1. The document describes a chemistry project on constructing a dry cell battery. It provides details on the components, chemical reactions, and construction process.
2. The student, Ashwini Kumar Sah, constructed a dry cell under the guidance of his teacher. The constructed dry cell was tested and found to produce a voltage of 1.49V.
3. The document includes an introduction to dry cells and their components, the aim of the experiment, theory on primary and secondary cells, procedures, observations, and conclusion.
This document describes a physics project to verify Kirchhoff's laws. The project involves constructing two circuits using 2.2 ohm resistors and measuring the total resistance. Theoretical calculations of the total resistance are shown based on Kirchhoff's laws. The experimental and theoretical resistances are then compared in an observation table to verify Kirchhoff's laws. Precautions for safely conducting the experiment are also outlined.
Himanshi completed a school project on charging by induction under the supervision of her physics teacher, Mr. Sudhir Mishra. The project involved using a positively charged glass rod to induce charges on two metal spheres supported by insulating stands without touching them. By bringing the charged rod near one sphere, it attracted the sphere's electrons and left the other sphere with an excess of positive charge, charging them by induction. When separated, the spheres were found to be oppositely charged and attracted to each other. The document provides the objectives, materials used, procedures, results and precautions for the project.
Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic GatesRaghav Rathi
Raghav Rathi, a student of XII Science, completed an investigatory project on logic gates under the guidance of Ma'am Urmila at Bright India Public School during the 2017-2018 academic year. The project report discusses the basic logic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, EX-OR and EX-NOR - through their truth tables and circuit diagrams. It explains how each gate can be designed using components like diodes, transistors and resistors. The conclusion states that logic gates are essential building blocks of modern electronics and universal gates like NAND and NOR can be used to construct all other basic gates.
This document provides information about different types of batteries and cells. It discusses primary cells which produce a limited amount of energy from non-reversible chemical reactions. Secondary cells are mentioned, which use reversible chemical reactions and can be recharged, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. The components of lead-acid batteries are described, including the positive and negative plates, electrolyte, and separators. Fuel cells are also briefly discussed as devices that generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without being recharged.
There are 4 pillars that make up the foundation of Electricity & Magnetism:
1) Gauss' Law (Electricity), which states that the electric field through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge.
2) Gauss' Law (Magnetism), 3) Faraday's Law of Induction, and 4) Ampere's Law. Gauss' Law for electricity, proposed by Carl Friedrich Gauss, relates the total electric flux through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed by the surface.
This document discusses Kirchoff's laws, which are two circuit analysis laws developed by Gustav Kirchoff in 1845. The first law, known as Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL), states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero. The second law, known as Kirchoff's current law (KCL), states that the algebraic sum of the currents at any node or junction in a circuit is equal to zero. The document provides examples of applying KVL and KCL, including using mesh analysis, and contains three review questions about Kirchoff's laws and circuit analysis techniques.
This document describes a physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that alternating current (AC) can be rectified into direct current (DC). The project includes an introduction to rectifiers, materials required like diodes and a transformer, a circuit diagram, procedures to construct the circuit, an explanation of how the circuit works to rectify AC to DC, observations from testing the circuit, and conclusions. Safety precautions and uses of rectifiers are also discussed.
This document describes a physics project to verify Kirchhoff's laws. The project involves constructing two circuits using 2.2 ohm resistors and measuring the total resistance. Theoretical calculations of the total resistance are shown based on Kirchhoff's laws. The experimental and theoretical resistances are then compared in an observation table to verify Kirchhoff's laws. Precautions for safely conducting the experiment are also outlined.
Himanshi completed a school project on charging by induction under the supervision of her physics teacher, Mr. Sudhir Mishra. The project involved using a positively charged glass rod to induce charges on two metal spheres supported by insulating stands without touching them. By bringing the charged rod near one sphere, it attracted the sphere's electrons and left the other sphere with an excess of positive charge, charging them by induction. When separated, the spheres were found to be oppositely charged and attracted to each other. The document provides the objectives, materials used, procedures, results and precautions for the project.
Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic GatesRaghav Rathi
Raghav Rathi, a student of XII Science, completed an investigatory project on logic gates under the guidance of Ma'am Urmila at Bright India Public School during the 2017-2018 academic year. The project report discusses the basic logic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, EX-OR and EX-NOR - through their truth tables and circuit diagrams. It explains how each gate can be designed using components like diodes, transistors and resistors. The conclusion states that logic gates are essential building blocks of modern electronics and universal gates like NAND and NOR can be used to construct all other basic gates.
This document provides information about different types of batteries and cells. It discusses primary cells which produce a limited amount of energy from non-reversible chemical reactions. Secondary cells are mentioned, which use reversible chemical reactions and can be recharged, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. The components of lead-acid batteries are described, including the positive and negative plates, electrolyte, and separators. Fuel cells are also briefly discussed as devices that generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without being recharged.
There are 4 pillars that make up the foundation of Electricity & Magnetism:
1) Gauss' Law (Electricity), which states that the electric field through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge.
2) Gauss' Law (Magnetism), 3) Faraday's Law of Induction, and 4) Ampere's Law. Gauss' Law for electricity, proposed by Carl Friedrich Gauss, relates the total electric flux through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed by the surface.
This document discusses Kirchoff's laws, which are two circuit analysis laws developed by Gustav Kirchoff in 1845. The first law, known as Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL), states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero. The second law, known as Kirchoff's current law (KCL), states that the algebraic sum of the currents at any node or junction in a circuit is equal to zero. The document provides examples of applying KVL and KCL, including using mesh analysis, and contains three review questions about Kirchoff's laws and circuit analysis techniques.
This document describes a physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that alternating current (AC) can be rectified into direct current (DC). The project includes an introduction to rectifiers, materials required like diodes and a transformer, a circuit diagram, procedures to construct the circuit, an explanation of how the circuit works to rectify AC to DC, observations from testing the circuit, and conclusions. Safety precautions and uses of rectifiers are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of Gauss's law and its applications. It begins with definitions of electric flux and how to calculate flux through surfaces. It then introduces Gauss's law, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use Gauss's law to determine electric fields for symmetric charge distributions. The document also discusses how the electric field is zero inside conductors in electrostatic equilibrium and how Gauss's law can be used to show this. Worked examples further illustrate applying Gauss's law.
This document summarizes a physics project on constructing a full wave rectifier. The student aims to show that alternating current can be rectified into direct current. Key components of the circuit include a transformer, diodes, capacitor, and resistor. When alternating current enters the circuit, the diodes allow current to flow through the circuit in only one direction on both half-cycles of current, rectifying it into direct current which is then filtered by the capacitor and resistor before powering an LED.
physics investigatory project class 12 on logic gates ,boolean algebrasukhtej
The document discusses logic gates and their applications. It begins by defining logic gates and their basic components. It then provides details on designing and simulating various logic gate circuits including OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR gates. Finally, it discusses some common applications of logic gates such as using OR gates to detect events, AND gates as enable/inhibit gates, XOR/XNOR gates for parity generation/checking, and NOT gates as inverters in oscillators.
This document describes the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by introducing Wheatstone bridges and their inventor. It then discusses the key components of a Wheatstone bridge, including four resistors where one has an unknown value. The working principle is explained, where balancing the resistor ratios results in no current through the galvanometer. Example circuits are provided. Applications include measuring light, pressure, strain and more. Limitations include inaccuracies under unbalanced conditions and limited resistance ranges.
Electrostatic potential and capacitanceEdigniteNGO
Hello everyone, we are from Edignite NGO and we have come up with chapters of class 11 and 12 (CBSE).
For any queries, please contact
Lekha Periwal : +916290889619
Heer Mehta : +917984844099
The document is a project report that determines the combined focal length of a convex and concave lens. It includes an introduction explaining lens combinations, the experiment's aim, requirements, procedure, observations recording a lens separation of 7.2 cm, calculations finding an effective focal length of 14.516 cm, and a conclusion stating the combined lens system is converging with an increased focal length and decreased power.
1. The document is a physics investigatory project report by Khushal Mehta on building and testing a full wave rectifier circuit.
2. The circuit uses a transformer, four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration, capacitors, a resistor, and an LED to convert alternating current into direct current.
3. When tested, the circuit successfully rectified the alternating current into 12V of direct current, as measured by a voltmeter, and lit up the LED.
The document describes an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) using a circuit with resistors and a power supply. The experiment involves measuring voltages and currents at different resistor values and comparing the results to theoretical calculations based on KVL. Small differences between measured and calculated values are observed, which are attributed to measurement errors. The results confirm that KVL accurately describes the voltage relationships in the circuit.
Batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. There are primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common battery types include alkaline batteries using zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes, zinc-carbon batteries using zinc electrodes and acidic electrolytes, nickel-cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and lithium-ion batteries widely used in electronics. New battery technologies aim to increase energy density, lifespan, and reduce costs and charging times.
Domestic electrical systems provide a core source of energy in modern societies. Electricity is generated through converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, then distributed through high-voltage power lines to minimize energy loss. In homes, electricity is delivered through ring main wiring systems at 240 volts and 50 Hertz, with safety features like fuses, circuit breakers, and grounding to prevent electric shocks.
Lovneesh Kumar completed a project on electromagnetic induction for their class 12 curriculum. The project involved using a copper wire wound around an iron rod and a magnet to demonstrate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It summarizes the theory behind electromagnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and the Maxwell-Faraday equation. It concludes that Faraday's law has had a profound impact on modern technology and our daily lives.
This document describes a student's investigation into how changing the diodes in a full wave rectifier circuit affects the output voltage. The student built a full wave rectifier circuit using a transformer, diodes, resistor and LED. They measured the output voltage using different diode types and found that the voltage changed only slightly, between 9.94V to 10.58V, when different diodes were used. The student concluded that changing the diodes leads to only small changes in the output voltage of the full wave rectifier circuit.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor measured in amperes. Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a battery.
2. Potential difference is the difference in electric potential provided by a battery that causes electric current. It is measured in volts.
3. An electric circuit is a continuous loop through which electric current can flow, including components like batteries, wires, switches, and resistors.
Zinc-air batteries use zinc as the anode and oxygen from the air as the cathode. They have a high energy density and range from button cells to applications in electric vehicles. Zinc reacts with hydroxyl ions at the anode to form zincate, releasing electrons. The zincate then decays into zinc oxide and water, which is recycled at the cathode. Reactions produce around 1.35-1.4 volts.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
This document is a student project report on transformers and their working. It includes sections on the introduction, types of transformers (step up and step down), their principles, construction, theory of operation, energy losses and efficiency. It also has a circuit diagram, applications, precautions and sources of errors. The report acknowledges and thanks various teachers and family members for their support and guidance during the project. It lists sources such as websites, books and databases that were referred to while completing the project. In conclusion, it summarizes that the output voltage depends on the ratio of turns between the secondary and primary coils, and that there is a loss of power between the input and output coils of a transformer.
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
This document is a physics project submitted by Ashish Kumar to his teacher, Mr. C.S. Jha, on the topic of rectifiers. It describes constructing a full wave bridge rectifier to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The project aims to understand rectification and explain center tapped and bridge full wave rectification. It details the circuit components used, including a transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistor. The document explains how the full wave bridge rectifier works during each half cycle to allow current flow in one direction only, producing a pulsating DC output that is filtered by the capacitors. Testing showed the rectifier produced a 12V DC current.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report on determining the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. It includes an introduction on casein and milk composition, the theory behind casein precipitation using acid, the procedure where casein is precipitated from various milk samples using acetic acid and weighed, observations of the measured casein quantities, and a conclusion that the casein content varies between milk sources.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
Battery semester 1 chemistry for study.pptxparth510336
The nickel-cadmium battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium as electrodes. It was invented in 1899 and further improved to be sealed and absorb gases generated during charging. Ni-Cd batteries were commonly used in power tools, radios, and cameras due to their high current delivery and rapid recharging ability. However, concerns over cadmium toxicity and the development of newer batteries like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion that are cheaper and less toxic have reduced Ni-Cd battery usage.
This document provides an overview of Gauss's law and its applications. It begins with definitions of electric flux and how to calculate flux through surfaces. It then introduces Gauss's law, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use Gauss's law to determine electric fields for symmetric charge distributions. The document also discusses how the electric field is zero inside conductors in electrostatic equilibrium and how Gauss's law can be used to show this. Worked examples further illustrate applying Gauss's law.
This document summarizes a physics project on constructing a full wave rectifier. The student aims to show that alternating current can be rectified into direct current. Key components of the circuit include a transformer, diodes, capacitor, and resistor. When alternating current enters the circuit, the diodes allow current to flow through the circuit in only one direction on both half-cycles of current, rectifying it into direct current which is then filtered by the capacitor and resistor before powering an LED.
physics investigatory project class 12 on logic gates ,boolean algebrasukhtej
The document discusses logic gates and their applications. It begins by defining logic gates and their basic components. It then provides details on designing and simulating various logic gate circuits including OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR gates. Finally, it discusses some common applications of logic gates such as using OR gates to detect events, AND gates as enable/inhibit gates, XOR/XNOR gates for parity generation/checking, and NOT gates as inverters in oscillators.
This document describes the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by introducing Wheatstone bridges and their inventor. It then discusses the key components of a Wheatstone bridge, including four resistors where one has an unknown value. The working principle is explained, where balancing the resistor ratios results in no current through the galvanometer. Example circuits are provided. Applications include measuring light, pressure, strain and more. Limitations include inaccuracies under unbalanced conditions and limited resistance ranges.
Electrostatic potential and capacitanceEdigniteNGO
Hello everyone, we are from Edignite NGO and we have come up with chapters of class 11 and 12 (CBSE).
For any queries, please contact
Lekha Periwal : +916290889619
Heer Mehta : +917984844099
The document is a project report that determines the combined focal length of a convex and concave lens. It includes an introduction explaining lens combinations, the experiment's aim, requirements, procedure, observations recording a lens separation of 7.2 cm, calculations finding an effective focal length of 14.516 cm, and a conclusion stating the combined lens system is converging with an increased focal length and decreased power.
1. The document is a physics investigatory project report by Khushal Mehta on building and testing a full wave rectifier circuit.
2. The circuit uses a transformer, four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration, capacitors, a resistor, and an LED to convert alternating current into direct current.
3. When tested, the circuit successfully rectified the alternating current into 12V of direct current, as measured by a voltmeter, and lit up the LED.
The document describes an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) using a circuit with resistors and a power supply. The experiment involves measuring voltages and currents at different resistor values and comparing the results to theoretical calculations based on KVL. Small differences between measured and calculated values are observed, which are attributed to measurement errors. The results confirm that KVL accurately describes the voltage relationships in the circuit.
Batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. There are primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common battery types include alkaline batteries using zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes, zinc-carbon batteries using zinc electrodes and acidic electrolytes, nickel-cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and lithium-ion batteries widely used in electronics. New battery technologies aim to increase energy density, lifespan, and reduce costs and charging times.
Domestic electrical systems provide a core source of energy in modern societies. Electricity is generated through converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, then distributed through high-voltage power lines to minimize energy loss. In homes, electricity is delivered through ring main wiring systems at 240 volts and 50 Hertz, with safety features like fuses, circuit breakers, and grounding to prevent electric shocks.
Lovneesh Kumar completed a project on electromagnetic induction for their class 12 curriculum. The project involved using a copper wire wound around an iron rod and a magnet to demonstrate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It summarizes the theory behind electromagnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and the Maxwell-Faraday equation. It concludes that Faraday's law has had a profound impact on modern technology and our daily lives.
This document describes a student's investigation into how changing the diodes in a full wave rectifier circuit affects the output voltage. The student built a full wave rectifier circuit using a transformer, diodes, resistor and LED. They measured the output voltage using different diode types and found that the voltage changed only slightly, between 9.94V to 10.58V, when different diodes were used. The student concluded that changing the diodes leads to only small changes in the output voltage of the full wave rectifier circuit.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor measured in amperes. Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a battery.
2. Potential difference is the difference in electric potential provided by a battery that causes electric current. It is measured in volts.
3. An electric circuit is a continuous loop through which electric current can flow, including components like batteries, wires, switches, and resistors.
Zinc-air batteries use zinc as the anode and oxygen from the air as the cathode. They have a high energy density and range from button cells to applications in electric vehicles. Zinc reacts with hydroxyl ions at the anode to form zincate, releasing electrons. The zincate then decays into zinc oxide and water, which is recycled at the cathode. Reactions produce around 1.35-1.4 volts.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
This document is a student project report on transformers and their working. It includes sections on the introduction, types of transformers (step up and step down), their principles, construction, theory of operation, energy losses and efficiency. It also has a circuit diagram, applications, precautions and sources of errors. The report acknowledges and thanks various teachers and family members for their support and guidance during the project. It lists sources such as websites, books and databases that were referred to while completing the project. In conclusion, it summarizes that the output voltage depends on the ratio of turns between the secondary and primary coils, and that there is a loss of power between the input and output coils of a transformer.
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
This document is a physics project submitted by Ashish Kumar to his teacher, Mr. C.S. Jha, on the topic of rectifiers. It describes constructing a full wave bridge rectifier to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The project aims to understand rectification and explain center tapped and bridge full wave rectification. It details the circuit components used, including a transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistor. The document explains how the full wave bridge rectifier works during each half cycle to allow current flow in one direction only, producing a pulsating DC output that is filtered by the capacitors. Testing showed the rectifier produced a 12V DC current.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report on determining the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. It includes an introduction on casein and milk composition, the theory behind casein precipitation using acid, the procedure where casein is precipitated from various milk samples using acetic acid and weighed, observations of the measured casein quantities, and a conclusion that the casein content varies between milk sources.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
Battery semester 1 chemistry for study.pptxparth510336
The nickel-cadmium battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium as electrodes. It was invented in 1899 and further improved to be sealed and absorb gases generated during charging. Ni-Cd batteries were commonly used in power tools, radios, and cameras due to their high current delivery and rapid recharging ability. However, concerns over cadmium toxicity and the development of newer batteries like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion that are cheaper and less toxic have reduced Ni-Cd battery usage.
rechargable batteries and lead acid batteryTANISHQBAFNA
Lead-acid batteries were the first rechargeable battery invented in 1859. They work through chemical reactions between lead and lead dioxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte. Overcharging can produce explosive gases. Lead-acid batteries are used in many applications due to their low cost. Nickel-cadmium batteries were introduced in the 1960s and have higher energy density than lead-acid. They use cadmium and nickel oxide electrodes with an alkaline electrolyte but cadmium is toxic. Nickel metal hydride batteries replaced cadmium with hydrogen-absorbing alloys and have higher energy density than NiCd with no toxicity. Lithium ion batteries have the highest energy density of any rechargeable battery due to lith
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
This document discusses different types of batteries and their components and reactions. It provides details on primary batteries like Leclanche cell and mercury cell. It also describes secondary batteries like lead-acid battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Fuel cells and their working are explained. Corrosion and its prevention are discussed. Hydrogen economy and methods of hydrogen production are mentioned.
Batteries store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. They are composed of electrochemical cells with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Primary batteries can be used once while secondary batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are used widely in electronics.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
This presentation summarizes the history and workings of batteries. It discusses how batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. Key battery types include alkaline batteries used in devices and lithium-ion batteries that have higher energy density. Rechargeable batteries can be reused, saving money and resources compared to disposable batteries. Research is ongoing to develop lithium-air batteries that could significantly increase energy storage capacity over lithium-ion batteries.
Cells and batteries produce electricity through chemical reactions. Primary cells like zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are disposable, while secondary cells like lead-acid batteries can be recharged. Zinc-carbon cells use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with a paste electrolyte, producing 1.5 volts. Alkaline cells last longer with zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. Fuel cells like alkaline fuel cells continuously supply reactants to produce electricity, avoiding energy losses of power stations. Fuel cells may power vehicles as an alternative to combustion engines.
The document discusses the history and development of batteries from ancient times to modern lithium-ion batteries. It covers topics such as the first batteries discovered in ancient Mesopotamia over 2,000 years ago, the invention of rechargeable lead-acid batteries in 1859, and the development and commercialization of lithium-ion batteries starting in the 1990s. It also summarizes the basic workings of lithium-ion batteries and discusses capacity, charging, applications, advantages, limitations, and myths regarding lithium-ion batteries. Research into nanotechnology and new battery materials like silicon is also briefly mentioned to improve performance and safety.
Title: Advancements in Electrode Materials for Automotive Batteries: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract:
The automotive industry is rapidly transitioning towards electric propulsion systems to mitigate environmental impacts and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Central to this shift are advancements in battery technology, particularly in electrode materials, which play a critical role in determining battery performance, energy density, and lifespan. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in electrode materials for automotive batteries, encompassing lithium-ion, solid-state, and beyond lithium-ion technologies. We delve into the fundamental principles governing electrode material selection, discuss current challenges, and analyze emerging trends such as silicon-based anodes, sulfur cathodes, and solid electrolytes. Through an extensive examination of recent research and commercial developments, we provide insights into the future direction of electrode materials for automotive batteries, highlighting key areas for further research and innovation.
1. Introduction:
- Overview of the importance of electrode materials in automotive batteries
- Transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) and the role of batteries
- Purpose and scope of the review
2. Fundamentals of Battery Electrodes:
- Electrochemical principles underlying battery operation
- Role of electrodes in battery performance
- Requirements for automotive applications: energy density, power density, longevity, and safety
3. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Overview of lithium-ion battery architecture
- Current electrode materials: graphite anodes, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), etc.
- Challenges and limitations: capacity degradation, safety concerns, resource availability
- Recent advancements in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
4. Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Need for higher energy density and sustainability
- Emerging alternatives: lithium-sulfur (Li-S), lithium-air (Li-O2), sodium-ion (Na-ion), potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries
- Electrode materials for non-lithium systems: sulfur cathodes, sodium-ion anodes, etc.
- Comparative analysis of different beyond lithium-ion technologies
5. Silicon-Based Anodes:
- Potential of silicon as a high-capacity anode material
- Challenges: volume expansion, cycling stability, Coulombic efficiency
- Strategies to mitigate silicon anode limitations: nanostructuring, alloying, coatings
- Progress in commercialization and integration into automotive batteries
6. Solid-State Batteries:
- Advantages of solid-state electrolytes over liquid electrolytes
- Materials for solid-state electrolytes: sulfides, oxides, polymers
- Solid-state electrode materials: lithium metal, sulfides, etc.
- Recent breakthroughs in solid-state battery technology and their implications for automotive applications
7. Challenges and Opportunities:
- Scalability
BATTERY.pptx presentation Introduction to Electric vehiclesAlistairPinto
Batteries contain chemical energy that is converted to electrical energy through redox reactions between positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Common battery types for electric vehicles include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, and lithium polymer. These differ in materials used for electrodes and electrolytes, as well as their energy densities, costs, and environmental impacts. Lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the electric vehicle market due to their high energy density and lack of memory effect.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
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Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
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BỘ BÀI TẬP TEST THEO UNIT - FORM 2025 - TIẾNG ANH 12 GLOBAL SUCCESS - KÌ 1 (B...
Chemistry
1. CHEMISTRY PROJECT
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON
“DRY CELL”
Guided by: - Mrs.M.R.Nayak (Chemistry department)
NAME: - ASHWINI KUMAR
SAH
CLASS: - XII (A)
ROLL NO. :-13
SUBMITTED AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF
AISSCE- 2019-20
2. Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to
Mrs.M.R. Nayak (Chemistry department) for his
constant support and encouragement during the
making of this project.
I should also not forget Mr.S.B.Jena (Lab Assistant)
for his morale boosting words as well as his help
with the laboratory apparatus during our
practicals. I am also greatly thankful to our
principal Dr.B.K.Mishra for his moral support and
guidance.
ASHWINI KUMAR SAH
Class XII (A)
3. CERTIFICATE-1
This is to certify that ASHWINI KUMAR SAH of class XII-
‘A’ has successfully completed his project titled –
“Construction Of Dry Cell” under the guidance and
supervision of Mrs.M.R. Nayak (Chemistry department)
as a part of fulfilment for the requirement of
AISSCE 2019-20.
Mr.S.B.Jena
Mrs.M.R.Nayak
(Lab Assistant)
(Chemistry department)
Nalco Nagar,Angul Nalco
Nagar,Angul
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
4. CERTIFICATE-2
This is to certify that ASHWINI KUMAR SAH of
class XII-A has successfully completed his project
titled – “Construction of Dry Cell” under the
guidance and supervision of Mrs.M.R.Nayak of
chemistry department as a part of fulfilment for
the requirement of AISSCE 2019-20.
Dr.B.K.Mishra
Principal
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
Nalco Nagar, Angul
5. CONTENTS
→INTRODUCTION
→TYPES OF DRY CELLS
→AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
→THEORY: - 1.PRIMARY CELLS
2. SECONDARY CELLS
→CONSTRUCTION OF DRY CELLS
→PROCEDURE
→WORKING OF DRY CELL
→OBSERVATION
→CONCLUSION
6. →BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more
electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy. Each cell has a positive
terminal, or a cathode, and a negative terminal, or an
anode. The terminal marked positive is at a higher
electrical potential energy than the terminal marked
negative. The terminal marked positive is the source of
electrons that when connected to an external circuit
will flow and deliver energy to an external device.
A Dry cell is a type of chemical cell, commonly used
today, in the form of batteries, for many electrical
appliances. It was developed in 1886 by the German
scientist Karl Gassner.A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte,
with only enough moisture to allow current to flow.
Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any
orientation without spilling, as it contains no free liquid,
making it suitable for portable equipment. By
comparison, the first wet cells were typically fragile
glass containers with lead rods hanging from the open
top and needed careful handling to avoid spillage. Lead-
7. acid battery did not achieve the safety and portability of
the dry cell until the development of the gel battery.
TYPES OF DRY CELLS
PRIMARY CELLS:- Primary cells are not rechargeable.
They have to be thrown away after their chemicals
are used up.
1.Zinc-carbon cells, also known as Leclanche cells
2.Alkaline battery
3.Lithium battery
4.Mercury battery
5.Silver oxide battery
SECONDARY CELLS:- Secondary cells are
rechargeable. They can be used again.
1.Nickel-cadmium battery
2.Lithium ion battery
3.Nickel metal hydride battery
8. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To construct and study on the working of a dry cell
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. Zinc cell
ii. Graphite rod
iii. Brass cap
iv. Insulating tape
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
i. Ammonium chloride
ii. Zinc chloride
iii. Magnesium dioxide
iv. Wax
v. Carbon powder
9. THEORY:
PRIMARY CELLS
ZINC-CARBON(Lechanche cell):
The lechanche cell is a battery invented and patented by the French
scientist Georges Lechanche in 1866.The battery contained a
conductingsolution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode
(positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide,
and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc.
ALKALINE CELLS:
Alkaline batteries and alkaline cells (a battery being a collection of
multiple cells) are a type of disposable battery or rechargeable
battery dependent upon the reaction between zinc and manganese
(IV) oxide (Zn/MnO2).Alkaline battery is an improved dry cell.
The alkaline battery gets its name because it has an alkaline
electrolyte of potassium hydroxide, as opposed to the acidic
electrolyte of the zinc-carbon batteries.
Zinc in a powdered form increases the surface area of the anode,
allowing more particle interaction. This lowers the internal resistance
and increases the power density.
10. LITHIUM CELLS:
Lithium batteries are disposable (primary) batteries that have lithium
metal or lithium compounds as an anode. They stand apart from,
other batteries in their high charge density (long life) and high cost
per unit. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used,
lithium cells can produce voltages from 1.5V (comparable to zinc-
carbon or alkaline battery) to about 3.7 V. The most common type of
lithium cell used in consumer appliances uses metallic lithium as
anode and manganese dioxide as cathode with a salt of lithium
dissolved in an organic solvent. Another type of lithium cell having a
large energy density is the lithium-thionyl chloride cell, Invented by
Adam Heller, lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are generally not sold
to the consumer market, and find more use in commercial/industrial
appliances, or are installed into devices where the consumer does
not replace them. The cell contains a liquid mixture of thionyl
chloride (SOCL2) and lithium tetrachloroaluminate(LiAlCl4), which act
as the cathode and electrolyte, respectively. A porous carbon
material serves as a cathode current collector which receives
electrons from the external circuit. Lithium-thionyl chloride batteries
are well suited to extremely low current appliances were log life is
necessary, such as wireless alarm systems.
11. MERCURY CELL:
A mercury battery (also called mercuric oxide battery, or mercury
cell) is a non-rechargeable electrochemical battery, a primary cell.
Mercury batteries were used in the shape of buttons cells for
watches, hearing aids, cameras and calculators,and in larger forms
for other applications.
It consists of a zinc container as anode and carbon rod acts as
cathode. A paste of HgO and KOH act as electrolyte. A lining of
porous paper keeps the electrolyte separarted from zinc anode. The
following cell reaction occurs.
At anode: Zn(S) +20H-
(aq) →ZnO(S) + H2O (L) +2e-
At cathode: HgO(S) + H2O(I) →2e-
Hg (I) + 2OH-
(aq)
Overall reaction: ZnO(S) + H2O (I) →2e-
ZnO(S) + Hg (I)
Since the overall cell reaction does not involve any ions whose
concentratiom may change therefore this cell gives a constant
potential of 1.35V throughoutits life.
12. SECONDARY CELLS
NICKEL-CADMIUM (NiCd):
The active components ofa rechargeable NiCd batteryin the charged state
consist of nickel hydroxide (NIOOH) in the positiveelectrode and cadmium(Cd)
in the negative electrode.For the electrolyte, usuallycausticsolution
(potassium hydroxide)is used.Due to theirlow internal resistance and the
very good current conductingproperties,Ni-Cd cells can supplyextremelyhigh
currents and can be recharged rapidly.
The chemical reactions at the cadmium electrode duringdischarge are:
Cd+2OH-
→Cd(OH)2 + 2e-
The reactions at the nickel oxide Electrodes are:
2Ni (OH) + 2H2O + 2e-
→2Ni (OH) 2+ 2OH-
The net reaction duringdischarge is:
2Ni (OH)+Cd + 2H2O→ 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
13. NICKEL METAL HYDRIDECELL:
A nickel-metal hydride battery, abbreviated as NiMH, is a type of
rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is
similar to that of the nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel ox
hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-
absorbing alloy instead of cadmium.
A NiMH battery can have two to three times the capacity of an equivalent
size NiCd, and its energy density can approach that of a lithium-ion
battery.
The negative electrode reaction occurring in a NIMH cell is:
H2O+M+e-
→OH-
+MH
The charge reaction is read left-to-right and the discharge reaction is read
right-to-left.
On the positive electrode, nickel oxyhydroxide, NiO (OH), is formed:
14. Ni (OH)2+ OH-
→ NiO(OH)+ H20+e-
Charging voltage is in the range of 1.4 -1.6 V/cell. In general, a constant-
voltage charging method cannot be used for automatic charging. When
fast charging, it is advisable to charge the NIMH cells with a smart battery
charger to avoid overcharging which can damage cells. A NiCd charger is
not a substitute for an automatic NIMH charger.
LEAD STORAGE BATTERY:
The electrodes of the cell in a lead storage battery consist of lead
grids. The openingsof the anodicgrid are filled with spongy
(porous) lead. The opening of the cathodic grid is filled with lead
dioxide {PbO2}.Dilutesulphuric acid {H2SO4} serves as the
electrolyte. When the battery is deliveringa current, i.e
discharging, the lead at the anode is oxidized:
Pb →Pb2+
+2e-
Because the lead ions are in the presence of aqueoussulphate
ions (from the sulphuric acid), insolublelead sulphate
precipitatesonto the electrode. The overall reaction at the anode
is therefore:
Pb+ SO42-
→ PbSO4 (electrode) + 2e-
15. Electrons that flow from the anodesimultaneouslyreduce the
lead dioxide at the cathode:
2e +PbO2 + 4H+-
→Pb 2+
+2H2O
PROCEDURE:
First an equal amount of NHCI and ZnCl, with a little amount of
water and required amount of agar-agar are made into semi-
solid paste which is applied on the inside part of the zine vessel.
In the middle of the graphite rod is placed and the in between
gap is packed tightly with carbon powder and MnO2, in the ratio
3:1 by mass without leaving any air gap.
Finally the upper part is sealed with wax, leaving small outlet or
gap to enable the ammonia gas produced inside to escape out.
WORKING OFA DRY CELL:
PARTS:
Anode (NegativeTerminal): Zinc metal
16. Cathode (Positive Terminal): Carboncoatedwith MnO2
Electrolyte:Mixtureof plasterof Paris, Ammonium chloride and zinc
chloride
Dry cells contain a Zinc container which itself acts as a negative
electrode. The moist paste is made from a mixture of plaster of Paris,
Ammonium chloride and Zinc chloride and salt. Again, the lead ions
that are formed react with aqueous sulphate ions to form insoluble
lead sulphate on the electrode, and the overall reaction at the
cathode is:
2e-
+PbO2+4H+
+SO4
2-
→PbSO4 (electrode) +2H2O
The lead storage cell can be recharged by passing a current in the
reverse direction. The half-reaction are the exact reverse of those
that occur when the cell is operating as a voltaic cell.
NOTE: An important aspect of the lead storage cell is that the
products of the reactions at the anode and cathode are insoluble
(lead sulphate in each case). This means that these substances are
readily available to participate in the reverse reactions that recharge
the cell.
CONSTRUCTION OF A DRY CELL:
Dry cell batteries, regardless of their size, typically have the same
basic components. At the centre of each rod called a cathode, which
is often made of carbon and surrounded by an electrolyte paste.
Different chemicals can be used to create this paste, such as
ammonium chloride and magnesium dioxide, depending on the type
of battery. The cathode and electrolyte paste wrapped in paper or
cardboard and sealed into a metal cylinder called an anode which is
typically made of zinc and ammonium paste. This forms the
17. electrolyte of the cell and takes up the major amount of volume in
the battery. Zinc chloride is hygroscopic in nature and helps to
maintain the moistness of the paste. It is wrapped in a canvas sheet.
ANODE REACTION:
The oxidation of zinc gives two electrons
Zn (s) →Zn2+
(aq) + 2 e-
The carbon rod forms the positive electrode. It is coated with MnO2
and powdered carbon. The powdered carbon reduces the internal
resistance of the cell. The top of the cell contains a layer of sawdust.
This acts as the base for the top layer of bitumen for sealing
purposes.
CATHODEREACTION:
2MnO2 (s) + H2 (gas) →Mn2O3 (solid) + H2O(l)
ELECTROLYTE REACTION:
Hydrogen from Ammonium chloride
2NH4+
(aq) + 2e→H (g) +2NH3 (aq)
18. OVERALLREACTION IN DRY CELL:
Zn(s) + 2MnO2 (s) +2NH4 (aq) →Mn2O3 (s) +Zn (NH3)2
2+
(aq) +H2O (L)
A vent is provided in this layer to allow the gases formed in the
chemical reaction to escape. Irrespective of the size of the dry cell,
the EMF is 1.5 V because the zinc and carbon rods used as electrodes
specified a chemical equivalent. The chemical equivalent changes
from metal to metal and, depending on the type of combination
used, the EMF differs.
OBSERVATION:
After the construction of the cell, a voltmeter was
connected across the positive and negative electrodes of
the dry cell to measure the cell voltage and it is found to
be 1.49V.
CONCLUSION:
A dry cell was constructed in the lab and the voltage was
found to be 1.49V.
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