This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
The document describes a fieldwork report for a closed traverse survey using a theodolite. A group of 4 students conducted the survey to establish ground control points. They measured horizontal angles and distances between 4 stations (A, B, C, D) to form a closed loop. The raw field data was computed to determine angular errors, adjusted angles, horizontal and vertical distances between stations, course bearings, coordinates, and error of closure. The results were used to plot the traverse and check the accuracy of the survey. The objective was to gain hands-on experience in traversing techniques and ensure the control points were accurately established.
This document is a report on a fieldwork for a leveling practical conducted by students. It includes an introduction to site surveying and leveling. The objectives, apparatus used, and two-peg test procedure are described. Field data collected using two leveling methods is presented. The data is then adjusted, and the acceptable misclosure of 36mm is confirmed. In conclusion, the students found the practical experience valuable for understanding leveling despite some challenges with weather and time constraints.
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
The document provides details of a site surveying fieldwork report using levelling. It includes an introduction to levelling terminology and methods, objectives of the fieldwork, data collection using rise and fall and height of collimation methods at 11 stations, and discussion of the results. The fieldwork was conducted in the car park of Taylor's University to determine reduced levels of points with respect to the assumed datum of 100.00m. The error of misclosure was within the acceptable range, indicating the levelling was successful.
The document provides instructions for setting up and operating a Sokkia SET total station for surveying tasks. It describes leveling the instrument, performing calibration by backsight angle or coordinate, measuring distances and heights, and resection procedures. Key steps include leveling the instrument for accurate results, entering known coordinates to align the instrument coordinate system, and checking calibration by shooting control points. Resection uses 3 or more known survey points to determine instrument coordinates without precise leveling.
This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
- Objectives of the fieldwork to enhance surveying skills and apply classroom theories.
- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
- Raw data collected at stations A, B, C and D including angles, distances and calculations.
- Adjusted data with corrected angles, bearings, latitudes and departures, and error of closure calculation showing the traverse is acceptable.
This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
The document describes a fieldwork report for a closed traverse survey using a theodolite. A group of 4 students conducted the survey to establish ground control points. They measured horizontal angles and distances between 4 stations (A, B, C, D) to form a closed loop. The raw field data was computed to determine angular errors, adjusted angles, horizontal and vertical distances between stations, course bearings, coordinates, and error of closure. The results were used to plot the traverse and check the accuracy of the survey. The objective was to gain hands-on experience in traversing techniques and ensure the control points were accurately established.
This document is a report on a fieldwork for a leveling practical conducted by students. It includes an introduction to site surveying and leveling. The objectives, apparatus used, and two-peg test procedure are described. Field data collected using two leveling methods is presented. The data is then adjusted, and the acceptable misclosure of 36mm is confirmed. In conclusion, the students found the practical experience valuable for understanding leveling despite some challenges with weather and time constraints.
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
The document provides details of a site surveying fieldwork report using levelling. It includes an introduction to levelling terminology and methods, objectives of the fieldwork, data collection using rise and fall and height of collimation methods at 11 stations, and discussion of the results. The fieldwork was conducted in the car park of Taylor's University to determine reduced levels of points with respect to the assumed datum of 100.00m. The error of misclosure was within the acceptable range, indicating the levelling was successful.
The document provides instructions for setting up and operating a Sokkia SET total station for surveying tasks. It describes leveling the instrument, performing calibration by backsight angle or coordinate, measuring distances and heights, and resection procedures. Key steps include leveling the instrument for accurate results, entering known coordinates to align the instrument coordinate system, and checking calibration by shooting control points. Resection uses 3 or more known survey points to determine instrument coordinates without precise leveling.
This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
- Objectives of the fieldwork to enhance surveying skills and apply classroom theories.
- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
- Raw data collected at stations A, B, C and D including angles, distances and calculations.
- Adjusted data with corrected angles, bearings, latitudes and departures, and error of closure calculation showing the traverse is acceptable.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
This document provides information about traversing and site surveying techniques. It discusses open, closed, and connecting traverses. It outlines the components and functions of surveying equipment used, including theodolites, tripods, level rods, and plummets. The document describes procedures for traversing fieldwork such as collecting angle and distance measurements, calculating bearings, latitudes and departures, and adjusting for closure errors. It also provides objectives and guidelines for station selection and traverse calculations to determine coordinate positions and ensure survey accuracy.
The document provides details on conducting a closed traverse fieldwork, including measuring angles and distances between stations using a theodolite, calculating bearings, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and determining the error of misclosure. Field data is collected for 4 stations labeled A, B, C and D. Calculations are shown for adjusting angles, computing horizontal distances between stations, determining course bearings and azimuths, and calculating latitudes and departures.
Levelling is a surveying technique used to determine relative elevations of points above or below a datum. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight and measure vertical distances of points from this line. The objective is to find the elevation of given points with respect to an assumed reference line called the datum. Common types of levelling include differential, fly, profile, precise, check, reciprocal, trigonometric, barometric and stadia levelling. Errors in levelling can be due to personal or instrumental factors. Levelling has various uses including preparing contour maps, determining altitudes, and preparing layouts for water distribution and engineering projects.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. It also outlines the leveling apparatus, including the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. The objective is to determine elevations of unknown points relative to known elevations through precise leveling measurements and calculations.
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiuicivilengineerf14
This document describes various methods for contour mapping, including both direct and indirect methods. It focuses on explaining the indirect grid or square method, cross section method, tachometric method, and radial lines method in detail. For each method, it provides an example to illustrate the procedure, including taking spot levels, determining reduced levels, and interpolating contour lines either by estimation or arithmetical calculation. It emphasizes that the indirect or interpolation methods are quicker, more economical and less laborious than direct methods of contour mapping.
This document is a report on a fieldwork traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to open and closed traverses, as well as northings, azimuths, and bearings. The objectives of the exercise were to learn traversing procedures, establish ground control, and gain hands-on experience using surveying equipment like theodolites, rods, and bubbles. The document outlines the equipment used and provides field data collected. It discusses computing angular errors, bearings, coordinates, and error of closure to evaluate the accuracy of the work.
1) The document describes procedures for measuring hydrostatic force using a water vessel and scale. Weights are added incrementally while measuring the water level.
2) Data is recorded for appended weight, lever arm length, water level, calculated lever arm, resultant force, and moments.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as neglecting the weight of the balance and reading errors, which could explain discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the center of pressure.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
Ranging is the process of locating intermediate points along a survey line. There are two methods of ranging: direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct ranging involves aligning intermediate points between stations that are intervisible, while reciprocal ranging is used when the stations are not intervisible and involves ranging from both ends simultaneously. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles and measuring the sides of the triangles directly in the field using chains or tapes, without taking angular measurements. The key principle of chain surveying is triangulation, where a plan can be drawn if the lengths and sequence of the three sides of a triangle are recorded.
This document provides information about leveling and the equipment used for a leveling fieldwork. It begins with definitions of leveling terms and descriptions of leveling methods. It then outlines the key pieces of leveling equipment including an automatic level, tripod, optical plummet, level rod, and plumb bob. The objectives and site for the leveling fieldwork are introduced. The document provides details on performing leveling using both the height of collimation and rise/fall methods. It concludes with a brief discussion and references section.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
Indirect or reciprocal ranging is used when the ranging rod at station B is not visible from station A due to intervening ground. Two assistants are positioned at points M and N where they can be seen from both stations A and B. The surveyor at A directs the assistant at M to different positions until the line AMN is in line with station B. Then the surveyor at B directs the assistant at N to positions until the line BNM is in line with station A. This process is repeated until stations A and B are directly in line with each other.
This document discusses various methods of linear measurement used in surveying. It describes chain and tape measurements, including different types of chains, steel bands, and tapes. It also discusses direct and indirect methods of ranging out survey lines when stations are visible or not visible to each other. Finally, it summarizes direct and indirect methods of chaining on sloping ground, including stepping, hypotenuse allowance, and applying slope corrections.
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions on or near the Earth's surface. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying which considers the Earth's surface as two-dimensional, and geodetic surveying which treats the surface as spherical. Key surveying instruments include transits and theodolites, levels and rods, tapes, total stations, and GPS receivers. Precise surveys establish horizontal and vertical control references and use techniques like triangulation, trilateration, and leveling to determine positions and elevations.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
This document provides information about traversing and site surveying techniques. It discusses open, closed, and connecting traverses. It outlines the components and functions of surveying equipment used, including theodolites, tripods, level rods, and plummets. The document describes procedures for traversing fieldwork such as collecting angle and distance measurements, calculating bearings, latitudes and departures, and adjusting for closure errors. It also provides objectives and guidelines for station selection and traverse calculations to determine coordinate positions and ensure survey accuracy.
The document provides details on conducting a closed traverse fieldwork, including measuring angles and distances between stations using a theodolite, calculating bearings, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and determining the error of misclosure. Field data is collected for 4 stations labeled A, B, C and D. Calculations are shown for adjusting angles, computing horizontal distances between stations, determining course bearings and azimuths, and calculating latitudes and departures.
Levelling is a surveying technique used to determine relative elevations of points above or below a datum. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight and measure vertical distances of points from this line. The objective is to find the elevation of given points with respect to an assumed reference line called the datum. Common types of levelling include differential, fly, profile, precise, check, reciprocal, trigonometric, barometric and stadia levelling. Errors in levelling can be due to personal or instrumental factors. Levelling has various uses including preparing contour maps, determining altitudes, and preparing layouts for water distribution and engineering projects.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. It also outlines the leveling apparatus, including the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. The objective is to determine elevations of unknown points relative to known elevations through precise leveling measurements and calculations.
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiuicivilengineerf14
This document describes various methods for contour mapping, including both direct and indirect methods. It focuses on explaining the indirect grid or square method, cross section method, tachometric method, and radial lines method in detail. For each method, it provides an example to illustrate the procedure, including taking spot levels, determining reduced levels, and interpolating contour lines either by estimation or arithmetical calculation. It emphasizes that the indirect or interpolation methods are quicker, more economical and less laborious than direct methods of contour mapping.
This document is a report on a fieldwork traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to open and closed traverses, as well as northings, azimuths, and bearings. The objectives of the exercise were to learn traversing procedures, establish ground control, and gain hands-on experience using surveying equipment like theodolites, rods, and bubbles. The document outlines the equipment used and provides field data collected. It discusses computing angular errors, bearings, coordinates, and error of closure to evaluate the accuracy of the work.
1) The document describes procedures for measuring hydrostatic force using a water vessel and scale. Weights are added incrementally while measuring the water level.
2) Data is recorded for appended weight, lever arm length, water level, calculated lever arm, resultant force, and moments.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as neglecting the weight of the balance and reading errors, which could explain discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the center of pressure.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
Ranging is the process of locating intermediate points along a survey line. There are two methods of ranging: direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct ranging involves aligning intermediate points between stations that are intervisible, while reciprocal ranging is used when the stations are not intervisible and involves ranging from both ends simultaneously. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles and measuring the sides of the triangles directly in the field using chains or tapes, without taking angular measurements. The key principle of chain surveying is triangulation, where a plan can be drawn if the lengths and sequence of the three sides of a triangle are recorded.
This document provides information about leveling and the equipment used for a leveling fieldwork. It begins with definitions of leveling terms and descriptions of leveling methods. It then outlines the key pieces of leveling equipment including an automatic level, tripod, optical plummet, level rod, and plumb bob. The objectives and site for the leveling fieldwork are introduced. The document provides details on performing leveling using both the height of collimation and rise/fall methods. It concludes with a brief discussion and references section.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
Indirect or reciprocal ranging is used when the ranging rod at station B is not visible from station A due to intervening ground. Two assistants are positioned at points M and N where they can be seen from both stations A and B. The surveyor at A directs the assistant at M to different positions until the line AMN is in line with station B. Then the surveyor at B directs the assistant at N to positions until the line BNM is in line with station A. This process is repeated until stations A and B are directly in line with each other.
This document discusses various methods of linear measurement used in surveying. It describes chain and tape measurements, including different types of chains, steel bands, and tapes. It also discusses direct and indirect methods of ranging out survey lines when stations are visible or not visible to each other. Finally, it summarizes direct and indirect methods of chaining on sloping ground, including stepping, hypotenuse allowance, and applying slope corrections.
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions on or near the Earth's surface. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying which considers the Earth's surface as two-dimensional, and geodetic surveying which treats the surface as spherical. Key surveying instruments include transits and theodolites, levels and rods, tapes, total stations, and GPS receivers. Precise surveys establish horizontal and vertical control references and use techniques like triangulation, trilateration, and leveling to determine positions and elevations.
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions on or near the Earth's surface. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying which considers the Earth's surface as flat, and geodetic surveying which treats the surface as spherical. Modern surveying instruments include total stations, levels, theodolites, GPS receivers, and digital levels. Proper surveying techniques such as repeating measurements and closing loops are important to minimize errors.
Surveying involves determining the spatial positions of points on or near the Earth's surface. It includes measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Calculations then determine distances, directions, locations, areas, and volumes from survey measurements. Survey data is portrayed graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Modern surveying uses electronic distance measuring devices and theodolites or transits to precisely measure distances and angles. Coordinates systems allow precise specification of point locations and are important for surveying.
Surveying involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects and angles between lines to determine the relative spatial locations of points on Earth. Key aspects of surveying include determining distances, angles, directions, elevations and volumes from survey data. Survey data is presented graphically in maps, profiles and diagrams. Modern surveying utilizes electronic distance measuring devices, theodolites to measure angles, and coordinate systems to provide addresses for points on Earth's surface.
This document summarizes the activities and lessons learned from a 3-day survey camp conducted by the Civil Engineering department at GIT College in Jaipur, India. A group of 6 students led by Sumit Yadav participated in hands-on training on surveying equipment like theodolites, compass, total station, tacheometer and leveling. The group learned how to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, profiles and cross-sections. They thank the organizing faculty for providing this valuable opportunity to gain practical experience in surveying techniques.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
This document discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distance in surveying. It describes pacing, odometers, measuring wheels, stadia, subtense bars, taping/chaining, and electronic distance measurement (EDM) as common techniques. For each method, it provides details on how the measurement is taken and distance calculated. Taping/chaining is highlighted as the most frequently used surveying method for horizontal distance measurements.
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURESBahzad5
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURES
Review of levelling
• In this lecture we will cover :
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Reading a staff
Temporary adjustment of level
Booking and reduction
Methods of booking
Applications
Leveling:-
Leveling defined as an operation for the measurement of the
difference in the elevation between points or for the determination
of the elevation of certain points above some given plane or
surface known as the datum surface , generally is taken as the
mean sea level (M S L)
Leveling
Is a type of surveying which is carried out for finding difference in
heights in engineering projects. Leveling is required for various
purposes such as for
calculation of the depth of cutting and fillings, for setting out
grades for sewerage and pipe lines, etc.
Types of Leveling and Application
I. Direct Methods :
II. Indirect Leveling
1. Simple Levelling .
2. Compound Levelling or Differential Levelling.
3.Flying Levelling.
4-Contours map
5. Longitudinal or profile Levelling.
6. Cross-section Levelling.
7.Reciprocal Levelling.
8-Precise Levelling.
Level instrument
Types of Level Instruments & Parts of level instrument
1. Dumpy Level
2. Tilting Level
3. Automatic Level
4. Electronic Level
5. Hand Level
6-Digital level
-Temporary adjustment of level.
-The procedure is repeated.. till the bubble remains in the center in both the positions.
-Leveling staves
*Types of Staff (Rod).
Reading Staff.
What is Leveling?
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
A total station is an instrument that can measure both horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances. It combines an electronic theodolite with a distance measurement component. Total stations use electromagnetic waves or pulses to measure distances to a reflector or target. They can measure distances to a few kilometers with an accuracy of 2-3 mm at short ranges, decreasing to 4-5 mm at 1 km. Total stations are commonly used in surveying, civil engineering, and construction to define positions through combined angle and distance measurements.
This document provides an overview of surveying leveling. It discusses the structure of levels and error sources in leveling. The key elements of a surveyor's level are described, including the bubble tube, telescope, and staff. Methods for setting up the level and taking leveling measurements are outlined. Sources of systematic error like curvature, refraction, collimation error, and staff/tripod settlement are explained. The document concludes with procedures for accurate leveling work.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer to measure multiple points from instrument stations. Spot elevations are plotted and contour lines drawn in between based on the terrain. The indirect method is faster but less precise than the direct method.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common techniques for indirect contouring include dividing the area into squares and taking elevation readings at each corner, taking cross-sections of long strips, and using a tacheometer which can measure horizontal distances and elevations from a single station.
This document discusses various surveying instruments used for setting out engineering works. It describes the importance of setting out works, which involves transferring distances from plans to mark locations before construction. Key instruments discussed include dumpy levels, prismatic compasses, theodolites, and total stations. Dumpy levels are used to establish horizontal planes and measure height differences, while theodolites and total stations can measure both horizontal and vertical angles for layout. Total stations integrate electronic distance measurement with a theodolite for coordinate measurement. Maintaining accuracy is essential for setting out works.
Surveying techniques are used to establish the position of objects in 2D or 3D. Primary surveys are done when no previous data exists, while secondary surveys add to existing data or measure changes. Plan position is determined through techniques like triangulation, trilateration, or offset measurements from baselines. Elevation is found by direct or inclined leveling between points of known height. Theodolites allow simultaneous measurement of horizontal angles, slopes, and slant distances.
The document discusses a project report on leveling difference between the north and south ends of the Centurion University of Technology and Management campus in Paralakhemundi, Odisha. It provides background on surveying, leveling methods, leveling instruments, and the methodology used. The work done section details leveling surveys conducted between various points on the campus, including the boys' hostel, triangle, and temple, and calculates the leveling differences between each point. The conclusion discusses the overall leveling difference measured across the entire surveyed area.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical angles and distances to establish spot elevations across an area. There are two main methods - direct and indirect. Direct contouring involves marking points along contour lines in the field, while indirect contouring uses spot elevations from which contours are interpolated on a map. Common techniques include using a level, staff, and plane table or theodolite to obtain elevations and positions of points, which are then contoured. Leveling is important for engineering projects to design facilities and earthworks efficiently based on terrain.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. A contour map shows these lines and provides information about altitudes and relative positions of surface features. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Key terms are defined, like contour interval and horizontal equivalent. Contouring is used for site selection, canal alignment, determining ground conditions, and reservoir/earthwork capacity. Characteristics of contours are described, like indicating slopes, hills, depressions, ridges and valleys. Direct and indirect contouring methods are outlined, including spot levels, cross sections, and tacheometry.
त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा परिषद मानविकी संकाय अन्र्तगत द्वितिय वर्ष वि.ए समाज शास्त्रको ३० पुर्णाङ्कको परिपूर्ती यो अध्ययन तयार पारिएको हो। यस अध्ययनको लागि देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० को विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको भूमिका सम्बन्धी यो प्रतिवेदन तयार पारेकी छु ।
प्रस्तुत “विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको सहभागिताको अध्ययन” प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्नको निम्ति आवश्यक सल्लाह सुझावहरु दिएर सहयोग गर्नुहुने हाम्रा आदरणिय शिक्षक श्रीमान् करुण लम्साल ज्यू, श्रीमान् उद्यराज सिग्देल ज्यू प्रति आभारी छु । साथै यस कार्यका लागि आफ्ना व्यस्त समयको बाबजुद तथ्याङ्क संकलन तथा टिपणीको सिलसिलामा सोधिएका प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर दिएर सहयोग पु¥याउनुहुने देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० नवलपुरका प्रत्यक्ष घर परिवारलाई हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त गर्दछु ।
अन्त्यमा यस लेख्नलाई प्रिन्ट तथा सम्पादन गरि सहयोग गरिदिनु हुने भट्टराई कम्युनिकेसन प्रो.राम प्रसाद भट्टराई ज्यूलाई कृतज्ञाता प्रकट गर्दछु ।
Content;
1. Top spherical dome.
2. Top ring beam.
3. Cylindrical wall.
4. Bottom ring beam.
5. Conical dome.
6. Circular ring beam.
The basics of enticing water tank design and the related components are broadly calculated in this document. The next few documents will demonstrate the design of Intze tank members like column, bracing and foundation. Keep following the updates.....
The document discusses numerical simulation of flow through an open channel with a series of groins. It presents the methodology used, which involves simulating flow fields using the 2D numerical model iRIC Nays2DH. Simulation is conducted for series of impermeable, permeable and combined groins placed in a straight channel. The velocity profiles, streamlines and velocity magnitudes around the different groin configurations are compared. The results show that combined groins influence favorable flow fields compared to impermeable and permeable groins alone.
It is a Thesis of B.Sc Civil by Suman Jyoti
info.sumn.ce@gmail.com
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Thesis of numerical simulation of flow through open channel with series of Groins
Suman Jyoti
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical Collage. Gothatar, Kathmandu
The Report Includes:-
Building (Drawing, Theory and Estimation)
Highway ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Sanitary ( ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Irrigation (Theory only)
01 Determination of Normal Consistency of Cement.
02 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time of
Cement by Vicat Apparatus.
03 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate.
04 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate.
05 Determination of Total Evaporable Moisture Content
of Aggregate by Drying.
06 Gradation of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.
07Determination of Bulk Unit weight and Voids in
Coarse and Fine Aggregates.
Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement
Mortar.
Determination of Tensile Strength of Cement Mortar.
10 Determination of Slump of Fresh Concrete (Influence
of w/c ratio on Cement Concrete)
11Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement
Concrete.
12 Determination of Splitting Tensile Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
13 Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete using
Simple Beam.
14 Determination of Resistance to Degradation of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the
Los Angeles Machine.
SUMAN JYOTI
info.sumn.ce
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Suman Jyoti
Dhaka university of Engineering and Technology
Cement: Properties, uses and types, manufacturing methods, reaction taking place during burning of raw materials in the rotary kiln, Setting and hardening time of cement;
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
Here are the key similarities and differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics:
Similarities:
- Both use basic economic concepts like supply and demand
- Microeconomic decisions and behaviors aggregate to impact macroeconomic outcomes
Differences:
- Scope - Micro focuses on individual agents/markets, macro looks at the overall economy
- Units of analysis - Micro examines prices, macro examines metrics like GDP, unemployment
- Goals - Micro aims to understand pricing and resource allocation, macro aims to achieve full employment, stable prices, economic growth
- Tools - Micro uses supply/demand, macro uses models like IS-LM and AS-AD curves
So in summary, while they use some similar foundations, microeconomics
This document provides tips and examples for speaking skills, vocabulary, explanations, and expressing agreement and disagreement.
It begins with gap fillers, technical words, and examples that can be used while speaking. It then provides vocabulary on various topics like environment, shopping, weather, music and more. Next, it gives examples of explanations on positive thinking, impact of technology, and self-confidence. Finally, it lists expressions that can be used for agreeing, disagreeing, stating opinions, and asking for opinions. The document aims to enhance public speaking skills through providing useful phrases and words.
This document contains field observation data from a theodolite survey including station lines, interior angles, bearings, coordinates, and calculations of corrected interior angles and coordinates. It lists 10 stations with their line lengths, observed and corrected interior angles, calculated bearings, and total and corrected latitude and departure coordinates. It also shows the calculation of the total interior angle error and equal distribution of the correction to each station interior angle.
The document contains field notes from a leveling and tachometric surveying exercise. It includes:
- Leveling readings taken along a route to determine reduced levels at stations.
- Tachometric staff readings taken from an instrument set up to survey cross sections of a bridge and sections upstream and downstream.
- Horizontal distances, vertical distances, and reduced levels were recorded at points along the cross sections.
More from Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur (20)
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
🔥Young College Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent Chan...
Theory of linear measurement
1. LINEAR MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVES:-
To determine accurate distance of twoor more segments by ranging process.
To conducta survey of a small area by applying techniques of linear measurement and
also work out the area of irregular shape at the site.
INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:-
Ranging rod
Arrow / Peg
Tape / Chain
THEORY-
The process of determining the distance between one station to another station is termed as
Linear Measurement, i.e. at either horizontal or steeped/inclined surface. The process of
establishing or developing intermediate points between two terminal points or end points on a
straight line is known as ranging.
PROCEDURE:-
First ranging rods are fixed at start and end station, i.e. exactly in verticalposition.
Then another assistant was standing between (Intermediate station) start and end
station.
The surveyors placed his eye at the near ranging rod of start station and by looking the
direction of end ranging rods.
Then after surveyors directed the assistant to move right or left with the help of hand
sight.
Finally, when these rods are parallel to the start and end station of rods. Now start the
measure distance by tape/chain.
Again, above same process is repeated after while the traverse cannot complete.
This process is done by two ways.(start-end and end- start)
Calculate the average and error distance of twoways measurement.
After complete measurement, Check the precision whichlies in 1 in 1000.
Error = 𝐷1 – 𝐷2
Average =
𝐷1+𝐷2
2
Precision =
1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
CONCLUSION:-
We know that direct ranging is possible only when the end stations are inter visible and indirect
ranging is done where end points are not visible and the ground is high.
RESULT:-
Easily calculating the distance between undulating nature of the field by accurate data.