22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt

22CYT12
&
Chemistry for Computer Systems
E-Waste and its Management
Prepared by
Mrs.K.Krishnaveni
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai, Erode

E-Waste and its Management
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste–
hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on
environment and human health- need for e-waste
management– e-waste handling rules - waste
minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling
of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste –
mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching
solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India-
case studies.
10-Jun-24

Waste
 Waste is an outcome of product or a substance
that is no longer suited for its intended use.
 Hazardous and non hazardous waste.
 Non-Hazardous waste is any waste that does not
cause harm to people or the environment, and
regulations for disposal of non-hazardous waste
are less strict.
 Hazardous Waste - Threat to human health and the
environment if it is not handled properly.
 Industrial, biomedical waste, Electronic & electrical
equipment are the examples
 Highly required to be disposed off as per national
10-Jun-24

E - Waste
 Any form of electrical and electronic
material or body discarded after its usage or
expiry.
 E-Waste comprises of a broad and growing
range of electronic devices, ranging from
large household devices such as
refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones,
personal stereos, and consumer electronics
to computers, printers which have been
discarded by their users.
 With the presence of deadly chemicals and
toxic substances in the electronic gadgets,
disposal of E-Waste is becoming an
environmental and health nightmare.
 Globally only 15 – 20 percent of E-Waste is
recycled while the rest is dumped into
10-Jun-24

Sources of E-waste
Sources
Large
Household
Appliances
Small
Household
Appliances
Products used
for data
processing
Toys, leisure
and sports
equipment
Medical
devices
used for
treatment
Automatic
dispensers
Electronic
devices used
for
entertainment
Devices used for
communication

Categories of E-waste
 Large equipment such as washing
machines, clothes dryers, dish
washing machines, electric stoves,
large printing machines, copying
equipment and photovoltaic panels.
 Small equipment comprises of
vacuum cleaners, microwaves,
ventilation equipment, toasters,
electric kettles and electric shavers.
 Small IT and telecommunication
equipment. For example, mobile
phones, GPS, pocket calculators and
routers etc.
10-Jun-24

Constituents of E-Waste
 36%  Ferrous metals ie) Iron and Steel
 19%  Non-ferrous metals, like Cu, Al and
precious metals like Ag, Au, Pt, Pd etc.,
 23%  Plastic
 15%  Glass
 7%  Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc)
 Also contain toxic elements like americium-241,
Pb, Hg, Ar, Cd, Se and Cr etc.,
10-Jun-24

Constituents of E-Waste
Constituents of E-
Waste in near 2010’s
Constituents of E-
Waste in near 2020’s

Substances in E-waste
Substances
Hazardous
Non-
hazardous

Hazardous Substances
 Electronic scraps from CPUs, computer monitors, printers
 It contain Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, beryllium oxide, americium-241, etc.
 It requires utmost care when being disposed or recycled
 Serious health hazard to our environment and also human
health

Non-hazardous Substances
 Many valuable substances are also found in e-waste along with hazardous substances
reclaimed and put to reuse
 Initiates the necessary action of plan for Recycling
 It is used as a source material in different industries
 This helps in the conservation of earth’s resources
 By recycling e-waste, we can identify the non-hazardous materials that can be reused in
many applications

Non-hazardous Substances continue...
Sn &
Cu
• Coating component
Al
• Electronic goods.
Li &
Ni
• Batteries.
Au
• Computer components
Si
• Glass, transistors and PCBs
Zn
• plating for steel parts
Fe
• various cases and fixings

Effects of E-waste on the environment
and human health
S.
No
.
E-Waste
component
Occurrence in electric
appliances
Adverse health and environmental
effects
1 Americium
241
Smoke detectors and some
medical equipment
Carcinogenic leads to cancer and radiactive in nature
2 Pb Lead-acid and Li batteries CRT
monitor glass, solar, transistors,
lasers, LEDs and circuit boards
• Impaired cognitive function,
behavioral disturbances, attention, hyperactivity and
lower IQ.
•Neurotoxin that affects the kidneys and the
reproductive system.
• It leads to water and soil pollution.
3. Hg Found in fluorescent tubes,
tilt switches, CCFLs backlights,
Components in copper
machines, batteries in clocks
and
pocket calculators, LCDs
It causes dermatitis, sensory impairment and muscle
weakness.
•Affects the central nervous system (memory loss),
kidneys and immune system. It impairs foetus growth
and harms infants through mother’s milk.
• Environmental effects in animals include death,
reduced fertility, and slower growth and development

S.
No.
E-
Waste
compo
nent
appliances
effects
4 Cd NICAD batteries, light sensitive
resistors, pigments, solder, alloys,
circuit boards,
computer batteries, monitor
cathode ray tubes
(CRTs)
carcinogen, Long-term exposure causes Itai-itai
disease, which causes severe pain in the joints and
spine.
•It affects the kidneys and softens bones
•Severe damage to the lungs and kidney.
• Deficits in cognition, learning behaviour skills in
children.
• Pollute water and soil.
5 Cr(VI) common element in
electronics due to its ability to
prevent corrosion and the
increased conductivity of
electrical impulse,
Dyes/pigments, switches, solar.
• Carcinogenic leads to cancer
can damage liver and
kidneys and cause bronchial maladies including
asthmatic bronchitis
Inhaling hexavalent chromium - lung cancer.
6 S Found in lead-acid batteries • It causes health effects that include liver damage,
kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation.
• Acidic nature is created in the environment due to the
formation of sulphuric acid through sulphur dioxide.

S.
No.
E-Waste
component
appliances
effects
7 Brominated
Flame
Retardants
Flame retardants in
plastics in most electronics (Casing,
circuit boards
(plastic), cables, PVC cables)
(releases toxic emissions
including Dioxins)
Impaired development of the nervous
system, thyroid problems, severe hormonal
disorders, liver problems are some health effects
due to prolonged exposure.
8 Perfluoroocta
noic acid
• Used as an antistatic additive in
industrial applications.
• Found in electronics and in non-
stick cookware (PTFE)
appliances.
• Environmental degradation results
in the formation of PFOA.
• Immune toxicity, hormonal effects and
carcinogenic effects have been found
out from studies in mice.
• It leads to increased maternal PFOA
levels which are associated with an
increased risk of spontaneous abortion
(miscarriage) and stillbirth.
9 Beryllium
oxide
• Filler used in materials such
as thermal grease used on
heat sinks for CPUs and
power transistors, X-ray transparent
ceramic windows,
heat transfer fins in vacuum
tubes and gas lasers.
Occupational exposures lead to lung
Cancer, Chronic Beryllium Disease (beryllicosis),
a disease which primarily affects the lungs.
Exposure to beryllium also causes a form of skin
disease that is characterized by poor wound
healing and wart-like bumps

S.
No.
E-Waste
component
appliances
effects
10 Arsenic Semiconductors, diodes,
microwaves, LEDs (Lightemitting
diodes), solar cells
Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to
various diseases of the skin and decrease
nerve conduction velocity. Chronic exposure to
arsenic can also cause lung cancer and can
often be fatal
11 Barium Electron tubes, filler for
plastic and rubber, lubricant
additives
Short-term exposure to barium could lead to
brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to
the heart, liver and spleen.
Animal studies reveal increased blood
pressure and changes in the heart from
ingesting barium over a long period of time
12 Copper Conducted in cables, copper
ribbons, coils,
circuitry, pigments
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Liver Damage,
Kidney Damage, Death
10-Jun-24

Need for E-waste Disposal
 E Waste has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the
world : forecast to soon reach 40 million tons a year.
 The volume of e-waste is rising about three times faster than any other
forms of municipal waste.
 Contains over 1000 different substances including toxic heavy metals and
organics which can pose serious environmental pollution problem upon
irresponsible disposal.
 Includes deadly chemical and metal such as lead, cadmium, brominated
flame retardants, phthalates etc.
 Long term exposure to these substances damages the nervous system,
kidney, bones, reproductive and endocrine systems. (Carcinogenic and
neurotoxic)
 Pollutes water, air and soil quality.
 Can be overland mine for specific metals.

 This helps in the conservation of earth’s resources
 By recycling e-waste, we can identify the non-hazardous materials that
can be reused in many applications
10-Jun-24

Recycling Scenario and
Informal Recycling Concerns

Objectives of E waste rules
 To Minimize illegal recycling and to promote safe recovery operations
by channelizing E-waste to registered E-waste recyclers.
 Extended Responsibilities to producers to manage the system of E-
waste collection/take back and channelizing to a registered
dismantler/recycler
 Reduce Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic components.
 To regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation, import,
export etc.
10-Jun-24

E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules and Guidelines
Regulatory frameworks in India
E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules under the Environment Protection Act
2011
 Notified on 12th May 2011 and Became effective from May 2012
The basic objective is to put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the
generation, collection, storage, transportation, import, export, environmentally sound
recycling, treatment and disposal of e-waste.
 This includes refurbishment, collection system and producer responsibilities thereby
reducing the wastes destined for final disposal
E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules under the Environment Protection Act
2015
 Notified on 10th June 2015
 Objectives are same as mentioned above with some omission and additions.

 In the year 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
have amended the the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 in supersession of the
2011 Rules, to simplify and effectively implement E-waste management practices in
India.
 came into effect from 1st October, 2016.
 Under this act, a manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and Producer
Responsibility Organization (PRO) were also brought under the ambit of these
Rules.
 Recently in 2018, the rules have been amended to facilitate and effectively
implement the environmentally sound management of e-waste in India.
Notified on 22nd March, 2018
These amendments have been made with the objective of channelizing the e-
waste generated in the country towards authorized dismantlers and recyclers in
order to further formalize the e-waste recycling sector.
10-Jun-24

The salient features of new e-waste management rules are as follows
 Includes additional stakeholders like manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and
Producer Responsibility Organization (take the responsibility for collection and
channelization of e-waste generated from the 'end-of-life' of their products).
 It covers Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and mercury lamp .
 It permits the producer to charge an additional amount as a deposit at the time of
sale of the electrical and electronic equipment. At the end-of life, consumer can
return the equipment and can get back the deposit amount along with interest. For
example automobile workshops pays certain amount for the used batteries.
 It provides option for e-waste exchange.
 The State government has been given power to ensure safety, health and skill
development of the workers involved in the dismantling and recycling operations.
Salient features E-Waste (Management) Rules,
2016

It has given responsibility to the dealer for collecting and channelizing the e-
waste on behalf of the producer.
 Now the manufacturer also responsible to collect e-wastes generated during the
preparation of the product and channelize it for recycling or disposal and seek
authorization from SPCB.
The existing and upcoming industrial park, estate and industrial clusters should
allot place for e-waste dismantling and recycling process.
 It emphasizes (Department of Labour in the State or any other government agency)
to ensure recognition and registration of workers involved in dismantling and recycling
and the safety and health of workers too.
 The State government should submit the annual report comprising of integrated plan
for effective implementation of these provisions to MoEFCC.
 The transportation of e-waste shall be carried out with the documents (3 copies)
prepared by the sender with complete detail on the e-waste.

Management of E-waste
 Approximately 75% of used electrical and electronic items are simply
stored as scrap in houses, offices etc., due to the technological advancement
and the short lifespan of products.
 Hence it is necessary to implement proper e-waste management
techniques.
In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of
generation. This can be done by E-Waste
Management
1. waste minimization technique
(generation of waste is reduced
at all stages of Product
manufacturing)
 Inventory management
 Production-process
modification
 Volume reduction
 Recovery and reuse
2. sustainable product design
(waste generation is minimized while
planning and designing a product)
 Design product with lesser hazards
 Use of renewable materials and
energy
 Conservation of non-renewable
materials

I. Inventory management – Ensures the needed quantity of materials are
used
 management of raw material consumption during manufacturing process
 reduce the use of hazardous material and excessive use of raw material
1. Establishing material purchase review and control procedures
 review all the material needed for making product
 prior to purchase all the raw materials are scrutinized to find the presence of any
hazardous substance
2. Inventory tracking system
 strict monitoring has to be done to ensure that only the needed quantity of a
material is consumed.
II. Production-process Modification
 modify the manufacturing process to reduce waste generation
1. raw material change - replace hazardous material with less or non-hazardous
material
1. Waste minimization technique

2. Process-equipment Modification - installing new or updated instruments for the
efficient use of raw materials to reduce waste generation
3. Improved Operating and Maintenance Procedures
 follow the standard procedures for making products
 periodical maintenance of equipments
 organizing a training program to employees to explain the correct operating
and handling procedures, proper equipment use, maintenance schedules and
proper management of waste materials
III. Volume reduction – removing hazardous material from the non-
hazardous portion of e-waste
 reduce the quantity or volume and cost of of disposing the waste material
different types of valuable metals can be separated and recovered from e-waste
widely used methods for concentration of e-waste include gravity and vacuum
filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, freeze vaporization, etc

IV. Recovery and Reuse
 valuable materials are recovered from waste and reused for making secondary
products this method reduces the raw material cost
 recovery process may be done either from an onsite or offsite recovery facility
through inter-industry exchange
 methods include reverse osmosis, electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery,
filtration, centrifugation
2. Sustainable Product Design
Efforts should be made to design a product with less amount of hazardous material
maximum use of renewable materials and energy
manufacturers should ensure that the products made with non-renewable materials are
built for reuse, repair and recyclability.

Electronic waste contains a various type of metals and materials which can
be recycled. Taking TV (CRT) for example, it contains copper, iron, glass and
plastic in its body, and over 75% of the body can be recovered to be used as
raw materials.

Steps in E- waste Management
E-Waste management includes the following activities
• Collection of E -Waste
• Transportation of E -Waste
• Sorting of E – Waste
• Processing of E – Waste
• Repairing of E – Waste
• Dismantling
• Recycling
• Component recovery of E-waste
• Residual disposal of E-waste

Recycling and Disposal methods
• Land filling
• Incineration
• Acid baths
Land filling
 Common way of disposing wastes
 Landfill is constructed by excavating soil and made trenches for burrying e-waste.
 Clay and plastics are used as impervious layer to hold e-waste and thus preventing
leachate to enter underground.
 Termed as toxic time bomb – release toxic substance into soil and underground as well
as surface water bodies. (Heaps of e-waste are thrown on land, polluting air, water and
soil).
 Leachates penetrate into the soil and reaches the underground water and introduce
lethal toxicity.
 Kidney damage and brain damage – genetic mutations
 Half of E-waste in US and Australia is dumed in Landfills while rest is exported to
developing countries of Asia and Africa.
Can recover some products

Incineration
 controlled way of disposing e-waste and reduce its volume
 energy obtained can also used separately (heat to electrical)
 Two ways – Incineration, Pyrolysis and gasification
 Gasification -Involves combustion of waste at higher temperature (900-1000 °C) with
limited supply of air
 Main disadvantage is that it emits hazardous substance into environment such as
dioxins, mercury, cadmium etc
 Pyrolysis – heating in absence of O2.Substances are directly converted into fume, ash
and tar.
For example PVC circuit board is heated, it releases carcinogens such as polycyclic
aromatics, polychlorinated dibenzo para dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzo furans and CO,
SO2, Nox. Smoke also consists of heavy metal oxides (Sn,Sb, Pb, As, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, etc).
Acid bath
 E-waste products are soaked in concentrated H2SO4, HCl, HNO3 solutions which
dissolves the metals and can be recovered. (generally precipitating methods)
 Generally used to extract copper, lead, silver and gold like metals.
 Hazardous acid waste is discarded in local water bodies
For Example, Cu in Circuit board is submerged in H2SO4 for about 12 hrs to dissolve Cu

 The global growth in electrical and electronics equipment production and its
consumption has increased day by day enormously due to technological boom.
 The main reason is increasing market penetration of products, development of a
replacement market and high product obsolescence rate.
 As a impact, there is a constant decrease in the price and increase in the internet
usage.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) and the German Ministry of Economic
Cooperation and Development also substantially contributed to this year’s Global E-
waste Monitor 2020.
 A record 53.6 million metric tones (Mt) of electronic waste was generated worldwide
in 2019, up 21 per cent in just five years, according to the UN’s Global E-waste
Monitor 2020, released today.
 The new report also predicts global e-waste - discarded products with a battery or
plug - will reach 74 Mt by 2030, almost a doubling of e-waste in just 16 years.
10-Jun-24

 This makes e-waste the world’s fastest-growing domestic waste stream, fueled
mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment, short life
cycles, and few options for repair.
 17.4 per cent of 2019’s e-waste was collected and recycled. This means that gold,
silver, copper, platinum and other high-value recoverable materials.
, Asia generated the greatest volume of e-waste in 2019 —
some 24.9 Mt, followed by the Americas (13.1 Mt) and Europe (12 Mt), while
Africa and Oceania generated 2.9 Mt and 0.7 Mt respectively.
 For perspective, last year’s e-waste weighed substantially more than all the adults
in Europe, or as much as 350 cruise ships the size of the Queen Mary 2, enough to
form a line 125 km long.
 E-waste is a health and environmental hazard, containing toxic additives or
hazardous substances such as mercury, which damages the human brain and / or
coordination system.
 Possession of e-waste might increase the economic value but it also poses serious
threat to humanity and its existence.
10-Jun-24

E - WASTE IN INDIA
Introduction
India (3.2 million tonnes) is third largest top e-waste generator
in the world after China (10.1 million tonnes), and the USA (6.9
million tonnes). These countries together contributed 38% of total
53.6 million tonnes (Mt) of e-waste, generated worldwide in 2019.
Electronic Waste Management in India identified that computer
equipment account for almost 70 % of e-waste, followed by
telecommunication equipment phones (12 %), electrical
equipment (8 %), and medical equipment (7 %) with remaining
from household e-waste.

Central Pollution Control board reported by India
collected just 10 per cent of the electronic waste (e-
waste) estimated to have been generated in the
country 2018-19 and 3.5 per cent of that in the
generated in 2017-18.
Seelampur in Delhi is the largest e-waste
dismantling centre of India. Adults as well as children
spend 8–10 hours daily extracting reusable
components and precious metals like copper, gold
and various functional parts from the devices.
With COVID-19 keeping people indoors, the usage is
only getting higher and without proper intervention, it
METAL REFINE SYSTEM

State and City wise Electronics Waste
generation in India
In India, among top ten cities,
Mumbai ranks first in generating e-
waste followed by Delhi, Bangalore,
Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad,
Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
The 65 cities generate more than
60% of the total generated e- waste,
whereas, 10 states generate 70% of
the total e-waste.
State wise Generation of E-Waste

E-WASTE PILING UP
Mumbai at present tops the list
(1,000 kilograms, we will have 1
tonne)
Mumbai - 11, 017 tonnes
Delhi - 9,730 tonnes
Bangalore - 4,648 tonnes
Chennai - 4,132 tonnes
Kolkata - 4,025 tonnes
Ahmedabad - 3,287 tonnes
Hyderabad - 2,833 tonnes
Pune - 2,584 tonnes
City wise Generation of E-Waste

Enforcement Agencies in India
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India is responsible in
identification of hazardous wastes and provides permission to exporters and
importers under the Environment (protection) Act, 1986.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted under the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB coordinates activities with
the State Pollution Control Boards and ensures implementations of the
conditions of imports. It also monitors the compliance of the conditions of
authorization, import and export and conduct training courses for authorities
dealing with management of hazardous wastes and to recommend standards for
treatment, disposal of waste, leachate and specifications of materials and
recommend procedures for characterization of hazardous wastes.

Enforcement Agencies in India
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1974 to grant and renew authorization, to monitor the compliance of the
various provisions and conditions of authorization, to forward the application for imports by
importers and to review matters pertaining to identification and notification of disposal sites.
Directorate General of Foreign Trade constituted under the Foreign Trade (Development &
regulation) Act 1992 to grant/ refuse license for hazardous wastes prohibited for imports under
the Environment (protection) Act, 1986.
Port Authorities and Customs Authorities under the customs Act, 1962 verify the documents
and inform the Ministry of Environment and Forests of any illegal traffic and analyze wastes
permitted for imports and exports and also train officials on the provisions of the Hazardous
Wastes Rules and in analysis of hazardous wastes.

Case Studies
1.Guiyu in China
It is one the largest e-waste recycling site in the world. Approximately 10 million tons of e-waste are
handled in each year.
2. Ghana in Africa
Mostly young people are aged 7 to 25 years old are working in this biggest plant.
3. West Delhi in India
Around 18.5 lakhs metric tons of e-waste are generated every year in India.

Guiyu in China
 Often referred as e-waste capital of the world.
 Most of the e-waste is imported
 About 15,000 workers are working 16 hrs per day in dismantling and
recovering the materials from e-waste without any precautions.
 Workers also cook circuit boards to remove chips and solders, burn wires
and other plastics to liberate metals such as copper; use highly corrosive
and dangerous acid baths along the riverbanks to extract gold from the
microchips; and sweep printer toner out of cartridges.
 Dismantles 1.5 million pounds of discarded computers, cell phones and
other electronics each year.
 Earns about barely $1.50/day and relatively this tiny profit is enough
motivation for workers to risk their health

Guiyu in China
 80% of children are suffering from lead poisoning and are exposed to
dioxins (highest amount in world) emitted during burning of e-waste.
 Lead in blood of Guiyu Children is 54% higher on average than that of
children in the nearby town.
 Soil has been saturated with lead, chromium, tin, mercury, other heavy
metals, dioxins, hydrocarbons and brominated compounds.
 Rice cultivated village was now unable to produce crops for food and
the river water(Linjaing River) is undrinkable.
 Even the underground water is also completely polluted due to the
leachates from dumped heaps of e-waste and hence the water for
domestic purpose is trucked from somewhere else.
 Lead and copper in road dust were 371 and 155 times higher,
respectively, than nearby non e-waste sites.

Tokyo Medal Project
 Initiative started in 2017 and 100% metals (Gold, Silver &
Bronze) was collected from people of Japan.
 In 2016 Rio Olympics Brazil manufactured 30% of bronze and
silver medal
Since 2014, Dell has used 100 million pounds of recovered materials in its products.
In 2016, Apple introduced its first iPhone-disassembly robot ‘Daisy’ that can breakdown 200 iPhones
an hour.
Samsung collects and recycles about 100 million pounds of e-waste every year in the US alone.

22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt

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