Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Batteries store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. They are composed of electrochemical cells with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Primary batteries can be used once while secondary batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are used widely in electronics.
1. The document discusses different types of batteries - primary batteries that cannot be recharged, secondary batteries that can be recharged, and reserve batteries that have separated electrolytes.
2. It provides examples of different battery technologies like lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air, lithium-ion batteries.
3. The key components and operating principles of batteries are explained along with characteristics like voltage, current, capacity, energy efficiency, cycle life, and shelf life.
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. It consists of two or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel. The key components of a battery are the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and release of electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode with absorption of electrons. Rechargeable batteries can be charged by passing a current in the opposite direction of discharge. Common types include lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
Batteries store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. They are composed of electrochemical cells with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Primary batteries can be used once while secondary batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are used widely in electronics.
1. The document discusses different types of batteries - primary batteries that cannot be recharged, secondary batteries that can be recharged, and reserve batteries that have separated electrolytes.
2. It provides examples of different battery technologies like lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air, lithium-ion batteries.
3. The key components and operating principles of batteries are explained along with characteristics like voltage, current, capacity, energy efficiency, cycle life, and shelf life.
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. It consists of two or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel. The key components of a battery are the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and release of electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode with absorption of electrons. Rechargeable batteries can be charged by passing a current in the opposite direction of discharge. Common types include lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including nickel-cadmium, alkaline, lithium-iodine, mercury, and lead-acid batteries. It provides the chemical reactions, components, and properties of each battery type. In particular, it notes that nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries are rechargeable because their reaction products cling to the electrodes, allowing the reactions to be run in reverse when an external voltage is applied. Alkaline batteries are not rechargeable because their reaction products do not remain attached to the electrodes.
This document discusses different types of batteries and their components and reactions. It provides details on primary batteries like Leclanche cell and mercury cell. It also describes secondary batteries like lead-acid battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Fuel cells and their working are explained. Corrosion and its prevention are discussed. Hydrogen economy and methods of hydrogen production are mentioned.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
1. The document describes a chemistry project on constructing a dry cell battery. It provides details on the components, chemical reactions, and construction process.
2. The student, Ashwini Kumar Sah, constructed a dry cell under the guidance of his teacher. The constructed dry cell was tested and found to produce a voltage of 1.49V.
3. The document includes an introduction to dry cells and their components, the aim of the experiment, theory on primary and secondary cells, procedures, observations, and conclusion.
This document discusses various topics related to hydrogen as a transport fuel, batteries, and fuel cells. It provides information on:
- Different types of vehicles that use hydrogen or batteries as their fuel/power source
- Methods for producing and storing hydrogen
- How electrochemical cells like batteries and fuel cells work through redox reactions
- Characteristics and reactions of different types of batteries including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries.
Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They consist of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections to power devices. Batteries can be primary cells, which are not rechargeable, or secondary cells, which are rechargeable. Common battery types include zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline batteries, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through redox reactions, providing higher efficiencies than conventional energy generation methods.
Cells and batteries produce electricity through chemical reactions. Primary cells like zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are disposable, while secondary cells like lead-acid batteries can be recharged. Zinc-carbon cells use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with a paste electrolyte, producing 1.5 volts. Alkaline cells last longer with zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. Fuel cells like alkaline fuel cells continuously supply reactants to produce electricity, avoiding energy losses of power stations. Fuel cells may power vehicles as an alternative to combustion engines.
Module 1 ppts Energy system.pdf engineeringakholmes2104
The document discusses sensors and energy systems. It defines a battery and describes its components like anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. It explains how batteries operate through recharge and discharge processes. Batteries are classified as primary, secondary or reserve. Specific battery types like lithium-ion and sodium-ion are described in detail including their construction, working principles and applications. Quantum dot sensitized solar cells are also introduced along with their working principle, properties and applications.
This presentation summarizes the history and workings of batteries. It discusses how batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. Key battery types include alkaline batteries used in devices and lithium-ion batteries that have higher energy density. Rechargeable batteries can be reused, saving money and resources compared to disposable batteries. Research is ongoing to develop lithium-air batteries that could significantly increase energy storage capacity over lithium-ion batteries.
A lithium ion battery consists of a graphite anode, lithium metal oxide cathode, and electrolyte. Lithium ions move between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging, producing electricity. Key developments included the use of cobalt oxide and other metal oxides in the cathode by Goodenough, improving voltage and capacity. Lithium ion batteries now power many electronic devices due to their high energy density and ability to be recharged hundreds of times.
Battery semester 1 chemistry for study.pptxparth510336
The nickel-cadmium battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium as electrodes. It was invented in 1899 and further improved to be sealed and absorb gases generated during charging. Ni-Cd batteries were commonly used in power tools, radios, and cameras due to their high current delivery and rapid recharging ability. However, concerns over cadmium toxicity and the development of newer batteries like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion that are cheaper and less toxic have reduced Ni-Cd battery usage.
This document discusses different types of secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries. It describes lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrode materials and chemical reactions involved in charging and discharging. Secondary batteries are able to undergo reversible chemical reactions, allowing them to be recharged by applying electrical energy and providing power when needed.
This document provides information about different types of batteries. It begins with an overview of the basic electrochemistry involved in batteries, including the components (electrolyte, anode, cathode, container) and redox reactions. It then discusses various primary (non-rechargeable) batteries like zinc-carbon, silver oxide, and alkaline batteries. Rechargeable batteries covered include nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lead-acid, and lithium-ion. Specifications discussed are voltage, size, capacity (amp-hours), and rechargeability. Concerns with different battery types like toxicity (cadmium) and memory effect are also summarized.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in electrochemistry including:
1) The components and operation of electrochemical cells including voltaic cells like batteries and fuel cells as well as electrolytic cells.
2) Half-reactions, electrode potentials, and using these to determine spontaneity of redox reactions.
3) Processes like corrosion, electroplating, electrolysis of water, and recharging of batteries that involve redox reactions driven by electrical energy.
The document discusses various types of energy storage and conversion devices including lithium cobalt oxide batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and dye sensitized solar cells. It provides an introduction and overview of these topics, describing their basic components, mechanisms, and applications. Specifically, it outlines the syllabus for a course covering lithium cobalt oxide and metal air batteries, supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices like fuel cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including nickel-cadmium, alkaline, lithium-iodine, mercury, and lead-acid batteries. It provides the chemical reactions, components, and properties of each battery type. In particular, it notes that nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries are rechargeable because their reaction products cling to the electrodes, allowing the reactions to be run in reverse when an external voltage is applied. Alkaline batteries are not rechargeable because their reaction products do not remain attached to the electrodes.
This document discusses different types of batteries and their components and reactions. It provides details on primary batteries like Leclanche cell and mercury cell. It also describes secondary batteries like lead-acid battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Fuel cells and their working are explained. Corrosion and its prevention are discussed. Hydrogen economy and methods of hydrogen production are mentioned.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
1. The document describes a chemistry project on constructing a dry cell battery. It provides details on the components, chemical reactions, and construction process.
2. The student, Ashwini Kumar Sah, constructed a dry cell under the guidance of his teacher. The constructed dry cell was tested and found to produce a voltage of 1.49V.
3. The document includes an introduction to dry cells and their components, the aim of the experiment, theory on primary and secondary cells, procedures, observations, and conclusion.
This document discusses various topics related to hydrogen as a transport fuel, batteries, and fuel cells. It provides information on:
- Different types of vehicles that use hydrogen or batteries as their fuel/power source
- Methods for producing and storing hydrogen
- How electrochemical cells like batteries and fuel cells work through redox reactions
- Characteristics and reactions of different types of batteries including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries.
Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They consist of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections to power devices. Batteries can be primary cells, which are not rechargeable, or secondary cells, which are rechargeable. Common battery types include zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline batteries, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through redox reactions, providing higher efficiencies than conventional energy generation methods.
Cells and batteries produce electricity through chemical reactions. Primary cells like zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are disposable, while secondary cells like lead-acid batteries can be recharged. Zinc-carbon cells use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with a paste electrolyte, producing 1.5 volts. Alkaline cells last longer with zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. Fuel cells like alkaline fuel cells continuously supply reactants to produce electricity, avoiding energy losses of power stations. Fuel cells may power vehicles as an alternative to combustion engines.
Module 1 ppts Energy system.pdf engineeringakholmes2104
The document discusses sensors and energy systems. It defines a battery and describes its components like anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. It explains how batteries operate through recharge and discharge processes. Batteries are classified as primary, secondary or reserve. Specific battery types like lithium-ion and sodium-ion are described in detail including their construction, working principles and applications. Quantum dot sensitized solar cells are also introduced along with their working principle, properties and applications.
This presentation summarizes the history and workings of batteries. It discusses how batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. Key battery types include alkaline batteries used in devices and lithium-ion batteries that have higher energy density. Rechargeable batteries can be reused, saving money and resources compared to disposable batteries. Research is ongoing to develop lithium-air batteries that could significantly increase energy storage capacity over lithium-ion batteries.
A lithium ion battery consists of a graphite anode, lithium metal oxide cathode, and electrolyte. Lithium ions move between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging, producing electricity. Key developments included the use of cobalt oxide and other metal oxides in the cathode by Goodenough, improving voltage and capacity. Lithium ion batteries now power many electronic devices due to their high energy density and ability to be recharged hundreds of times.
Battery semester 1 chemistry for study.pptxparth510336
The nickel-cadmium battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium as electrodes. It was invented in 1899 and further improved to be sealed and absorb gases generated during charging. Ni-Cd batteries were commonly used in power tools, radios, and cameras due to their high current delivery and rapid recharging ability. However, concerns over cadmium toxicity and the development of newer batteries like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion that are cheaper and less toxic have reduced Ni-Cd battery usage.
This document discusses different types of secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries. It describes lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrode materials and chemical reactions involved in charging and discharging. Secondary batteries are able to undergo reversible chemical reactions, allowing them to be recharged by applying electrical energy and providing power when needed.
This document provides information about different types of batteries. It begins with an overview of the basic electrochemistry involved in batteries, including the components (electrolyte, anode, cathode, container) and redox reactions. It then discusses various primary (non-rechargeable) batteries like zinc-carbon, silver oxide, and alkaline batteries. Rechargeable batteries covered include nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lead-acid, and lithium-ion. Specifications discussed are voltage, size, capacity (amp-hours), and rechargeability. Concerns with different battery types like toxicity (cadmium) and memory effect are also summarized.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in electrochemistry including:
1) The components and operation of electrochemical cells including voltaic cells like batteries and fuel cells as well as electrolytic cells.
2) Half-reactions, electrode potentials, and using these to determine spontaneity of redox reactions.
3) Processes like corrosion, electroplating, electrolysis of water, and recharging of batteries that involve redox reactions driven by electrical energy.
The document discusses various types of energy storage and conversion devices including lithium cobalt oxide batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and dye sensitized solar cells. It provides an introduction and overview of these topics, describing their basic components, mechanisms, and applications. Specifically, it outlines the syllabus for a course covering lithium cobalt oxide and metal air batteries, supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices like fuel cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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2. UNIT - III
ELECTROCHEMICALSTORAGEDEVICES
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery -
characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery:
silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-
maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description,
principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell,
phomolten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
3. Introduction:
o The function of Batteries / cells is the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.
It is made up of two electrodes (anode & cathode) and electrolyte solution
Definition:
Cell is an arrangement of two electrodes dipped into a solution of electrolyte or electrolytes.
o Cathode – Positive terminal – Electrochemical reduction occurs (gain electrons)
o Anode – Negative terminal – Electrochemical oxidation occurs (lose electrons)
o Electrolytes – Allow Ions to move between electrodes
o Terminals – Allows Current to flow out of the battery to
perform work
CELLS
4. List of invented cells / Batteries
Alessandro Volta invented the first true battery
5. o Due to increasing human activity in technology, a number of battery dependent appliances
have come into existence.
o It is used in wrist watches, electric calling bells, space vehicles and missile firing units.
Importance of Cells / Batteries /
There are two types of cells, 1. Electrolytic cell 2. Electrochemical cell
Types of Cells
- Electrical energy is used to bring about the chemical reaction.
At anode : Oxidation takes place
(Ni → Ni2+ +2e-)
At cathode : Reduction takes place
( Ni2+ +2e- → Ni )
6. o Electrical energy is generated due to chemical reactions, which takes place inside the cells
o Examples: Daniel cell, Zn / ZnSO4 // CuSO4 / Cu
At anode,
Zn → Zn2+ +2e- (Oxidation)
At cathode,
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu (Reduction)
The overall reaction,
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
7. A battery is an arrangement of several electrochemical cells connected in series /
parallel to get required amount of electrical energy.
The battery contains several anodes and cathodes.
BATTERIES
Criteria for any cells to be commercial cells
Should be cheap
Light weight and portable
should have long life cycle and high self life.
should be continuous and constant sources of EMF over a long interval of time.
It should be a rechargeable unit.
8. Selection of battery depends on the conditions of working, the suitability of a battery
depends on the following characteristics:
o Type
o Voltage
o Discharge curve
o Capacity
o Energy density
o Specific energy density
o Power density
o Temperature dependence
o Service life
o Physical requirements
o Charge/discharge cycle
o Cycle life
o Cost
o Ability to deep discharge
o Application requirements
9.
10.
11.
12. Cycle life:
o It is defined as number of times the discharging and charging operations can be alternated
till such time it performs as designed.
o It is applicable only to secondary cells. The EMF of cell decrease during discharging.
o A good cell should have high cycle life.
o some times cycle life would be lower than expected level due to,
The active materials at the electrodes may whither off due to rapid charging conditions.
May be irregular deposition of the products during discharging.
Over charging, the corrosion may occur.
Shelf life:
A good battery should possess a long shelf life.
Self -discharge:
o It is defined as the loss of active materials of the cell due to localized action on the
electrode even the cell is not in discharge mode.
o Longer the life self-discharge, good battery
13. Discharging:
The electrons liberated at the anode flow to
the cathode through the external wire and take
part in the reduction. This process in which
spontaneous redox reaction occurs is called
discharging.
During discharging , the active materials are
converted into inactive materials.
The cell becomes inactive once the active
material is consumed.
External energy < Cell energy
Charging:
The cell reaction is reversed if the external
current is passed in the reverse direction.
This process of conversion of an inactive
material back into active materials in a cell is
called charging.
It is a non-spontaneous process.
External energy > Cell energy
Discharging and Charging of a battery
o A cell is a battery that is packed that active materials at anode and cathode, redox reaction occur spontaneously.
14. The batteries are classified into
o Primary batteries
o Secondary batteries
1. Primary battery (Non-rechargeable)
The electrode and its reaction cannot be reversed by passing electrical energy externally.
During discharging the chemical compounds are permanently changed and electrical energy
is released until the original compounds are completely exhausted.
In such batteries the reaction occurs only once and it is not rechargeable
Lower discharge rate than secondary batteries
Examples: Dry Leclanche cell - Zinc Carbon – Used in flashlights, toys
Heavy Duty Zinc Chloride – Used in radios, recorders
Alkaline – Used in all of the above
Lithium – Used in photoflash
Silver Mercury Oxide – Used in Hearing aid, watches, calculators,
Silver button cell – Small devices like above
Types of Batteries
15. 2. Secondary battery (Chargeable)
o The electrode reactions can be reserved by passing electrical energy externally.
o During discharging the chemical compounds which are changed can be reconstituted by
the application of an electrical potential between the electrodes – “electrochemical
reaction is reversible”
o They can be recharged by passing electrical current and used endlessly.
o Used when short periods of storage are required
o Higher discharge rate than primary batteries.
o Thus such cells can be Rechargeable and used many times.
o Examples: Lead Acid Battery
Nickel Cadmium Battery
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
Lithium Ion Battery
16.
17. Primary battery - Silver button battery
What is a Button battery?
o A Button battery or button cell is a small single cell battery,
o Cylindrically shaped about 5 to 25 mm in diameter and 1 to 6 mm high
Structure
Button batteries are formed by compacting metals and metal oxides on either side of an
electrolyte-soaked separator.
The unit is then placed in a 2-part metal casing held together by a plastic grommet
The grommet electrically insulates the anode from the cathode.
The metal undergoes oxidation on one side of the separator,
while the metal oxide is reduced to the metal on the other side,
producing a current when a conductive path is provided.
Uses: In small portable electronic devices - wrist watches, pocket calculators, artificial
cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, hearing aids, toys, etc
18. Importance
o Button-type silver oxide batteries gives high-energy per
unit volume and stable operating voltage.
o Also, it is designed to use zero mercury.
o Maxell is the first company in Japan to successfully
market button-type silver oxide batteries.
Construction and working:
o This cell consist of silver oxide as cathode
and zinc metal as the anode.
o These electrodes are separated by
semi-permeable membranes and
pottasium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide
is used as an electrolyte
o Cell representation
Zn , ZnO / Electrolyte / Ag2O , Ag
19. Cell reactions:
At the anode : Zn + 2OH- → ZnO + H2O + 2e-
At the cathode : Ag2O + H2O +2e- → 2Ag + 2OH-
Overall cell reaction : Zn + Ag2O → ZnO + 2Ag
The cell gives a voltage of 1.3-1.5 V.
Advantages:
o During discharge, supplies a stable voltage until the end of the discharge life.
o A silver oxide battery’s gives twice the amount of energy capacity as button-type alkaline
batteries.
o Depending on the composition of the electrolyte, two models are available; a low-drain type
(SW type) for analog watches and a high-drain type (W type) for multi-function watches (which
incorporate an alarm and a light), medical equipment.
o Designed without using mercury and lead and also long lasting, superior leakage - resistant
characteristics
20.
21. o Rechargeable alkaline battery
o During charging and discharging, no loss of products
o Active materials used in the battery system are,
Anode : Cadmium as a mixture of metal, oxide or hydroxide
Cathode : Nickel oxyhydroxide
Electrolyte : Aquous KOH
o Cell representation
Cd , Cd(OH)2 / KOH(aq) / Ni(OH)2 , NiO(OH)
Construction
o It consists of cadium anode and a metal grid
containing a paste of NiO(OH) acting as a cathode
o Electrolyte in the cell is KOH it is
Nickel- Cadmium batteries (NICAD)/ Secondary battery
22. Working:
During Discharging
When the NICAD battery operates, at the anode
cadmium is oxidised to Cd 2+ ions and insoluble Cd(OH)2 is formed
Cell reaction
At anode: Oxidation takes places at cadmium
Cd → Cd 2+ + 2e-
Cd 2+ + 2OH- → Cd(OH)2
At cathode: Reduction of nickel oxyhydroxide takes
place in this reaction
2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e- → 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-
Net cell reaction
Cd + 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O → Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2
23. During Charging
o When current is passed in the opposite direction, the electrode reaction gets reversed.
o As a result, cadmium gets deposited on the anode and
NiO(OH) gets deposited on the cathode.
At cathode:
Cd(OH)2 → Cd 2+ + 2OH-
Cd 2+ + 2e- → Cd
At anode:
2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- → 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e-
Net cell reaction
Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2 → Cd + 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O
The cell voltage of battery is 1.4 V, which is irrespective of the size of electrodes.
24. Applications:
Ni-Cd batteries may be used individually or assembled into battery packs
containing two or more cells.
Ni-Cd batteries are used in cordless and wireless telephones, emergency lighting
and other applications.
With a low internal resistance, they can supply a high surge current. This makes
them a favourable choice for remote controlled model airplanes, boats, cars and
camera flash units.
25. Advantages:
Delivers high current output
Have ability to deliver full power output until end of cycle
It tolerates overcharging
It withstands up to 500 cycles of charging
It has longer life(less than 20 years) than lead storage cell
Operate in a range of temperatures.
No gas evolution occurs at the active electrodes.
They have low internal resistance.
Like a dry cell, it can be packed in a sealed container.
Disadvantages:
o Cadmium is not an eco-friendly material - Materials are toxic and the recycling
infrastructure for larger nickel-cadmium batteries is very limited
o Less tolerance towards temperature as compared to other batteries.
o It is three to five times more expensive than lead-acid
o Self discharge up to 10% in a day.
26. Fuel cells are electrochemical cells that convert chemical
energy from a fuel into electricity through catalytically
activated redox reactions.
Conventionally energy is obtained by the combustion of
fossil fuel.
The conversion of heat into electrical energy involves a
number of steps and there is loss of energy at every step.
Efficiency of the process is around 40%.
i.e., In Fuel (Gasoline, Diesel and etc.)
Chemical Energy → Heat Energy → Mechanical Energy
→ Electrical Energy
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Fuel Cells
Fuel + Oxygen Oxidation products + Electricity
27. To overcome these, the device fuel cells were demonstrated which are a clean,
efficient, reliable, and quiet source of power. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically
recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel
source is provided.
In Fuel cells the chemical energy is directly converted to electrical energy.
Chemical Energy → Electrical Energy
This direction conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy has 100%
efficiency.
Fuel cells are used today in a range of applications, from providing power to homes
and industries, keeping critical facilities like hospitals, grocery stores, and moving a
variety of vehicles including cars, buses, trucks, trains, and more.
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29. Fuel Cells
The basic principle of a fuel cell is the same as that of
electrochemical cells.
Single fuel cell generates only little DC and hence many fuel
cells are assembled into a stack.
It has a separate fuel-oxidant system that produces
electrochemical reaction in which the fuel is oxidized at the
anode.
Like other electrochemical cell, the fuel cells also consist of an
electrolyte and two electrodes.
However, the main difference in the cell function is that
electrochemical energy is provided by a fuel and an oxidant is
stored outside the cell where electrochemical reaction takes place.
Hence, fuel cells can produce endless electrical power unless
they are supplied with fuels and oxidants.
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30. Fuel cell consist of
Two catalytic electrodes - It must be a good conductors, good electron sources, not be deteriorated by
the electrolyte heat and electrode reactions, excellent catalyst. Ex. Graphite, platinum, palladium,
silver, nickel.
Fuel and oxidant - Are supplied from outside when required. It is not stored in the cell. Frequently used
fuels are hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, hydrazine, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and alkane. The
oxidant could be pure oxygen (or) air.
Electrolyte - It is an ion-conducting material which separating the two electrodes. Ex. Aqeuous KOH (or)
H2SO4 (or) ion-exchange resin.
At the anode, the fuel gets oxidized liberating electrons and the oxidation products of the fuel. The
electrons liberated from the anode reduce the oxidant at the cathode. Thus, the electron circuit or
current density is established.
At anode: Fuel Oxidation product + ne-
At cathode: Oxidant + ne- Reduction product
Overall cell reaction is Fuel + Oxidant Oxidation product + Electricity
A typical fuel cell can be represented as follows.
Fuel / Electrode // Electrolyte // Electrode / Oxidant
Components of Fuel Cells
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Because fuel cells generate electricity through
chemistry rather than combustion, they can
achieve much higher efficiencies than traditional
energy production methods such as steam
turbines and internal combustion engines.
To push the efficiency even higher, a fuel cell
can be coupled with a combined heat and
power system that uses the cell’s waste heat for
heating or cooling applications.
32. Classification
Hence based on the electrolyte used fuel
cells are classified as follows
Alkaline Fuel cells
Methanol –Oxygen Fuel cell
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells(PAFCs)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells(MCFCs)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(SOFC)
Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel
Cells(SPEFCS)
Microbial Fuel cells(MFCs)
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Classification of fuel cell is very difficult as several
operational variable exists
33. Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
Low temperature fuel cells (80°C) are used.
Porous carbon charged with Mi/Pd acts as anode.
Porous carbon charged with Ag-catalyst acts as cathode.
Hydrogen gas is fuel at anode.
Oxygen gas is fuel at cathode.
Aqueous KOH solution is used as electrolyte
Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
Porous C + SiC + Teflon charged with Pt-catalyst acts as anode.
Porous C + SiC + Teflon charged with Ag-catalyst acts cathode.
Pure H2 gas is anodic fuel.
Pure O2 gas is cathodic fuel.
Concentrated phosphoric acid is used as electrolyte.
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34. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
Anode is porous Ni/Ni – Cr alloy.
Cathode is porous NiO.
H2 gas or CO gas is fuel at anode
O2 gas is fuel at cathode and it operates between 600 to 650°C.
Fused carbonate (eutectic mixture of 32% Li2CO3 + 48% NiAlCO3 +
K2CO3) in porous inorganic material is used as electrolytic.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (DMFC)
Two different porous gas diffused carbon electrodes charged with
platinum acts as both anode and cathode.
Methanol is used as anode fuel.
O2 gas is used as cathode fuel which is stable at 20°C to 90°C.
Nafion membrane with 50% water as electrolyte is used as electrolyte.
(Nafion, i.e., per fluorinated cation exchange polymer membrane)
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35. Alkaline Fuel Cells
In alkaline fuel cells, the electrolyte used is an alkali, such as potassium hydroxide (30–
40% aqueous solution).
The alkaline fuel cells make use of high purity hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant.
This kind of fuel cell is otherwise known as hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell.
These are low temperature (80°C) fuel cells
This type of fuel cell is being developed for transport applications as well as for
stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications.
AFC’s are also called Bacon fuel cells after their British inventor Francis Thomas
Bacon.
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36. Working :
An AFC uses two porous gas diffusion electrodes coated with
non precious metals as catalyst with KOH as electrolyte.
H2 as fuel is supplied at anode and O2 is supplied at cathode
At anode: H2 oxidizes to H+ ions which react with OH- ions of
electrolyte to form H2O.
The negatively charged e- cannot flow through electrolyte and
hence they must flow through external circuit forming electric
current.
O2 enter the fuel cell at cathode and picks up the e- and then travel
through the electrolyte towards the anode and combines with H+
to form water.
AFC consumes pure H2 and
O2 to produce portable
water, heat and electricity.
37. Advantages
It is simple, lighter and compact due to their thin sheet of polymer electrolyte.
It operates at low temperature.
Their reaction starts quickly.
It operates at any orientation.
It just emits water vapour and no other harmful chemicals to the environment.
The efficiency is higher than about 75 %.
It can replaces the use of batteries and causes less noise pollution.
Low maintenance cost
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38. Disadvantages
It is very sensitive to CO and sulphur poisoning sine hydrogen is obtained from the fossil fuels
through reforming.
Even trace amount of CO2 in fuel/air affect cell’s operation by converting KOH electrolyte
into potassium carbonate (solid) that blocks pores in the electrode and also reduce the
conductivity of fuel cell.
CO2 + 2KOH K2CO3 + H2O
It requires pure H2 gas which is difficult to store.
It is very sensitive to low humidity.
It needs high cost platinum as catalyst for its functioning, which makes the cell costreally
expensive.
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39. Applications
• AFC’s are limited to closed environments, such as space, undersea vechicles and must
run on pure H2 and O2.
• Along with Phosphoric acid fuel cells, they were one of the earliest fuel cells
developed and used by NASA.
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41. MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFCS)
It is a second generation fuel cells.
The molten carbonate fuel cell operates at approximately 650°C (1200°F).
The high operating temperature is needed to achieve sufficient conductivity of the
carbonate electrolyte.
A benefit associated with this high temperature is that noble metal catalysts are not
required for the cell processing.
Molten lithium-potassium carbonate salts are the electrolytes.
H2 (or) CO is the fuel, while O2 is the oxidant.
As high temperature is employed, fairly less expensive catalysts like Ni (or) NiO
are used.
The anode comprises porous Ni with 1-2 % chromium and the cathode comprises
Ni with1-2% lithium.
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43. At the anode, hydrogen reacts with the carbonate ions (CO3
2-) to produce
water, carbon dioxide, and electrons.
At the anode:
H2 + CO3
2– → H2O + CO2+ 2e-
The electrons travel through an external circuit, creating electricity and return
to the cathode.
There, oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide recycled from the anode react
with the electrons to form CO3
2- ions that replenish the electrolyte and transfer
current through the fuel cell, completing the circuit.
At the cathode:
½O2+ CO2+ 2e– → CO3
2-
The overall cell reaction
H2 + ½O2 + CO2 → H2O + CO2
The emf generated is around 0.9 V.
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44. 10-Jun-24
Advantages
Molten carbonate fuel cells can convert the fuel into electricity almost 60 %. When the waste heat is
captured and used, overall fuel efficiencies can be increased upto 85 %.
Because they do not contain platinum catalysts they are not susceptible to carbon monoxide or carbon
dioxide poisoning.
In fact, they can use carbon dioxide as fuel. This fact makes them very attractive for energy production in
countries like the United States that have large natural reserves of coal.
45. Disadvantages
High temperatures decrease cell life. There is currently research underway to find corrosion
resistant materials for use at high temperatures.
Susceptibility to poisoning by sulfur, which is found at high concentration in many types of coal.
Application
This cell is used in chloroalkali industries
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46. DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL (DMFC)
The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) utilizes methanol as a fuel.
main advantage is the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all
environmental conditions.
In this process, DMFC provides current by electrochemically oxidizing the methanol at the anode to
produce electrons which travel through the external circuit to the cathode where they are consumed
together with oxygen in a reduction reaction.
The circuit is maintained within the cell by the conduction of protons in the electrolyte.
At anode: CH3OH + H2O → CO2+ 6H+ + 6e–
At cathode: 6H+ + 3/2 O2+ 6e– → 3H2O
The overall cell reaction is:
CH3OH + 3/2 O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
In modern cells, the electrolytes based on proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (e.g., Nafion)
are often used, since they are convenient for cell design to withstand high temperature and pressure
operation. Cell emf is 1.2 V.
The overall reaction occurring in the DMFC is the same as that for the direct combustion of methanol.
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47. Advantages
It is suitable for portable electronic systems of
low power, which runs for a long period.
The fuel cell operates isothermally and all the
free energy associated with this reaction is
converted into electrical energy.
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Direct methanol fuel cell
Applications
Military applications of DMFCs are an emerging
application since they have low noise and thermal
signatures and no toxic effluent. These applications
include power for man-portable tactical equipment,
battery chargers, and autonomous power for test and
training instrumentation.
48. Types of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell Operating Conditions
Alkaline FC (AFC) Operates at room temp. to 80 0C
Apollo fuel cell
Proton Exchange
Membrane FC (PEMFC)
Operates best at 60-90 0C
Hydrogen fuel
Originally developed by GE for space
Phosphoric Acid FC (PAFC) Operates best at ~200 0C
Hydrogen fuel
Stationary energy storage device
Molten Carbonate FC
(MCFC)
Operates best at 550 0C
Nickel catalysts, ceramic separator membrane
Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
(DMFC)
Operates best at 60-90 0C
Methanol Fuel
For portable electronic devices
49. ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS
Fuel cells have a high efficiency of energy
conversion (75 to 83%), i.e., chemical energy to
electrical energy.
Fuel cells make use of hydrocarbon gas from fossil
fuel and the resultant emissions of pollutants are
within the permissible limits.
Fuel cell have low maintenance cost.
Fuel cells have quick start system.
The regenerative hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
systems have great applications in space research.
They also produce potable water as end product.
In fuel cell, low cost fuels can be used provided it
should be operated at higher temperatures
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50. Fuel Cells in India
A hydrogen fuel cell bus was launched in 2019 in India
by Tata Motors in collaboration with the Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO) and Indian Oil
(IOCL). In addition, Hyundai also seeks to place its first
fuel cell NEXO SUV in India by 2021, and plans on
building the required hydrogen infrastructure to support
the vehicles near Delhi.
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Tata Starbus Fuel Cell, the first hydrogen
fuel cell powered bus in India.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded as a huge resolution the
‘Hydrogen Mission’ announced in the Budget 2021, underlining that
future fuels and green energy are the way forward for attaining self-
sufficiency for India’s energy requirements. India’s very first hydrogen
fuel cell passenger vehicle was tested in October last year by CSIR
(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) and KPIT Technologies.
CSIR and KPIT have developed a 10 kWe (Kilowatt-electric)
automotive grade LT-PEMFC (low-temperature PEM fuel cell)