This document summarizes how beams and columns in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings resist earthquakes. It discusses the reinforcement and design strategies for beams and columns.
For beams, it describes the longitudinal bars and stirrups that provide flexural strength and resist shear cracks. The design focuses on placement of steel to resist stretching on both faces. Columns use longitudinal bars and transverse ties to resist axial and shear stresses. The design aims to prevent shear failure through close spacing of ties. Reinforcement details like hook ends and lap lengths are specified to improve ductility.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document summarizes key requirements for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures according to IS 13920:2016. It discusses the importance of ductility in allowing structures to resist seismic forces through inelastic deformation without collapse. Requirements are provided for ductile detailing of beams and columns, including minimum steel grades, reinforcement ratios and spacing, hook and lap splice details, and confinement reinforcement. The goal of ductile detailing is to avoid brittle failures and ensure ductile behavior through controlled yielding of steel reinforcement.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
This presentation elucidates the seismic behaviour of beam-column joint and some methods to improve the resistance of beam-column joints to seismic loads to avoid disasters.
IRJET- Earthquake Resistance Column by using Helical ReinforcementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using helical reinforcement in columns to improve earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete buildings. Conventional column reinforcement uses transverse ties, but helical reinforcement provides better protection against vibratory shocks.
2. A test was conducted casting a circular column with helical reinforcement and subjecting it to vibrations equivalent to a 6.0 magnitude earthquake. The column resisted the vibrations, demonstrating helical reinforcement can withstand earthquake loads.
3. Helical reinforcement helps carry shear forces during earthquakes, prevents vertical bars from bending outward, and keeps concrete confined within closed loops. It allows columns to bear higher working loads than conventional reinforcement.
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. Columns act as vertical supports that transmit loads to foundations. Columns may fail due to compression failure, buckling, or a combination. Short columns are more prone to compression failure, while slender columns are more likely to buckle. Column sections can be square, circular, or rectangular. The dimensions and bracing affect whether a column is classified as short or slender. Longitudinal reinforcement and links are designed to resist axial loads and moments based on the column's effective height and end conditions. Design charts are used to determine reinforcement for columns with axial and uniaxial bending loads. Examples show how to design column reinforcement.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document summarizes key requirements for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures according to IS 13920:2016. It discusses the importance of ductility in allowing structures to resist seismic forces through inelastic deformation without collapse. Requirements are provided for ductile detailing of beams and columns, including minimum steel grades, reinforcement ratios and spacing, hook and lap splice details, and confinement reinforcement. The goal of ductile detailing is to avoid brittle failures and ensure ductile behavior through controlled yielding of steel reinforcement.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
This presentation elucidates the seismic behaviour of beam-column joint and some methods to improve the resistance of beam-column joints to seismic loads to avoid disasters.
IRJET- Earthquake Resistance Column by using Helical ReinforcementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using helical reinforcement in columns to improve earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete buildings. Conventional column reinforcement uses transverse ties, but helical reinforcement provides better protection against vibratory shocks.
2. A test was conducted casting a circular column with helical reinforcement and subjecting it to vibrations equivalent to a 6.0 magnitude earthquake. The column resisted the vibrations, demonstrating helical reinforcement can withstand earthquake loads.
3. Helical reinforcement helps carry shear forces during earthquakes, prevents vertical bars from bending outward, and keeps concrete confined within closed loops. It allows columns to bear higher working loads than conventional reinforcement.
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. Columns act as vertical supports that transmit loads to foundations. Columns may fail due to compression failure, buckling, or a combination. Short columns are more prone to compression failure, while slender columns are more likely to buckle. Column sections can be square, circular, or rectangular. The dimensions and bracing affect whether a column is classified as short or slender. Longitudinal reinforcement and links are designed to resist axial loads and moments based on the column's effective height and end conditions. Design charts are used to determine reinforcement for columns with axial and uniaxial bending loads. Examples show how to design column reinforcement.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is determined based on the loads applied, including axial load only, symmetrical beam loading, or loading in one or two bending directions. Links are included to prevent bar buckling. Examples show how to design column longitudinal reinforcement and links for different load cases.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
This document provides details and requirements for reinforcement in concrete structures. It discusses standard hooks used for reinforcement, minimum diameters for bar bending, surface conditions of reinforcement, placement of reinforcement, tolerances, spacing limits, bundled bars, tendons and ducts, concrete protection, headed shear and stud reinforcement, corrosive environments, column reinforcement including lateral ties and spirals, lateral reinforcement for beams, and requirements for structural integrity.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered. Design examples are provided to illustrate bending and shear design of beams.
Ch7 Box Girder Bridges (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metw...Hossam Shafiq II
1. Box girder bridges have two key advantages over plate girder bridges: they possess torsional stiffness and can have much wider flanges.
2. For medium span bridges between 45-100 meters, box girder bridges offer an attractive form of construction as they maintain simplicity while allowing larger span-to-depth ratios compared to plate girders.
3. Advances in welding and cutting techniques have expanded the structural possibilities for box girders, allowing for more economical designs of large welded units.
This document discusses reinforced concrete design. It covers topics such as constituent materials and properties, basic principles, analysis methods, strength of concrete, stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity, assumptions in design, failure modes, design philosophies, safety provisions, structural elements, and analysis of reinforced concrete sections. Flexural failure modes and equations of equilibrium for reinforced concrete design are also presented.
This document summarizes how columns in reinforced concrete buildings resist earthquakes through the use of two types of steel reinforcement - longitudinal bars placed vertically along the column and transverse ties placed horizontally. The transverse ties help resist shear forces from earthquakes by carrying shear loads, holding the vertical bars in place to prevent excessive bending, and containing the concrete. Proper design includes selecting materials, sizing the cross-section, and using a skilled arrangement of reinforcement, including hooks on the ends of ties to prevent their opening.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
A truss is a structure composed of straight members arranged in a triangular pattern and connected at their ends to form a rigid framework. Trusses are commonly used in buildings to support roofs and floors over long spans. They provide strength and support loads using less material than beams. Common types of trusses include Pratt trusses and lattice girders, which are used to support trusses running perpendicular. Trusses are fabricated from rolled steel sections or built-up sections and connected by bolting, welding, or riveting. They are an economical choice for supporting large loads and spans in industrial and commercial buildings.
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
Design details of Steel concrete composite flooring using profiled deck sheets and lightweight concrete; their bending and shear strengths and their serviceability criteria are given in this slide
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
This document discusses composite construction, specifically composite steel and concrete beams. It provides definitions and examples of composite construction, explaining that it aims to make each material perform the function it is best suited for. It then describes the differences between non-composite and composite beam behavior. The document goes on to discuss elements of composite construction like decking and shear studs. It also summarizes the design process for composite beams, covering moment capacity, shear capacity, shear connector capacity, and longitudinal shear capacity calculations.
Pre enginnered buildings master-builder_july08, pp.48-62hlksd
This document discusses the selection of framing systems and roof/wall materials for pre-engineered industrial buildings. It describes two main framing systems - braced frames and unbraced frames. Unbraced portal frames are now more commonly used as they provide large column-free spaces and are simpler and more economical. Portal frames typically have spans of 30-40m and use tapered columns and rafters. Roof bracing and wall bracing are needed to resist loads perpendicular to the frame. The document provides details on frame configurations, connections, and considerations in choosing framing and cladding materials.
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is determined based on the loads applied, including axial load only, symmetrical beam loading, or loading in one or two bending directions. Links are included to prevent bar buckling. Examples show how to design column longitudinal reinforcement and links for different load cases.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
This document provides details and requirements for reinforcement in concrete structures. It discusses standard hooks used for reinforcement, minimum diameters for bar bending, surface conditions of reinforcement, placement of reinforcement, tolerances, spacing limits, bundled bars, tendons and ducts, concrete protection, headed shear and stud reinforcement, corrosive environments, column reinforcement including lateral ties and spirals, lateral reinforcement for beams, and requirements for structural integrity.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered. Design examples are provided to illustrate bending and shear design of beams.
Ch7 Box Girder Bridges (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metw...Hossam Shafiq II
1. Box girder bridges have two key advantages over plate girder bridges: they possess torsional stiffness and can have much wider flanges.
2. For medium span bridges between 45-100 meters, box girder bridges offer an attractive form of construction as they maintain simplicity while allowing larger span-to-depth ratios compared to plate girders.
3. Advances in welding and cutting techniques have expanded the structural possibilities for box girders, allowing for more economical designs of large welded units.
This document discusses reinforced concrete design. It covers topics such as constituent materials and properties, basic principles, analysis methods, strength of concrete, stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity, assumptions in design, failure modes, design philosophies, safety provisions, structural elements, and analysis of reinforced concrete sections. Flexural failure modes and equations of equilibrium for reinforced concrete design are also presented.
This document summarizes how columns in reinforced concrete buildings resist earthquakes through the use of two types of steel reinforcement - longitudinal bars placed vertically along the column and transverse ties placed horizontally. The transverse ties help resist shear forces from earthquakes by carrying shear loads, holding the vertical bars in place to prevent excessive bending, and containing the concrete. Proper design includes selecting materials, sizing the cross-section, and using a skilled arrangement of reinforcement, including hooks on the ends of ties to prevent their opening.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
A truss is a structure composed of straight members arranged in a triangular pattern and connected at their ends to form a rigid framework. Trusses are commonly used in buildings to support roofs and floors over long spans. They provide strength and support loads using less material than beams. Common types of trusses include Pratt trusses and lattice girders, which are used to support trusses running perpendicular. Trusses are fabricated from rolled steel sections or built-up sections and connected by bolting, welding, or riveting. They are an economical choice for supporting large loads and spans in industrial and commercial buildings.
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
Design details of Steel concrete composite flooring using profiled deck sheets and lightweight concrete; their bending and shear strengths and their serviceability criteria are given in this slide
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
This document discusses composite construction, specifically composite steel and concrete beams. It provides definitions and examples of composite construction, explaining that it aims to make each material perform the function it is best suited for. It then describes the differences between non-composite and composite beam behavior. The document goes on to discuss elements of composite construction like decking and shear studs. It also summarizes the design process for composite beams, covering moment capacity, shear capacity, shear connector capacity, and longitudinal shear capacity calculations.
Pre enginnered buildings master-builder_july08, pp.48-62hlksd
This document discusses the selection of framing systems and roof/wall materials for pre-engineered industrial buildings. It describes two main framing systems - braced frames and unbraced frames. Unbraced portal frames are now more commonly used as they provide large column-free spaces and are simpler and more economical. Portal frames typically have spans of 30-40m and use tapered columns and rafters. Roof bracing and wall bracing are needed to resist loads perpendicular to the frame. The document provides details on frame configurations, connections, and considerations in choosing framing and cladding materials.
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
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Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
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system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
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information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
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components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
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• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
1. R.N.G.PATEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
NO. NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
1. RAVAL SUJAL 210840106013
2. CHAUDHARI KRUNAL 210840106005
PREPARED BY:
How do beams & columns in RC buildings resist earthquake
2. CONTENT
How do beam in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes.
1.1 Reinforcement and Seismic Damage.
1.2 Design Strategy
How do Columns in RC Building Resist Earthquakes.
2.1 Possible Earthquake Damage
2.2 Design Strategy
3. 1.1Reinforcement and Seismic
Damage
In RC buildings, the vertical and horizontal
members (i.e., the beams and columns) are
built integrally with each other. Thus, under the
action of loads, they act together as a frame
transferring forces from one to another. This
Tip is meant for beams that are part of a
building frame and carry eartquake1/2 induced
forces.
Beams in RC buildings have two sets of steel
reinforcement, namely: (a) long straight bars
(called longitudinal bars) placed along its
length, and (b) closed loops of small diameter
steel bars (called stirrups) placed vertically at
regular intervals along its full length.
4. 1.2 DESIGN STRATEGY
Designing a beam involves the selection material properties
(i.e, grades of steel bars and conc... and shape and size; these
are usually selected as a part of an overall design strategy of
the whole building. And, the amount and distribution of steel to
be provided in the beam must be determined by performing
design calculations as per is:456-2000 and IS13920-1993.
Longitudinal bars are provided to resist flexural cracking on the
side of the beam that stretches. Since both top and bottom
faces stretch during strong earthquake shaking (IITK-BMTPC
Earthquake Tip 17), longitudinal steel bars are required on
both faces at the ends and on the bottom face at mid-length
(Figure 3). The Indian Ductile Detailing Code IS13920-1993
prescribes that:
(a) At least two bars go through the full length of the beam at
the top as well as the bottom of the beam
(b) At the ends of beams, the amount of steel provid at the
bottom is at least half that at top.
5. •Stirrups in RC beams help in three ways, namely
(i) they carry the vertical shear force and thereby resist diagonal shear cracks in, (ii) they
protect the concrete from bulging outwards due to flexure, and
(iii) they prevent the buckling of the compressed longitudinal bars due to flexure.
In moderate to severe seismic zones, the Indian Standard IS13920-1993prescribes the
following requirements related to stirrups in reinforced concrete beams:
(a) The diameter of stirrup must be at least 6mm; in beams more than 5m long, it must be at
least 8mm.
(b) Both ends of the vertical stirrups should be bentinto a 135 deg hook and
extendedsufficiently beyond this hook to ensure that the stirrup does not open out in an
earthquake.
(b) The spacing of vertical stirrups in any portion of the beam should be determined from
calculations
(c) The maximum spacing of stirrups is less than half the depth of the beam .
(d) For a length of twice the depth of the beam from the face of the column, an even more
stringent spacing of stirrups is specified, namely half the spacing mentioned in (c) above .
6. 2.1 Possible Earthquake Damage
•Columns, the vertical members in RC
buildings, contain two types of steel
reinforcement, namely:
(a) long straight bars (called longitudinal
bars) placed vertically along the length,
and
(b) closed loops of smaller diameter steel
bars (called transverse ties) placed
horizontally at regular intervals along its
full length . Columns can sustain two
types of damage, namely axial-flexural (or
combined compression- bending) failure
and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle
and must be avoided in columns by
providing transverse ties at close spacing .
7. 2.2 Design Strategy
Designing a column involves selection of materials to be used (i.e,
grades of concrete and steel bars), choosing shape and size of
the cross-section, and calculating amount and distribution of steel
reinforcement.
The first two aspects are part of the overall design strategy of the
whole building. The Indian Ductile Detailing Code IS:13920-1993
requires columns to be at least 300mm wide.
A column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported length is
less than 4m a beam length is less than 5m. Columns that are
requi to resist earthquake forces must be designed prevent shear
failure by a skillful selection reinforcement.
8. Vertical Bars tied together with Closed
Ties
Closely spaced horizontal closed ties help in
three ways, namely :
(i) they carry the horizontal shear forces induced
by earthquakes, and thereby resist diagonal
shear cracks,
(ii) they hold together the vertical bars and
prevent them from excessively bending
outwards (in technical terms, this bending
phenomenon is called buckling), and
(iii) they contain the concrete in the column
within the closed loops. The ends of the ties
must be bent as 135° hooks (Figure 2). Such
hook ends prevent opening of loops and
consequently buckling of concrete and buckling
of vertical bars
9. The Indian Standard IS13920-1993following
details for earthquake-resistant columns:
(a) Closely spaced ties must be provided at the
twoprescribesends of the column over a length not less than
larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column height
or 450mm.
(b) Over the distance specified in item (a) above and below a
beam-column junction, the vertical spacing of ties in
columns should not exceed D/4 for where D is the smallest
dimension of the column (e.g., in a rectangular column, D is
the length of the small side). This spacing need not be less
than 75mm nor more than 100mm. At other locations, ties
are spaced as per calculations but not more than D/2.
(c) The length of tie beyond the 135° bends must be at least 10
times diameter of steel bar used to make the closed tie; this
extension beyond the bend should not be less than 75mm.
10. Lapping Vertical Bars
In the construction of RC buildings, due to the
limitations in available length of bars and due to
constraints in construction, there are numerous
occasions when column bars have to be joined. A
simple way of achieving this is by overlapping the two
bars over at least a minimum specified length, called
lap length.
The lap length depends on types of reinforcement
and concrete. For ordinary situations, it is about 50
times bar diameter. Further, IS:13920-1993 prescribes
that the lap length be provided ONLY in the middle
half of column and not near its top or bottom ends
(Figure 4).
Also, only half the vertical bars in the column are to be
lapped at a time in any storey. Further, when laps are
provided, ties must be provided along the length of the
lap at a spacing notmore than 150mm.
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