only where needed to draw lines, allowing higher resolution but not realistic images. Color CRT monitors use shadow mask or beam penetration methods, with the former allowing a wider range of colors by exciting red, green, and blue phosphor dots. Flat panel displays are thinner than CRTs and being used in more portable applications.
The document discusses different types of display devices including CRT and plasma display panels. CRT uses an electron gun to direct an electron beam at phosphorescent dots on a screen to display images. Color CRT monitors use three electron guns and a shadow mask to activate red, green, or blue phosphor dots to produce color. Plasma display panels contain two glass plates separated by a gas that is electrically excited into plasma to stimulate phosphors and emit light for each pixel.
The document discusses the cathode ray tube (CRT) technology used in early computer monitors and televisions. It describes how a CRT works by using an electron gun to shoot a beam of electrons that excite phosphors on the screen, producing an image. The document outlines the history of the CRT from its discovery in the 1860s to its use in early TVs and monitors. It also discusses the advantages of CRTs like good color accuracy but notes disadvantages like health risks from radiation and large size.
Cathode ray tubes use an electron gun and fluorescent screen to create images through light emitted from the screen. An evacuated glass envelope contains the electron gun, which shoots electrons at the screen, causing phosphors to glow and form the image. Color CRTs use three electron guns and phosphors to produce red, green, and blue light, creating a full color image. While bulky and potentially hazardous, CRTs provide high quality images through superior color and contrast compared to other display technologies.
The document presents information on different types of display devices including CRT, LCD, plasma display, and LED displays. It discusses the key components, working principles, and properties of CRT and flat panel displays such as LCD, plasma, and LED displays. Advantages and disadvantages of different display technologies are also highlighted.
The document summarizes video display devices, specifically cathode ray tubes (CRTs). It describes the basic design of CRTs including the electron gun, phosphor coating, and refresh process. CRTs use an electron beam directed by deflection systems to illuminate spots on the screen in a raster pattern, maintained by refreshing the screen rapidly. Color CRTs employ different color phosphors and methods like beam penetration or shadow masks to combine colors. Random scan displays draw images as lines rather than pixels.
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were a common display technology that used electron beams to excite phosphors on the inside of an evacuated glass envelope. The electron beams were generated by electron guns and controlled by deflection plates and coils to scan across the phosphor-coated screen in a raster pattern, refreshing the image rapidly to prevent flickering. Different phosphors determined the persistence of the light emission and were used together with color masks and intensity control to generate color images on CRT displays. Random scan displays stored images as line drawings and refreshed all lines periodically rather than using a raster scan.
This document summarizes different types of display devices, including cathode ray tubes (CRTs), raster scan displays, random scan displays, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and light emitting diodes (LEDs). It describes the basic components and functioning of CRTs, including electron guns, phosphor coatings, and deflection coils. It compares raster and random scan displays, noting that raster displays are better for realistic images while random scans are suited for line drawings. LCDs use polarized light passing through liquid crystals to turn pixels on and off. LED displays use semiconductors to emit light when forward biased, and have advantages over traditional light sources like lower energy use and longer lifetimes.
The document describes various types of computer display devices and their characteristics. It discusses raster and random scan displays, CRT monitors, color CRT technologies including beam penetration and shadow mask methods, and other display types such as direct view storage tubes. Input devices are also covered, including keyboards, mice, digitizers, and touch screens.
Computer Graphics is an advance field in information technology and all about manipulation and rendering of images. This presentation covers all the main concepts in computer graphics including graphics algorithms.
Model 1 multimedia graphics and animation introduction (1)Rahul Borate
Graphics controller
9 Refreshing of screen is
required.
Refreshing of screen is not required.
10 Suitable for TV, monitor. Suitable for CAD/CAM application,
scientific visualization.
CG03 Random Raster Scan displays and Color CRTs.ppsxjyoti_lakhani
The document discusses different types of graphics displays. It describes raster-scan displays, which use an electron beam that sweeps across the screen from top to bottom to display an image. Picture definition is stored in a frame buffer. It also describes random-scan displays, which direct the electron beam only where lines need to be drawn. Color CRT monitors use phosphors and a shadow mask to display color. Flat panel displays like plasma panels, thin-film electroluminescent displays, and liquid crystal displays provide thinner alternatives to CRTs.
Data Communication and Networking ( Guided and Unguided Media)shalinikarunakaran1
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided (wired) media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided (wireless) media like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. It provides details on the characteristics and uses of each medium, such as how radio waves can penetrate walls but microwaves require line-of-sight due to their higher frequencies. The document also notes that wireless channels are more prone to errors than wired channels due to interference but increasing signal-to-noise ratio can reduce errors, though at the cost of transmission capacity.
Characters can be displayed in different sizes and styles, collectively called a typeface. Typefaces are divided into two broad groups - serif and sans serif. Serif type has small lines at the end of character strokes, while sans serif does not. Computer fonts can be stored using bitmap fonts, which represent characters as rectangular grids, or outline fonts which describe shapes using lines and curves.
Computer graphics involves using computer programs and hardware to create digital images and animations. It allows for the creation and manipulation of geometric objects and their images. Computer graphics is used in many fields including design, presentations, education, visualization, image processing, and graphical user interfaces. Common applications include CAD, illustrations for reports, charts and graphs for data summaries, cartoons, advertisements, and visual effects in movies.
Tokens are the smallest individual units in a Java program. There are five types of tokens: keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and separators. Keywords are reserved words that are essential for the Java language syntax. Identifiers are names given to classes, methods, variables and other program elements and have specific naming rules. Literals represent constant values like integers, floats, characters and strings. Operators perform operations on operands. Separators delineate different parts of code like parentheses, braces, brackets and semicolons.
The document discusses the structure of a Java program. A Java program contains classes, with one class containing a main method that acts as the starting point. Classes contain data members and methods that operate on the data. Methods contain declarations and executable statements. The structure also includes sections for documentation, package statements, import statements, interface statements, and class definitions, with the main method class being essential.
Class Sampleone declares a class with a main method that prints "Java is better than C++". The main method is public, static, and void, allowing it to run without creating an object. The println statement outputs the string to the console, similar to printf in C or cout in C++.
The document compares Java and C/C++. It states that Java does not include some keywords, data types, type modifiers, and features found in C like pointers, preprocessor directives, and void function declarations. It also notes Java adds new operators, labeled statements, and object-oriented features. Compared to C++, the document notes Java does not support operator overloading, templates, multiple inheritance or pointers, and replaces destructors with finalize().
Java was originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991 as a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language called Oak, which was renamed to Java in 1995. Over the following years, Sun released several updated versions of the Java Development Kit that enhanced the Java programming language and platform, with major releases in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2004.
Java is an object-oriented programming language that is compiled into bytecode that runs on any Java virtual machine, making it platform-independent. It is robust and secure with features like automatic memory management, exception handling, and type safety. Java supports multithreaded programming and is widely used to create interactive applications. It also enables the creation of distributed applications by allowing programs to access remote objects.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Video display devices
1.
2. The Primary Output devices in a graphics
system is a video monitor.
The operation of most video monitors is based
on the standard Cathode-ray-tube(CRT) design.
3. Categories of video display devices
Cathode ray tube
Raster-Scan Display
Random-Scan Display
Color CRT Monitors
Direct View Storage tubes
Flat-panel Displays
4. Cathode Ray Tubes:
CRT stands for Cathode ray tube. It is a technology which is used in
traditional computer monitor and television.
Cathode ray tube is a particular type of vacuum tube that displays
images when an electron beam collides on the radiant surface.
7. Component of CRT:
Electron Gun: The electron gun is made up of several
elements, mainly a heating filament (heater) and a
cathode.
The electron gun is a source of electrons focused on a
narrow beam facing the CRT.
Focusing & Accelerating Anodes: These anodes are used
to produce a narrow and sharply focused beam of
electrons.
Horizontal & Vertical Deflection Plates: These plates are
used to guide the path of the electron the beam. The plates
produce an electromagnetic field that bends the electron
beam through the area as it travels.
Phosphorus-coated Screen: The phosphorus coated
screen is used to produce bright spots when the high-
velocity electron beam hits it.
8.
9.
10. On a black-and-white system with one bit per pixel, the
frame buffer is called a bitmap.
For system with multiple bits per pixel ,the frame buffer is
called pixmap.
11.
12. Advantages:
•Real image
•Many colors to be produced
•Dark scenes can be pictured
Disadvantages:
•Less resolution
•Display picture line by line
•More costly
13.
14.
15. Color CRT Monitors
It is similar to a CRT monitor.
The basic idea behind the color CRT monitor is to combine three basic
colors- Red, Green, and Blue. By using these three colors, we can
produce
millions of different colors.
The two basic color display producing techniques are:
The beam – Penetration method for display color pictures has
been used with random –scan monitors. Two layers of phosphor,
usually red and green , are coated onto the inside of the CRT screen,and
the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates
into the phosphor layers.
A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer.
A beam of very fast electrons penetrates through the red layer
and excites the inner green layer.
Beam Penetration Methods
Beam penetration method has been an inexpensive way to
produce color in random scan monitors, but only four colors are
possible,and the quality of pictures is not as good as with other
methods.
16. Shadow –mask methods:
Shadow –mask methods are commonly used
in raster scan systems(including color TV) because they
produce a much wider range of colors that the beam
penetration method.
Shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor
color dots at each pixel position.
One phosphor dot emits a red light, another
emits a green light, and the third emits a blue light.
17. Structure:
It has three phosphorus color dots at each position
of the pixel.
First Dot: Red color
Second Dot: Green color
Third Dot: Blue color
It has three different guns. Each for one color.
It has a metal screen or plate just before the phosphorus
screen, named “Shadow-Mask.”
It also has a shadow grid just behind the phosphorus
coated screen with tiny holes in a triangular shape.
Working: A Shadow Mask is a metal plate with tiny holes
present inside a color monitor.
18.
19. Advantages:
Display a wider range picture.
Display realistic images.
In-line arrangement of RGB color.
Disadvantages:
Difficult to cover all three beams on the
same hole.
Poor Resolution.
20. Direct View Storage Tube (DVST):
It is used to store the picture information as a charge
distribution behind the phosphor-coated screen.
There are two guns used in DVST:
1.Primary Gun: It is used to store the picture
information.
2.Flood / Secondary Gun: It is used to display a
picture on the screen.
Advantages:
Less Time Consuming
No Refreshing Required
High-Resolution
Less Cost
Disadvantages:
The specific part of the image cannot be erased.
They do not display color.
21. Flat-Panel Displays:
Flat Panel Display
The term flat-panel display refers to a class of video
devices that have reduced volume , weight , and power
requirements compared to a CRT.
We can separate flat panel display into two
categories:
Emissive displays
Non emissive displays.
•Emissive display (or emitters) are devices that convert
electrical energy into light. Eg: Plasma display, LED’s
•Non emissive display use optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into graphics
patterns. Eg: LCD’s
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