This document provides instructions for estimating the amount of calcium and magnesium in food samples using complexometric titration with EDTA. It describes titrating a standard hard water sample against a standardized EDTA solution to determine the EDTA concentration. This standardized EDTA is then used to titrate sample hard water and determine total, calcium, and magnesium hardness levels present. The document lists the materials, procedure, and questions to ask during the experiment. The results will provide the concentration of total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness in the sample water in ppm units.
The document discusses water quality assessment and surveillance. It outlines various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to evaluate drinking water quality according to WHO guidelines. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, colour, odor, taste, temperature, pH and presence of inorganic constituents like chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Methods for testing parameters like turbidity, chloride, hardness, iron and fluoride are described. The document also covers bacteriological indicators of water quality including coliforms, E. coli and presence of pathogens. It provides methods for testing coliform bacteria using membrane filtration and multiple tube techniques.
22CYL22 & Chemistry Laboratory for Mechanical Sysyems (MTS-A-Ni).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Volumetric Analysis of Nickel by Complexometric Method
You are provided with a standatrd solution of 0.01N magnesium sulphate and an approximate solution of 0.01N EDTA.
The document provides instructions for performing an assay of calcium gluconate by complexometry, including preparing standard EDTA and magnesium sulfate solutions, titrating calcium gluconate against EDTA while using magnesium and an indicator to identify the endpoint, and calculating the percentage purity of calcium gluconate based on the titration results. The titration is a replacement complexometric titration that uses the stable magnesium-indicator complex to indirectly determine the endpoint of the calcium-EDTA reaction.
For the determination of Ca+ Mg both together, the versenate titration method is most popularly used in which EDTA (Ethelyne diamine tetra acetic acid) disodium salt solution is used to chelate them.
The two cations can also be precisely estimated in water sample using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) but for all practical purposes versenate titration method is good enough.
Calcium alone can also be estimated by versenate method using ammonium purpurate (murexide) indicator and thus Mg can be obtained by deduction of Ca from Ca+Mg content.
Calcium estimation can be done on flame photometer also but the precision is not very high. The formation of Ca and Mg complexes is at pH 10 is achieved by using ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer.
Determination of hardness in water .pdfMausumi Adhya
1. The document describes the determination of hardness in water samples by complexometric titration using EDTA. Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium ions and is expressed in parts per million of calcium carbonate.
2. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at pH 9-10, allowing for their quantification via titration. The endpoint is indicated by a color change of the indicator Eriochrome Black T from grape/wine red to blue.
3. A sample water is titrated with standardized EDTA solution and the total hardness is calculated based on the volume used and concentration of EDTA. Calcium hardness is also determined by titrating at pH 12,
The document describes procedures for determining several water quality parameters through laboratory experiments. It discusses determining pH, hardness, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon dioxide, and alkalinity. For each parameter, it provides an overview, procedure, required apparatus and reagents, and technical discussion of the results and their significance for water quality.
The document discusses various topics related to water treatment for textile processing including:
1. Classification and properties of water used for textiles. Hard water can cause issues so standards for textile supply water are outlined.
2. Causes and scales of water hardness. Methods for estimating total, temporary, and permanent hardness are described.
3. Problems hardness causes in wet processing like precipitation and efficiency reductions. Methods to soften water like lime-soda, ion exchange, and demineralization are summarized.
The document discusses water quality assessment and surveillance. It outlines various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to evaluate drinking water quality according to WHO guidelines. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, colour, odor, taste, temperature, pH and presence of inorganic constituents like chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Methods for testing parameters like turbidity, chloride, hardness, iron and fluoride are described. The document also covers bacteriological indicators of water quality including coliforms, E. coli and presence of pathogens. It provides methods for testing coliform bacteria using membrane filtration and multiple tube techniques.
22CYL22 & Chemistry Laboratory for Mechanical Sysyems (MTS-A-Ni).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Volumetric Analysis of Nickel by Complexometric Method
You are provided with a standatrd solution of 0.01N magnesium sulphate and an approximate solution of 0.01N EDTA.
The document provides instructions for performing an assay of calcium gluconate by complexometry, including preparing standard EDTA and magnesium sulfate solutions, titrating calcium gluconate against EDTA while using magnesium and an indicator to identify the endpoint, and calculating the percentage purity of calcium gluconate based on the titration results. The titration is a replacement complexometric titration that uses the stable magnesium-indicator complex to indirectly determine the endpoint of the calcium-EDTA reaction.
For the determination of Ca+ Mg both together, the versenate titration method is most popularly used in which EDTA (Ethelyne diamine tetra acetic acid) disodium salt solution is used to chelate them.
The two cations can also be precisely estimated in water sample using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) but for all practical purposes versenate titration method is good enough.
Calcium alone can also be estimated by versenate method using ammonium purpurate (murexide) indicator and thus Mg can be obtained by deduction of Ca from Ca+Mg content.
Calcium estimation can be done on flame photometer also but the precision is not very high. The formation of Ca and Mg complexes is at pH 10 is achieved by using ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer.
Determination of hardness in water .pdfMausumi Adhya
1. The document describes the determination of hardness in water samples by complexometric titration using EDTA. Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium ions and is expressed in parts per million of calcium carbonate.
2. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at pH 9-10, allowing for their quantification via titration. The endpoint is indicated by a color change of the indicator Eriochrome Black T from grape/wine red to blue.
3. A sample water is titrated with standardized EDTA solution and the total hardness is calculated based on the volume used and concentration of EDTA. Calcium hardness is also determined by titrating at pH 12,
The document describes procedures for determining several water quality parameters through laboratory experiments. It discusses determining pH, hardness, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon dioxide, and alkalinity. For each parameter, it provides an overview, procedure, required apparatus and reagents, and technical discussion of the results and their significance for water quality.
The document discusses various topics related to water treatment for textile processing including:
1. Classification and properties of water used for textiles. Hard water can cause issues so standards for textile supply water are outlined.
2. Causes and scales of water hardness. Methods for estimating total, temporary, and permanent hardness are described.
3. Problems hardness causes in wet processing like precipitation and efficiency reductions. Methods to soften water like lime-soda, ion exchange, and demineralization are summarized.
The document discusses water treatment and hardness for textile processing. It defines hardness as the condition where soap is less effective at forming foam due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water can cause issues like precipitates, poor dyeing and finishing results. Methods for determining total, temporary and permanent hardness are presented. Total hardness is measured by titrating with EDTA, while temporary hardness can be removed by boiling and titrating the residual with HCl. Common methods for softening hard water include lime-soda processing, ion exchange, demineralization, and use of sequestering agents.
This document describes a method for estimating water hardness using EDTA titration and removing hardness using ion exchange resins. Hardness is due to calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water. An EDTA titration is used to determine total hardness of a water sample. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange resin column to remove hardness. Another titration determines the residual hardness after treatment. The method allows calculation of hardness removed by ion exchange. The goal is to understand techniques for water purification and treatment of hard water.
This document describes an experiment to estimate water hardness using EDTA titration and remove hardness using ion exchange resin. It involves titrating a water sample with EDTA using an indicator to determine total hardness in ppm. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange column and titrated again to find residual hardness. The difference between total and residual hardness gives the amount removed by the resin. Procedures, calculations, reagents and expected learning outcomes are detailed in the document.
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of magnesium (Mg) in an unknown sample by titrating with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The EDTA solution is standardized against a zinc standard solution. Magnesium in the unknown sample forms a complex with Eriochrome Black T indicator, changing color. When all the magnesium has been chelated by EDTA, the indicator changes to a clear blue, signaling the titration endpoint. Students will titrate the unknown sample with standardized EDTA and calculate the percentage of magnesium in the prepared unknown sample diluted to 100 mL.
This document describes a procedure for determining water hardness through titration with EDTA. Water hardness is defined as the calcium and magnesium ion content and is reported in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate. The titration uses EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions until the indicator Eriochrome Black T changes color, signaling the endpoint. Standard solutions of calcium carbonate and EDTA are prepared and used to determine the concentration of EDTA and calculate water hardness based on the volume of EDTA needed to reach the endpoint in a sample.
A Study on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tannery Effluent Collected ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of tannery effluent collected from Chennai, India. The effluent was found to be grey colored with an unpleasant odor and acidic pH. It had high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, chlorides, and sulfates. These findings indicate the effluent had a high organic and inorganic load. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study aimed to analyze the effluent characteristics and identify the pollutants present.
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Chemistry course including water and its treatment, electrochemistry and batteries, polymers, fuels and combustion, cement, refractories, lubricants and composites. The course aims to provide understanding of water properties and treatment, electrochemical cells and batteries, polymer engineering applications, fuel combustion and properties of basic construction materials. Key concepts covered include water hardness, its causes and types, water treatment methods, electrochemistry principles, polymer classifications and applications.
This document provides a syllabus for an engineering chemistry course that covers 7 units related to water analysis, treatment, and industrial applications. The first unit discusses various water sources and types of impurities found in different water sources. It also explains water treatment methods and uses of water in industry. The document includes details on determining water hardness using EDTA titration, including the chemical reactions, procedure, calculations, and an example problem.
This document describes an experiment to determine the alkalinity of a water sample through titration with sulfuric acid. Alkalinity is measured by titrating a water sample with acid until the pH reaches 4.5, neutralizing hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The titration is performed twice - first with phenolphthalein to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity from hydroxyl ions, then with a mixed indicator to measure total alkalinity from additional carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The alkalinity of the tested sample was found to be 83 mg/L, within acceptable limits for drinking water.
This document describes the EDTA method for determining water hardness. It involves the following key steps:
1. Preparing solutions of EDTA, Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator, and buffer.
2. Standardizing the EDTA solution by titrating against a sample of known hardness.
3. Titrating water samples with the standardized EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue to determine total and permanent hardness.
4. Calculating hardness levels in mg/L of CaCO3 based on the titration volumes and standardized EDTA concentration. The EDTA method is more accurate, rapid and convenient than other hardness testing procedures.
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13Krishna Gali
The document provides details on the estimation of temporary, permanent and total hardness in a water sample using complexometric titration with EDTA. Hard water contains calcium, magnesium and iron ions which form insoluble compounds with soap. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The titration endpoint is detected using Eriochrome Black T indicator, which forms complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ appearing wine red in color. Upon addition of EDTA, the wine red color changes to sky blue at the endpoint as EDTA removes Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the indicator complex. The moles of Ca2+ and Mg2+ determined allows calculation of temporary, permanent and total hardness in
The student determined the total hardness of drinking water samples from the hostel, cafe, and laboratory at Elizade University using complexometric titration with EDTA. The total hardness was calculated to be 82 mg/L for the hostel sample, 84 mg/L for the cafe sample, and 80 mg/L for the laboratory sample, indicating the water sources were moderately hard. As the differences between samples were small, the water sources were likely the same without additional filtration.
This document describes a procedure to determine the acidity of a water sample through titration with sodium hydroxide solution. The acidity is measured as both mineral acidity at pH 3.7 using methyl orange indicator and total acidity at pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolved carbon dioxide is usually the major contributor to acidity in surface waters. The titration results are used to calculate and report the acidity levels in the sample as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. High acidity can interfere with water treatment and affect aquatic life.
This document provides standard operating procedures for analyzing various water quality parameters such as total hardness, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and silica. The methods include titrating water samples against standard solutions of EDTA, H2SO4, and other reagents to determine concentrations. Precise procedures for sample collection, preparation, and use of analytical equipment like pH meters are outlined.
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
This document discusses water technology and the analysis of water hardness. It outlines various sources of water including rainwater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. Water can become impure through dissolving gases, minerals, and organic matter. Hardness in water is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions and prevents soap from lathering. Hardness can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent. The document describes methods for measuring hardness using EDTA titration and calculating hardness levels in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents and other units.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
More Related Content
Similar to 22CYL13 & Chemistry Laboratory for FT (FT-Ca & Mg).ppt
The document discusses water treatment and hardness for textile processing. It defines hardness as the condition where soap is less effective at forming foam due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water can cause issues like precipitates, poor dyeing and finishing results. Methods for determining total, temporary and permanent hardness are presented. Total hardness is measured by titrating with EDTA, while temporary hardness can be removed by boiling and titrating the residual with HCl. Common methods for softening hard water include lime-soda processing, ion exchange, demineralization, and use of sequestering agents.
This document describes a method for estimating water hardness using EDTA titration and removing hardness using ion exchange resins. Hardness is due to calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water. An EDTA titration is used to determine total hardness of a water sample. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange resin column to remove hardness. Another titration determines the residual hardness after treatment. The method allows calculation of hardness removed by ion exchange. The goal is to understand techniques for water purification and treatment of hard water.
This document describes an experiment to estimate water hardness using EDTA titration and remove hardness using ion exchange resin. It involves titrating a water sample with EDTA using an indicator to determine total hardness in ppm. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange column and titrated again to find residual hardness. The difference between total and residual hardness gives the amount removed by the resin. Procedures, calculations, reagents and expected learning outcomes are detailed in the document.
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of magnesium (Mg) in an unknown sample by titrating with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The EDTA solution is standardized against a zinc standard solution. Magnesium in the unknown sample forms a complex with Eriochrome Black T indicator, changing color. When all the magnesium has been chelated by EDTA, the indicator changes to a clear blue, signaling the titration endpoint. Students will titrate the unknown sample with standardized EDTA and calculate the percentage of magnesium in the prepared unknown sample diluted to 100 mL.
This document describes a procedure for determining water hardness through titration with EDTA. Water hardness is defined as the calcium and magnesium ion content and is reported in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate. The titration uses EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions until the indicator Eriochrome Black T changes color, signaling the endpoint. Standard solutions of calcium carbonate and EDTA are prepared and used to determine the concentration of EDTA and calculate water hardness based on the volume of EDTA needed to reach the endpoint in a sample.
A Study on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tannery Effluent Collected ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of tannery effluent collected from Chennai, India. The effluent was found to be grey colored with an unpleasant odor and acidic pH. It had high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, chlorides, and sulfates. These findings indicate the effluent had a high organic and inorganic load. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study aimed to analyze the effluent characteristics and identify the pollutants present.
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Chemistry course including water and its treatment, electrochemistry and batteries, polymers, fuels and combustion, cement, refractories, lubricants and composites. The course aims to provide understanding of water properties and treatment, electrochemical cells and batteries, polymer engineering applications, fuel combustion and properties of basic construction materials. Key concepts covered include water hardness, its causes and types, water treatment methods, electrochemistry principles, polymer classifications and applications.
This document provides a syllabus for an engineering chemistry course that covers 7 units related to water analysis, treatment, and industrial applications. The first unit discusses various water sources and types of impurities found in different water sources. It also explains water treatment methods and uses of water in industry. The document includes details on determining water hardness using EDTA titration, including the chemical reactions, procedure, calculations, and an example problem.
This document describes an experiment to determine the alkalinity of a water sample through titration with sulfuric acid. Alkalinity is measured by titrating a water sample with acid until the pH reaches 4.5, neutralizing hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The titration is performed twice - first with phenolphthalein to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity from hydroxyl ions, then with a mixed indicator to measure total alkalinity from additional carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The alkalinity of the tested sample was found to be 83 mg/L, within acceptable limits for drinking water.
This document describes the EDTA method for determining water hardness. It involves the following key steps:
1. Preparing solutions of EDTA, Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator, and buffer.
2. Standardizing the EDTA solution by titrating against a sample of known hardness.
3. Titrating water samples with the standardized EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue to determine total and permanent hardness.
4. Calculating hardness levels in mg/L of CaCO3 based on the titration volumes and standardized EDTA concentration. The EDTA method is more accurate, rapid and convenient than other hardness testing procedures.
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13Krishna Gali
The document provides details on the estimation of temporary, permanent and total hardness in a water sample using complexometric titration with EDTA. Hard water contains calcium, magnesium and iron ions which form insoluble compounds with soap. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The titration endpoint is detected using Eriochrome Black T indicator, which forms complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ appearing wine red in color. Upon addition of EDTA, the wine red color changes to sky blue at the endpoint as EDTA removes Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the indicator complex. The moles of Ca2+ and Mg2+ determined allows calculation of temporary, permanent and total hardness in
The student determined the total hardness of drinking water samples from the hostel, cafe, and laboratory at Elizade University using complexometric titration with EDTA. The total hardness was calculated to be 82 mg/L for the hostel sample, 84 mg/L for the cafe sample, and 80 mg/L for the laboratory sample, indicating the water sources were moderately hard. As the differences between samples were small, the water sources were likely the same without additional filtration.
This document describes a procedure to determine the acidity of a water sample through titration with sodium hydroxide solution. The acidity is measured as both mineral acidity at pH 3.7 using methyl orange indicator and total acidity at pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolved carbon dioxide is usually the major contributor to acidity in surface waters. The titration results are used to calculate and report the acidity levels in the sample as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. High acidity can interfere with water treatment and affect aquatic life.
This document provides standard operating procedures for analyzing various water quality parameters such as total hardness, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and silica. The methods include titrating water samples against standard solutions of EDTA, H2SO4, and other reagents to determine concentrations. Precise procedures for sample collection, preparation, and use of analytical equipment like pH meters are outlined.
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
This document discusses water technology and the analysis of water hardness. It outlines various sources of water including rainwater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. Water can become impure through dissolving gases, minerals, and organic matter. Hardness in water is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions and prevents soap from lathering. Hardness can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent. The document describes methods for measuring hardness using EDTA titration and calculating hardness levels in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents and other units.
Similar to 22CYL13 & Chemistry Laboratory for FT (FT-Ca & Mg).ppt (20)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
22CYT12 & Chemistry for Computer Systems-Unit_I_Electrochemistry.pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Unit-1-ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
Ecosystems:
Concept and components of an ecosystem -structural and functional features – Functional attributes (Food chain and Food web only).
Biodiversity:
Introduction – Classification – Bio-geographical classification of India- Value of biodiversity – Threats and Conservation of biodiversity - case studies.
22CYL22 & Chemistry Laboratory for Mechanical Systems (AUTO-DO).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Determination of Dissolved oxygen in the given Wastewater Sample. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N potassium dichromate and an approximate solution of 0.01N sodium thiosulphate.
22CYL23 & Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering (Chemical-B-Alkalinit...KrishnaveniKrishnara1
Estimation of Alkalinity of River and Borewell water Collected from Places.
You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N NaOH and an approximate solution of 0.01N HCl.
22CYL12 & Chemistry laboratory for computer Systems (IT-A - Cu).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Iodometric Analysis of Copper Content form Discarded PCBs. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N potassium dichromate and an approximate solution of 0.01N sodium thiosulphate
Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
22CYT12-Unit_I_Electrochemistry - EMF Series & its Applications.pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Electrochemistry:Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications (Determination of potential of the unknown electrode and pH of the unknown electrode) of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
The document discusses e-waste, its sources, composition and effects. It defines e-waste as electrical and electronic equipment that is discarded after use. Sources include large and small household appliances, IT equipment, medical devices, etc. E-waste contains toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and chemicals that can cause health issues if not properly disposed. The document outlines the need for e-waste management and discusses techniques like waste minimization, sustainable product design, and recycling to reduce environmental pollution from e-waste.
GFW Office Hours: How to Use Planet Imagery on Global Forest Watch_June 11, 2024Global Forest Watch
Earlier this year, we hosted a webinar on Deforestation Exposed: Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investigate Forest Clearing.
If you missed this webinar or have any questions about Norway’s International Climate & Forests Initiative (NICFI) Satellite Data Program and Planet’s high-resolution mosaics, please join our expert-led office hours for an overview of how to use Planet’s satellite imagery on GFW, including how to access and analyze the data.
During this webinar, leading experts present the benefits of including setting sector-specific targets in countries’ next generation NDCs and layout specific examples for how to approach targets for key sectors like energy, transport, buildings, food, agriculture and land use. These sectors collectively emit about 90% of greenhouse gas emissions globally.
Morgan Freeman Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Legendary Actor’s W...greendigital
Morgan Freeman, One of Hollywood's most recognizable and revered actors. Has enjoyed a prolific career spanning several decades. Known for his distinctive voice, commanding presence, and versatile acting skills. Freeman has left an indelible mark on the entertainment industry. But, Freeman's financial success is a topic of great interest beyond his artistic achievements. This article delves into the intricacies of Morgan Freeman net worth. Exploring the various avenues through which he has amassed his fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction to Morgan Freeman Net Worth
Morgan Freeman net worth is a testament to his enduring career and diverse portfolio of income streams. As of 2024, Freeman's estimated net worth is a staggering $250 million. This impressive figure reflects his earnings from acting and his ventures in directing, producing, and other business endeavors. Understanding the factors contributing to Morgan Freeman net worth provides a window into the financial success of one of Hollywood's most esteemed figures.
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Childhood and Early Influences
Morgan Freeman was born on June 1, 1937, in Memphis, Tennessee. Raised in a modest household, Freeman's early life marked by economic challenges. Despite these hardships, Freeman was passionate about acting from a young age. His early exposure to the arts and innate talent set the stage for his future career.
Initial Struggles and Breakthroughs
Freeman's path to stardom was with obstacles. He spent several years honing his craft in theater, television, and minor film roles. His big break came with the 1987 film Street Smart. where his performance earned him critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination. This role marked a turning point. paving the way for future opportunities and contributing to Morgan Freeman net worth.
Rise to Stardom and Major Film Roles
Breakthrough Performances
Freeman's career trajectory took a decisive turn with standout performances in films such as Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Glory (1989), and The Shawshank Redemption (1994). These roles showcased his acting prowess and solidified his status as a leading man in Hollywood. Each film was a commercial success, contributing to Morgan Freeman net worth.
Consistent Box Office Hits
The 1990s and 2000s were particularly fruitful for Freeman. He appeared in a series of successful films, including Seven (1995), Deep Impact (1998), Bruce Almighty (2003). and The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005-2012). His delivering stellar performances in high-grossing films have influenced Morgan Freeman net worth accumulation.
Diversification of Income Sources
Voice Acting and Narration
Freeman's distinctive voice has become one of his most recognizable attributes. He has lent his voice to many documentaries, commercials, and animated films. His work as a narrator, in March of the Penguins (2005) and Through the Wormhole (2010-2017). has acclaimed and rewarding. These projects have boosted Morgan Freem
Floristic diversity in a unique ecosystem of Burkina Faso: The case of the Ko...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this study is to provide a better knowledge of the flora of a classified forest relic and its capacity to preserve biodiversity. A forest inventory on 28 plots for woody species and 11 plots for herbaceous species was carried out in the Kou Classified Forest (KCF). The results show that the flora of the KCF is rich in 207 species belonging to 62 families and 165 genera. It includes 121 woody species and 85 herbaceous species. The most represented family is the Fabaceae 38 taxa. The diversity indices show that the woody and herbaceous flora is diverse, with respectively 13.61 and 7.85 for Margalef’s absolute species richness, 3.36 and 3.80 for Shannon-Weaver’s diversity index (H’), 0.93 and 0.97 for Simpson’s dominance (D’); 0.74 and 0.92 for Piélou’s equitability index (E). A total of 36 special-status species and 87.86% rare species (rarity index >80%) were recorded. Structural parameters such as basal area (15.73 ± 2.86 m2/ha), density (456 ± 51 ft/ha), average herbaceous cover (22% ± 4%) and Weibull’s form factor (C=0.7) show good ecological health and stability of the vegetation with a high regeneration potential of 1280 seedlings/ha and a regeneration rate of 236.37%. This ecosystem is of major importance in the conservation of phytodiversity in Burkina Faso.
Floristic diversity in a unique ecosystem of Burkina Faso: The case of the Ko...
22CYL13 & Chemistry Laboratory for FT (FT-Ca & Mg).ppt
1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
22CYL13 – CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
FOR FOOD TECHNOLOGY
Prepared By
Krishnaveni K
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode-638060
B.TECH – Food Technology
Estimation of Calcium and magnesium in
food samples by complexometric titration
2. Estimation of Calcium and magnesium in food samples by
complexometric titration
Aim:
To estimate the amount of calcium and magnesium hardness in the given sample
by EDTA method. A standard hard water (1 ml of standard hard water contains 1 mg of
calcium carbonate) and EDTA solutions are provided.
3. Standard
Hard
Water
20 ml of
Standard
Hard
water
20 ml of
Standard
Hard water
+ 5ml of
NH3 Buffer
20 ml of
Standard Hard
water
+ 5ml of NH3
Buffer
+ EBT
Colour changes from wine
red to steel blue
Titration I
Standardization of EDTA
Standard Hard Water Vs Unknown EDTA
Burette solution : Unknown EDTA
Pipette solution : 20 ml of standard
Hard Water
Reagents to be added: 5 ml of Ammonia Buffer
Condition : Room Temperature
Indicator : 2 drops of EBT
End point : Colour change from Wine
red to Steel blue
4.
5. Titration II
Estimation of Total Hardness
Standardized EDTA Vs Sample Hard water
Burette solution : Standardized EDTA
Pipette solution : 20 ml of Sample
Hard Water
Reagents to be added: 5 ml of Ammonia Buffer
Condition : Room Temperature
Indicator : 2 drops of EBT
End point : Colour change from Wine
red to Steel blue
Sample
Hard
Water
20 ml of
Sample
Hard
water
20 ml of
Sample
Hard water
+ 5ml of
NH3 Buffer
20 ml of
Sample Hard
water
+ 5ml of NH3
Buffer
+ EBT
Colour changes from wine
red to steel blue
6.
7. Sample
Hard
Water
20 ml of
Sample
Hard
water
20 ml of
Sample
Hard water
+ 5ml of
mixture
20 ml of
Sample Hard
water
+ 5ml of
mixture
+ Calgon
Colour changes from pink
to blue
Titration III
Estimation of Calcium Hardness
Standardized EDTA Vs Sample Hard water
Burette solution : Standardized EDTA
Pipette solution : 20 ml of Sample
Hard Water
Reagents to be added: 5 ml of mixture of
dimethylamine and 1%
of Ploy Vinyl Alcohol
Condition : Room Temperature
Indicator : 2 drops of Calgon
End point : Colour change from Pink
to blue
8.
9. RESULT:
The amount of Total hardness present in the given water sample = -------------ppm
The amount of Calcium hardness present in the given water sample = -------------ppm
The amount of Magnesium hardness present in the given water sample = -------------ppm
10. VIVA - VOCE QUESTIONS
1. How can we prepare standard hard water?
2. Abbreviate EDTA & EBT.
3. Write the types of hardness.
4. List the reagents used in the estimation of calcium hardness.
5. Name the indicators used in this experiment.
6. What is NH3 buffer? Why is it needed for our experiment?
7. What is complexometric titration?
8. List the units of hardness.
9. Why hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalent hardness?
10. Write the principle of our experiment.
11. Identify the colour of stable and unstable complex formed during the titration.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
