Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries, including their development history and key components. It notes that lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s and improved in the 1980s-1990s through work by M.S.Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino. A lithium-ion battery has three main layers: a cathode, anode, and separator, with an electrolyte solution. During charging, lithium ions pass through the separator to the anode, and during discharging they pass to the cathode. The document outlines advantages like high energy density and disadvantages like cost. It concludes that lithium-ion technology is key to enabling electric vehicles like Tesla's products.
Sodium-ion batteries have received interest in the 2010s and 2020s as a complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries have the advantages of being lower cost than lithium-ion batteries due to the high natural abundance of sodium. Sodium-ion batteries have similar power delivery and safety characteristics as lithium-ion batteries but lower weight and energy density requirements make them suitable for applications where these are not high priorities. The largest advantage of sodium-ion batteries is the low cost due to the natural abundance of sodium.
There are several main types of rechargeable batteries. Lead-acid batteries use lead and lead-oxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte; they are commonly used in cars. Nickel-cadmium batteries contain nickel-hydroxide and cadmium electrodes with potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are similar but do not contain cadmium. Lithium-ion batteries have carbon anodes and metal oxide cathodes with an organic electrolyte, and are used in devices like laptops and phones. Rechargeable batteries can be restored to full charge through applying electrical energy to reverse the chemical reactions.
Lithium ion battery and sodium ion batteryShehzadkhan101
This document outlines a student's MS thesis project on lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It discusses the working principles, characteristics, and structures of these batteries. The student's project will cover battery types and lithium-ion battery charging/discharging processes. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs than lithium-ion due to more abundant materials, making them promising for large-scale energy storage.
This document provides information about different types of batteries and cells. It discusses primary cells which produce a limited amount of energy from non-reversible chemical reactions. Secondary cells are mentioned, which use reversible chemical reactions and can be recharged, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. The components of lead-acid batteries are described, including the positive and negative plates, electrolyte, and separators. Fuel cells are also briefly discussed as devices that generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without being recharged.
The document discusses alkaline fuel cells. It begins with defining key terms like fuel cell and battery. It then provides a general representation of a fuel cell including the basic anode and cathode reactions. It describes the principle of alkaline fuel cells, which use a proton-conductive membrane and electrolyte to generate electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. It discusses the types of electrolytes and electrodes used in alkaline fuel cells. It provides comparisons of characteristics between alkaline fuel cells and other types of fuel cells. It outlines the advantages of alkaline fuel cells such as high efficiency and low temperature operation, as well as disadvantages like needing a CO2-free environment. Applications mentioned include use by NASA for space programs.
The document discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It focuses on fuel cell technology, describing how fuel cells work to produce electricity through a chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen without combustion. Specifically, it outlines the basic components and functions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages of PEMFCs include low operating temperatures and short startup times, while SOFCs do not require expensive catalysts. However, both have challenges such as materials durability at high temperatures for SOFCs and heat and water management for PEMFCs.
Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries, including their development history and key components. It notes that lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s and improved in the 1980s-1990s through work by M.S.Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino. A lithium-ion battery has three main layers: a cathode, anode, and separator, with an electrolyte solution. During charging, lithium ions pass through the separator to the anode, and during discharging they pass to the cathode. The document outlines advantages like high energy density and disadvantages like cost. It concludes that lithium-ion technology is key to enabling electric vehicles like Tesla's products.
Sodium-ion batteries have received interest in the 2010s and 2020s as a complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries have the advantages of being lower cost than lithium-ion batteries due to the high natural abundance of sodium. Sodium-ion batteries have similar power delivery and safety characteristics as lithium-ion batteries but lower weight and energy density requirements make them suitable for applications where these are not high priorities. The largest advantage of sodium-ion batteries is the low cost due to the natural abundance of sodium.
There are several main types of rechargeable batteries. Lead-acid batteries use lead and lead-oxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte; they are commonly used in cars. Nickel-cadmium batteries contain nickel-hydroxide and cadmium electrodes with potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are similar but do not contain cadmium. Lithium-ion batteries have carbon anodes and metal oxide cathodes with an organic electrolyte, and are used in devices like laptops and phones. Rechargeable batteries can be restored to full charge through applying electrical energy to reverse the chemical reactions.
Lithium ion battery and sodium ion batteryShehzadkhan101
This document outlines a student's MS thesis project on lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It discusses the working principles, characteristics, and structures of these batteries. The student's project will cover battery types and lithium-ion battery charging/discharging processes. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs than lithium-ion due to more abundant materials, making them promising for large-scale energy storage.
This document provides information about different types of batteries and cells. It discusses primary cells which produce a limited amount of energy from non-reversible chemical reactions. Secondary cells are mentioned, which use reversible chemical reactions and can be recharged, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. The components of lead-acid batteries are described, including the positive and negative plates, electrolyte, and separators. Fuel cells are also briefly discussed as devices that generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without being recharged.
The document discusses alkaline fuel cells. It begins with defining key terms like fuel cell and battery. It then provides a general representation of a fuel cell including the basic anode and cathode reactions. It describes the principle of alkaline fuel cells, which use a proton-conductive membrane and electrolyte to generate electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. It discusses the types of electrolytes and electrodes used in alkaline fuel cells. It provides comparisons of characteristics between alkaline fuel cells and other types of fuel cells. It outlines the advantages of alkaline fuel cells such as high efficiency and low temperature operation, as well as disadvantages like needing a CO2-free environment. Applications mentioned include use by NASA for space programs.
The document discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It focuses on fuel cell technology, describing how fuel cells work to produce electricity through a chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen without combustion. Specifically, it outlines the basic components and functions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages of PEMFCs include low operating temperatures and short startup times, while SOFCs do not require expensive catalysts. However, both have challenges such as materials durability at high temperatures for SOFCs and heat and water management for PEMFCs.
This document discusses hydrogen production from photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor materials. It begins by introducing alternative energies and hydrogen as an ideal fuel. It then discusses various methods of hydrogen production, focusing on solar-driven processes like thermochemical, photobiological, and photocatalytic water splitting. The document examines using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst for water splitting and methods to improve its photoactivity, such as metal loading and doping. It also discusses high-efficiency photocatalytic systems and the types of photocatalytic water splitting reactions. In the end, it emphasizes the need for further research to develop new technologies for low-cost, environmentally friendly hydrogen production.
This document provides an overview of organic memories, including transistor-type polymer memories, nonvolatile memory using graphene, and photochromic transduction layers in memory. Transistor-type polymer memories can be fabricated through a simple process using organic thin-film transistors and offer benefits like low cost, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. Nonvolatile memory devices have been demonstrated using a multilayer graphene film as an interlayer between insulating polyimide layers, exhibiting write-once-read-many characteristics. Photochromic materials can also be used as switching layers in light-emitting organic memories, where the materials have two stable isomeric forms switched by light.
This document discusses photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production. It describes the process which uses a photoelectrode to drive the oxidation of water at the anode and the concurrent reduction of protons at the cathode to produce hydrogen gas. Issues with the technology include high costs of production compared to natural gas, slow oxygen evolution kinetics, and challenges associated with transporting and storing the gases produced. The document then reviews current research trends focused on developing new photoelectrode materials like metal oxides, improving material morphologies at the nano-scale, and investigating techniques like electrospinning to produce novel structures with improved performance.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) directly convert chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. SOFCs operate at high temperatures between 600-1800°C using fuels like natural gas, methane or propane. The electrolyte is made of ceramic materials like zirconium and doped perovskite. SOFCs have efficiencies between 45-60% and costs around 2700 INR/KW. They produce clean energy, have modular construction and long lifetimes up to 100,000 hours. Challenges include reducing costs through lower material costs and operating temperatures while increasing power outputs.
The document presents a presentation on fuel cells. It discusses that fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produce electricity and heat. Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. Fuel cells have several advantages over traditional power sources like high efficiency, low emissions, and no moving parts. While the initial costs are high, fuel cells can power vehicles, buildings, and portable electronics. Major organizations are working to further develop fuel cell technology to address the global energy demand.
This document discusses OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology. It begins with an introduction to OLEDs, noting that they are an emerging display technology that offers lighter, brighter, thinner displays compared to traditional LED and LCD screens. The document then covers the history and development of OLED technology, the basic structure and working principle of an OLED, which involves a current flowing through organic layers that causes electrons and holes to recombine and emit light. Application examples are given as well as advantages such as thinness, flexibility and high contrast ratio, though lifespan and cost are listed as disadvantages.
This document summarizes the principles and components of sodium-ion batteries. Some key points include:
- Sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions as charge carriers and have the advantages of low cost and abundance compared to lithium-ion batteries.
- Potential anode materials include porous carbon, tin, antimony, and alloys with additives like phosphorus or germanium. Cathode materials under research include oxides, fluorides, and polyanion compounds.
- A SnO/carbon nanocomposite showed promising results as an anode with good cycling stability and capacity retention. The mineral eldfellite has also been investigated as a potential sodium-ion battery cathode material.
- Sodium-
This document summarizes the lead storage battery. It introduces the battery as a secondary cell that can operate as both a voltaic and electrical cell. During discharging, lead plates act as the anode and lead dioxide plates act as the cathode, with sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Chemical reactions occur that convert lead and lead dioxide to lead sulfate. The reactions reverse during charging. Lead storage batteries are commonly used in automobiles and other applications due to their ability to provide current over repeated charge/discharge cycles.
Fuel cells provide a clean source of power by converting chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy. They have two electrodes and an electrolyte in between that produces DC power. Fuel cells are classified based on their electrolyte type and operating temperature. Some key fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, fuel cells still face challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and durability that must be addressed for widespread commercialization.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen. The voltage generated by a single fuel cell is typically less than 1 volt, so multiple cells are connected in series to produce a useful voltage. There are different types of fuel cells that use various electrolytes, including alkaline, solid oxide, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, and direct methanol fuel cells.
Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s but were not successfully created until the mid-1980s. The first commercial lithium-ion battery was launched by Sony in 1991. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium compounds in the anode and a lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate cathode. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode and back during charging through an electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and output voltage, long cycle life, and are more environmentally friendly than alternatives. However, they are also more expensive and require temperature monitoring and sealing to prevent issues.
Zinc-air batteries use zinc as the anode and oxygen from the air as the cathode. They have a high energy density and range from button cells to applications in electric vehicles. Zinc reacts with hydroxyl ions at the anode to form zincate, releasing electrons. The zincate then decays into zinc oxide and water, which is recycled at the cathode. Reactions produce around 1.35-1.4 volts.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process in which hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce water and electricity. There are several types of fuel cells that differ based on their electrolyte material, including phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Fuel cells have higher energy conversion efficiencies than combustion engines and can produce electricity as long as fuel is supplied, unlike batteries which have a limited capacity.
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
This document discusses different types of cells and batteries. It describes how batteries were invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799 and how they work by producing electricity through a chemical reaction between two different metals. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which cannot be recharged, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged. The document also discusses dry cells versus wet cells, battery safety issues like explosions, and environmental concerns related to battery production, use, and disposal.
The Materials Science of Lithium-Ion Batteries (Sept 2014)Andrew Gelston
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries and their materials. It provides an overview of lithium-ion battery components and chemistry, focusing on the commonly used 18650 battery cell format. Key points covered include the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how they enable the transfer of lithium ions and electrons. Degradation issues related to cycling and temperature are also summarized.
This document discusses sodium-ion batteries, which use sodium ions as charge carriers. Sodium-ion batteries are relatively young compared to other battery types but have advantages in that the materials used are abundant and cheap. A typical sodium-ion battery consists of an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator, and works similarly to lithium-ion batteries by shuttling sodium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. Research is ongoing to develop new cathode materials like sodium fluorophosphate and to better understand the electrochemical differences between sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries.
Artificial photosynthesis komal lagu_finalKomal Lagu
Artificial photosynthesis aims to mimic natural photosynthesis by using synthetic materials to split water and produce hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight. The document discusses an "artificial leaf" developed by MIT researchers that uses silicon solar cells coated with catalysts to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases from water when exposed to sunlight. Current artificial leaf prototypes have efficiencies around 2-5% but challenges remain in improving efficiency and reducing costs to enable commercialization of the technology for renewable energy applications.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion. They convert chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel into electricity. Fuel cells were first demonstrated in 1839 and the first practical fuel cell was developed in 1959. Key parts include an anode, cathode, catalyst and electrolyte. Hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte and electrons travel through an external circuit to generate electricity. Fuel cells have various applications and advantages like high efficiency and low emissions but also have disadvantages like high costs. Different types of fuel cells operate at different temperatures using different fuels and electrolytes.
This document discusses hydrogen production from photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor materials. It begins by introducing alternative energies and hydrogen as an ideal fuel. It then discusses various methods of hydrogen production, focusing on solar-driven processes like thermochemical, photobiological, and photocatalytic water splitting. The document examines using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst for water splitting and methods to improve its photoactivity, such as metal loading and doping. It also discusses high-efficiency photocatalytic systems and the types of photocatalytic water splitting reactions. In the end, it emphasizes the need for further research to develop new technologies for low-cost, environmentally friendly hydrogen production.
This document provides an overview of organic memories, including transistor-type polymer memories, nonvolatile memory using graphene, and photochromic transduction layers in memory. Transistor-type polymer memories can be fabricated through a simple process using organic thin-film transistors and offer benefits like low cost, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. Nonvolatile memory devices have been demonstrated using a multilayer graphene film as an interlayer between insulating polyimide layers, exhibiting write-once-read-many characteristics. Photochromic materials can also be used as switching layers in light-emitting organic memories, where the materials have two stable isomeric forms switched by light.
This document discusses photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production. It describes the process which uses a photoelectrode to drive the oxidation of water at the anode and the concurrent reduction of protons at the cathode to produce hydrogen gas. Issues with the technology include high costs of production compared to natural gas, slow oxygen evolution kinetics, and challenges associated with transporting and storing the gases produced. The document then reviews current research trends focused on developing new photoelectrode materials like metal oxides, improving material morphologies at the nano-scale, and investigating techniques like electrospinning to produce novel structures with improved performance.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) directly convert chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. SOFCs operate at high temperatures between 600-1800°C using fuels like natural gas, methane or propane. The electrolyte is made of ceramic materials like zirconium and doped perovskite. SOFCs have efficiencies between 45-60% and costs around 2700 INR/KW. They produce clean energy, have modular construction and long lifetimes up to 100,000 hours. Challenges include reducing costs through lower material costs and operating temperatures while increasing power outputs.
The document presents a presentation on fuel cells. It discusses that fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produce electricity and heat. Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. Fuel cells have several advantages over traditional power sources like high efficiency, low emissions, and no moving parts. While the initial costs are high, fuel cells can power vehicles, buildings, and portable electronics. Major organizations are working to further develop fuel cell technology to address the global energy demand.
This document discusses OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology. It begins with an introduction to OLEDs, noting that they are an emerging display technology that offers lighter, brighter, thinner displays compared to traditional LED and LCD screens. The document then covers the history and development of OLED technology, the basic structure and working principle of an OLED, which involves a current flowing through organic layers that causes electrons and holes to recombine and emit light. Application examples are given as well as advantages such as thinness, flexibility and high contrast ratio, though lifespan and cost are listed as disadvantages.
This document summarizes the principles and components of sodium-ion batteries. Some key points include:
- Sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions as charge carriers and have the advantages of low cost and abundance compared to lithium-ion batteries.
- Potential anode materials include porous carbon, tin, antimony, and alloys with additives like phosphorus or germanium. Cathode materials under research include oxides, fluorides, and polyanion compounds.
- A SnO/carbon nanocomposite showed promising results as an anode with good cycling stability and capacity retention. The mineral eldfellite has also been investigated as a potential sodium-ion battery cathode material.
- Sodium-
This document summarizes the lead storage battery. It introduces the battery as a secondary cell that can operate as both a voltaic and electrical cell. During discharging, lead plates act as the anode and lead dioxide plates act as the cathode, with sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Chemical reactions occur that convert lead and lead dioxide to lead sulfate. The reactions reverse during charging. Lead storage batteries are commonly used in automobiles and other applications due to their ability to provide current over repeated charge/discharge cycles.
Fuel cells provide a clean source of power by converting chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy. They have two electrodes and an electrolyte in between that produces DC power. Fuel cells are classified based on their electrolyte type and operating temperature. Some key fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, fuel cells still face challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and durability that must be addressed for widespread commercialization.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen. The voltage generated by a single fuel cell is typically less than 1 volt, so multiple cells are connected in series to produce a useful voltage. There are different types of fuel cells that use various electrolytes, including alkaline, solid oxide, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, and direct methanol fuel cells.
Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s but were not successfully created until the mid-1980s. The first commercial lithium-ion battery was launched by Sony in 1991. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium compounds in the anode and a lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate cathode. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode and back during charging through an electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and output voltage, long cycle life, and are more environmentally friendly than alternatives. However, they are also more expensive and require temperature monitoring and sealing to prevent issues.
Zinc-air batteries use zinc as the anode and oxygen from the air as the cathode. They have a high energy density and range from button cells to applications in electric vehicles. Zinc reacts with hydroxyl ions at the anode to form zincate, releasing electrons. The zincate then decays into zinc oxide and water, which is recycled at the cathode. Reactions produce around 1.35-1.4 volts.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process in which hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce water and electricity. There are several types of fuel cells that differ based on their electrolyte material, including phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Fuel cells have higher energy conversion efficiencies than combustion engines and can produce electricity as long as fuel is supplied, unlike batteries which have a limited capacity.
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
This document discusses different types of cells and batteries. It describes how batteries were invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799 and how they work by producing electricity through a chemical reaction between two different metals. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which cannot be recharged, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged. The document also discusses dry cells versus wet cells, battery safety issues like explosions, and environmental concerns related to battery production, use, and disposal.
The Materials Science of Lithium-Ion Batteries (Sept 2014)Andrew Gelston
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries and their materials. It provides an overview of lithium-ion battery components and chemistry, focusing on the commonly used 18650 battery cell format. Key points covered include the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how they enable the transfer of lithium ions and electrons. Degradation issues related to cycling and temperature are also summarized.
This document discusses sodium-ion batteries, which use sodium ions as charge carriers. Sodium-ion batteries are relatively young compared to other battery types but have advantages in that the materials used are abundant and cheap. A typical sodium-ion battery consists of an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator, and works similarly to lithium-ion batteries by shuttling sodium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. Research is ongoing to develop new cathode materials like sodium fluorophosphate and to better understand the electrochemical differences between sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries.
Artificial photosynthesis komal lagu_finalKomal Lagu
Artificial photosynthesis aims to mimic natural photosynthesis by using synthetic materials to split water and produce hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight. The document discusses an "artificial leaf" developed by MIT researchers that uses silicon solar cells coated with catalysts to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases from water when exposed to sunlight. Current artificial leaf prototypes have efficiencies around 2-5% but challenges remain in improving efficiency and reducing costs to enable commercialization of the technology for renewable energy applications.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion. They convert chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel into electricity. Fuel cells were first demonstrated in 1839 and the first practical fuel cell was developed in 1959. Key parts include an anode, cathode, catalyst and electrolyte. Hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte and electrons travel through an external circuit to generate electricity. Fuel cells have various applications and advantages like high efficiency and low emissions but also have disadvantages like high costs. Different types of fuel cells operate at different temperatures using different fuels and electrolytes.
1. A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion.
2. There are several types of fuel cells that differ in their electrolyte material including polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells.
3. Each fuel cell type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications depending on factors like operating temperature, catalyst requirements, and fuel used.
Fuel cells convert chemical energy from a fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. A fuel cell has two electrodes - an anode where fuel oxidation occurs and a cathode where oxygen reduction happens. There are several types of fuel cells that differ in their electrolyte material, including alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and molten carbonate fuel cells. Fuel cells find applications in transportation, stationary power generation, and portable power devices.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells presented by Mahida Hiren R. It begins with an introduction to fuel cells, explaining that they convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and produce electricity and heat in the process. It then discusses the various types of fuel cells, including hydrogen oxygen cells, phosphoric acid cells, molten carbonate cells, solid oxide cells, and cells using fuels like methanol, ammonia, and hydrazine. The document also covers fuel cell design principles, operation, efficiency, applications, and the sources of polarization that reduce fuel cell performance.
1. The document discusses different types of batteries - primary batteries that cannot be recharged, secondary batteries that can be recharged, and reserve batteries that have separated electrolytes.
2. It provides examples of different battery technologies like lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air, lithium-ion batteries.
3. The key components and operating principles of batteries are explained along with characteristics like voltage, current, capacity, energy efficiency, cycle life, and shelf life.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
This document discusses fuel cells, which are electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity without combustion. It describes the basic components and principles of operation for various types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. The document also covers advantages such as high efficiency and lack of emissions, as well as challenges like high costs and low service life. Applications discussed include vehicles, submarines, portable power, and spacecraft.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. It requires a continuous fuel source unlike batteries. There are different types of fuel cells defined by their electrolyte. A fuel cell has an anode, cathode, electrolyte and catalyst. Protons pass through the electrolyte but not electrons, which provide the current. Fuel cells produce electricity and water as byproducts. Problems include hydrogen storage and distribution limitations which can be addressed using fuel reformers.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about fuel cells. It begins with an introduction that defines fuel cells and batteries. It then describes the basic components and chemical reactions of different types of fuel cells, including hydrogen-oxygen, molten carbonate, PEM, and hydrocarbon-oxygen fuel cells. Applications of fuel cells currently include buses and cars that run on hydrogen fuel cells. With further technological advancements, fuel cells could potentially be used more widely for clean energy in industries and to power electronic devices. However, fuel cells also have limitations like high costs and needing specific operating conditions.
This document discusses fuel cells, including their parts, working principle, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, without combustion. They have higher efficiency than combustion engines and produce only water emissions. However, fuel cells are currently more expensive than batteries. Major applications of fuel cells include powering vehicles, devices, and buildings. Several organizations are working to develop fuel cell technology further.
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
Unit 06 - Fuel Cells, Hybrid power plant and Power factor improvementPremanandDesai
This document discusses fuel cells, hybrid power systems, and power factor improvement. It begins by defining fuel cells and describing their basic operation and classifications based on electrolyte, fuel/oxidant type, application, and other factors. It then discusses the working principles and specifications of specific fuel cell types like phosphoric acid, alkaline, and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Next, it covers hybrid power systems focusing on PV-diesel, PV-wind, and PV-fuel cell configurations. It concludes by explaining power factor, causes of low power factor, effects of low power factor, and various methods to improve power factor including static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.
A fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water through an electrochemical reaction. It has four main parts: an anode, cathode, catalyst, and proton exchange membrane. There are different types of fuel cells that use various electrolytes. Fuel cells have advantages like high efficiency, zero emissions, and quiet operation. Applications include stationary power sources, transportation, portable devices, and distributed power generation. Research continues to improve fuel cell performance and reduce costs.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
22CYT12 & Chemistry for Computer Systems-Unit_I_Electrochemistry.pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Unit-1-ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
Ecosystems:
Concept and components of an ecosystem -structural and functional features – Functional attributes (Food chain and Food web only).
Biodiversity:
Introduction – Classification – Bio-geographical classification of India- Value of biodiversity – Threats and Conservation of biodiversity - case studies.
This document provides instructions for estimating the amount of calcium and magnesium in food samples using complexometric titration with EDTA. It describes titrating a standard hard water sample against a standardized EDTA solution to determine the EDTA concentration. This standardized EDTA is then used to titrate sample hard water and determine total, calcium, and magnesium hardness levels present. The document lists the materials, procedure, and questions to ask during the experiment. The results will provide the concentration of total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness in the sample water in ppm units.
22CYL22 & Chemistry Laboratory for Mechanical Systems (AUTO-DO).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Determination of Dissolved oxygen in the given Wastewater Sample. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N potassium dichromate and an approximate solution of 0.01N sodium thiosulphate.
22CYL22 & Chemistry Laboratory for Mechanical Sysyems (MTS-A-Ni).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Volumetric Analysis of Nickel by Complexometric Method
You are provided with a standatrd solution of 0.01N magnesium sulphate and an approximate solution of 0.01N EDTA.
22CYL23 & Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering (Chemical-B-Alkalinit...KrishnaveniKrishnara1
Estimation of Alkalinity of River and Borewell water Collected from Places.
You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N NaOH and an approximate solution of 0.01N HCl.
22CYL12 & Chemistry laboratory for computer Systems (IT-A - Cu).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Iodometric Analysis of Copper Content form Discarded PCBs. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N potassium dichromate and an approximate solution of 0.01N sodium thiosulphate
Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
22CYT12-Unit_I_Electrochemistry - EMF Series & its Applications.pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
Electrochemistry:Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications (Determination of potential of the unknown electrode and pH of the unknown electrode) of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
The document discusses e-waste, its sources, composition and effects. It defines e-waste as electrical and electronic equipment that is discarded after use. Sources include large and small household appliances, IT equipment, medical devices, etc. E-waste contains toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and chemicals that can cause health issues if not properly disposed. The document outlines the need for e-waste management and discusses techniques like waste minimization, sustainable product design, and recycling to reduce environmental pollution from e-waste.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
WELCOMESYOUALL
22CYT12 & Chemistry for Computer Systems
(Description, Principle, Components and Applications of
Alkaline Fuel Cell )
Prepared By
Krishnaveni K
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode-638060
2. UNIT - III
ELECTROCHEMICAL STROAGE DEVICES
Batteries -Introduction – types of batteries – discharging and charging of battery
- characteristics of battery –battery rating-various tests on battery– primary
batterie:silver button cell- secondary battery:Ni-Cd battery-modern battery:lithium
-ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choice of batteries for electroc vehicle
applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction-importance and classification of fuel cells - description,
principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel
cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cell.
3. Introduction:
o The function of Batteries / cells is the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.
It is made up of two electrodes (anode & cathode) and electrolyte solution
Definition:
Cell is an arrangement of two electrodes dipped into a solution of electrolyte or electrolytes.
o Cathode – Positive terminal – Electrochemical reduction occurs (gain electrons)
o Anode – Negative terminal – Electrochemical oxidation occurs (lose electrons)
o Electrolytes –Allow Ions to move between electrodes
o Terminals –Allows Current to flow out of the battery to
perform work
CELLS
4. Importance of Cells / Batteries
o Due to increasing human activity in technology, a number of battery dependent appliances
have come into existence.
o It is used in wrist watches, electric calling bells, space vehicles and missile firing units.
Types of Cells
There are two types of cells, 1. Electrolytic cell 2. Electrochemical cell
- Electrical energy is used to bring about the chemical reaction.
At anode : Oxidation takes place
(Ni → Ni2+ +2e-)
At cathode : Reduction takes place
( Ni2+ +2e- → Ni )
5. o Electrical energy is generated due to chemical reactions, which takes place inside the cells
o Examples: Daniel cell, Zn / ZnSO4 // CuSO4 / Cu
At anode,
Zn → Zn2+ +2e- (Oxidation)
At cathode,
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu (Reduction)
The overall reaction,
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
6. BATTERIES
A battery is an arrangement of several electrochemical cells connected in series /
parallel to get required amount of electrical energy.
The battery contains several anodes and cathodes.
Criteria for any cells to be commercial cells
Should be cheap
Light weight and portable
should have long life cycle and high self life.
should be continuous and constant sources of EMF over a long interval of time.
It should be a rechargeable unit.
7. Selection of battery depends on the conditions of working, the suitability of a battery
depends on the following characteristics:
oType
oVoltage
oDischarge curve
oCapacity
oEnergy density
oSpecific energy density
oPower density
oTemperature dependence
oService life
oPhysical requirements
oCharge/discharge cycle
oCycle life
oCost
oAbility to deep discharge
oApplication requirements
9. •Hence based on the electrolyte used fuel
•cells are classified as follows
Alkaline Fuel cells
Methanol –Oxygen Fuel cell
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells(PAFCs)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells(MCFCs)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(SOFC)
Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel
Cells(SPEFCS)
Microbial Fuel cells(MFCs)
9-Jul-21
Classification of fuel cell is very difficult as several
operational variable exists
Classification of Fuel Cells
10. FUELCELLS
o The basic principle of a fuel cell is the same as that of electrochemical
cells.
o Single fuel cell generates only little DC and hence many fuel cells are
assembled into a stack.
o It has a separate fuel-oxidant system that produces electrochemical
reaction in which the fuel is oxidized at the anode.
o Like other electrochemical cell, the fuel cells also consist of two
electrodes and electrolyte.
o The main difference in the cell function is that electrochemical energy
is provided by a fuel and an oxidant which is stored out side the cell,
however, in batteries, all theses things will be packed in single
container.
o Hence, fuel cells can produce endless electrical power unless they are
supplied with fuels and oxidants.
9-Jul-21
11. Fuel cell consist of
Two catalytic electrodes - It must be a good conductors, good electron sources, not be deteriorated
by the electrolyte heat and electrode reactions, excellent catalyst. Ex. Graphite, platinum,
palladium, silver, nickel.
Fuel and oxidant - Are supplied from outside when required. It is not stored in the cell. Frequently
used fuels are hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, hydrazine, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and alkane.
The oxidant could be pure oxygen (or) air.
Electrolyte - It is an ion-conducting material which separating the two electrodes. Ex. Aqeuous
KOH (or) H2SO4 (or) ion-exchange resin.
At the anode, the fuel gets oxidized liberating electrons and the oxidation products of the fuel. The
electrons liberated from the anode reduce the oxidant at the cathode. Thus, the electron circuit or
current density is established.
At anode: Fuel
At cathode: Oxidant + ne-
Oxidation product + ne-
Reduction product
Overall cell reaction is Fuel + Oxidant Oxidation product + Electricity
Atypical fuel cell can be represented as follows.
Fuel / Electrode // Electrolyte // Electrode / Oxidant
Components of Fuel Cells
12. Alkaline Fuel Cells
o In alkaline fuel cells, the electrolyte used is an alkali, such
as potassium hydroxide (30–40% aqueous solution).
o The alkaline fuel cells make use of high purity hydrogen as
fuel and oxygen as oxidant. This kind of fuel cell is
otherwise known as hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell.
o These are low temperature (70°C) fuel cells
o This type of fuel cell is being developed for transport
applications as well as for stationary fuel cell applications
and portable fuel cell applications.
o AFC’s are also called Bacon fuel cells after their British
inventor Francis Thomas Bacon.
9-Jul-21
13. Components of Alkaline Fuel Cell
•Anode : Porous carbon containing Ni/Pt catalyst
•Cathode : Porous carbon containing Ni/Pt catalyst
•Electrolyte : Aqueous KOH
•Fuel : Pure Hydrogen
•Oxidant : Pure Oxygen
•Electrical Efficiency : 60-70%
•Temperature : 70°C
•Single fuel cell voltage : 0.5-0.9V
AFC consumes pure H2 and O2 to
produce portable water,
heat and electricity.
14. Principle and Working
o A single AFC consist of two porous electrode with liquid KOH electrolyte between them.
o An AFC uses two porous gas diffusion electrodes coated with non precious metals as
catalyst with KOH as electrolyte.
o H2 as fuel is supplied at anode and O2 is supplied at cathode
o When electricity is applied, the following reactions takes place at the electrodes;
9-Jul-21
15. At anode: H2 (g) 2H+ + 2e-
2H+ + 2OH-
(aq) 2H2O (l)
H2 (g) + 2OH-
(aq) 2H2O (l) + 2e-
At cathode: 1/2O2 (g) + H2O(l) + 2e- 2OH-
Over all reaction: H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O (l) + E + Heat
o At anode: H2 oxidizes to H+ ions which react with OH- ions of electrolyte to form H2O.
o The negatively charged e- cannot flow through electrolyte and hence they must flow through
external circuit forming electric current.
o O2 enter the fuel cell at cathode and picks up the e- and then travel through the electrolyte
towards the anode and combines with H+ to form water.
16. Applications
• AFC’s are limited to closed environments, such as space,
undersea vehicles and must run on pure H2 and O2.
• Along with Phosphoric acid fuel cells, they were one of the
earliest fuel cells developed and used by NASA.
• The first alkaline fuel cells were used by NASA in the
Apollo missions to provide power as well as provide with
potable water for the astronauts.
• The alkaline fuel cell is commercially incubated into a 22
seated hydrogen ship, power associated by an electric motor
gets its electricity from a fuel cell.
• The ship is known as HYDRA, it was used as a ferry boat in
GHENT, Belgium.
9-Jul-21
17. Advantages
It is simple, lighter and compact due to their thin sheet of polymer electrolyte.
It operates at low temperature.
Their reaction starts quickly.
It operates at any orientation.
It just emits water vapour and no other harmful chemicals to the environment.
The efficiency is higher than about 75 %.
It can replaces the use of batteries and causes less noise pollution.
Low maintenance cost
18. Disadvantages
o It is very sensitive to CO and sulphur poisoning since hydrogen is obtained from the fossil
fuels through reforming.
o Even trace amount of CO2 in fuel/air affect cell’s operation by converting KOH
electrolyte into potassium carbonate (solid) that blocks pores in the electrode and also
reduce the conductivity of fuel cell.
CO2 + 2KOH K2CO3 + H2O
o It requires pure H2 gas which is difficult to store.
o It is very sensitive to low humidity.
o It needs high cost platinum as catalyst for its functioning, which makes the cell cost really
expensive.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
