This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It explains that software design is an iterative process that transforms requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software through design models, data structures, system architecture, interfaces, and components. Good software design exhibits qualities like being bug-free, suitable for its intended purpose, and a pleasurable user experience.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. Design patterns describe common solutions to programming problems and always use UML diagrams. This document focuses on class diagrams, which show classes, interfaces, and their relationships. It provides examples of how to depict classes with variables and methods, and relationships between classes like inheritance.
The document discusses various techniques for analysis modeling in software engineering. It describes the goals of analysis modeling as providing the first technical representation of a system that is easy to understand and maintain. It then covers different types of analysis models, including flow-oriented modeling, scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, and class-based modeling involving identifying classes, attributes, and operations. The document provides examples and guidelines for effectively utilizing these modeling approaches in requirements analysis.
The document discusses key concepts in design modeling for software engineering projects, including:
- Data/class design transforms analysis models into design class structures and data structures.
- Architectural design defines relationships between major software elements and how they interact.
- Interface, component, and other designs further refine elements from analysis into implementation-specific details.
- Design principles include traceability to analysis, avoiding reinventing solutions, and structuring for change and graceful degradation.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It explains that software design is an iterative process that transforms requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software through design models, data structures, system architecture, interfaces, and components. Good software design exhibits qualities like being bug-free, suitable for its intended purpose, and a pleasurable user experience.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. Design patterns describe common solutions to programming problems and always use UML diagrams. This document focuses on class diagrams, which show classes, interfaces, and their relationships. It provides examples of how to depict classes with variables and methods, and relationships between classes like inheritance.
The document discusses various techniques for analysis modeling in software engineering. It describes the goals of analysis modeling as providing the first technical representation of a system that is easy to understand and maintain. It then covers different types of analysis models, including flow-oriented modeling, scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, and class-based modeling involving identifying classes, attributes, and operations. The document provides examples and guidelines for effectively utilizing these modeling approaches in requirements analysis.
The document discusses key concepts in design modeling for software engineering projects, including:
- Data/class design transforms analysis models into design class structures and data structures.
- Architectural design defines relationships between major software elements and how they interact.
- Interface, component, and other designs further refine elements from analysis into implementation-specific details.
- Design principles include traceability to analysis, avoiding reinventing solutions, and structuring for change and graceful degradation.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The document presents information on the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
1) It describes the seven main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
2) It discusses several SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototyping, spiral and V-model and compares their strengths and weaknesses.
3) It emphasizes the important role of testing in the SDLC and describes different testing types done during the phases.
The document discusses software architecture design. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between components, and properties of components. An architectural design model can be applied to other systems and represents predictable ways to describe architecture. The architecture represents a system and enables analysis of effectiveness in meeting requirements and reducing risks. Key aspects of architectural design include communication between stakeholders, controlling complexity, consistency, reducing risks, and enabling reuse. Common architectural styles discussed include data-centered, data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, and layered architectures.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting models of software systems. The document discusses the history and evolution of UML, provides definitions and examples of various UML diagram types including class, object, use case, state, activity, sequence, and others. It also explains how UML diagrams can be used to model different views of a system, such as structural relationships and dynamic behavior over time.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
The Unified Process (UP) is a software development process that provides guidance on team activities and work integration. It originated from issues with traditional processes being too diverse and outdated. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative/incremental. UP follows a lifecycle of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases within iterative development cycles. While UP addressed issues with prior methods, its weaknesses include not covering the full software process and tools-focus not suiting complex systems.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), including an introduction to basic OO principles like encapsulation, abstraction, hierarchy, and modularity. It then covers various techniques for object-oriented analysis like noun lists and use cases. Finally, it discusses the process of transforming analysis models into design models using object-oriented design.
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a design model from analysis and architectural models. Component-level design can be represented using graphical, tabular, or text-based notations. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining a software component as a modular building block with interfaces and collaboration
- Designing class-based components following principles like open-closed and dependency inversion
- Guidelines for high cohesion and low coupling in components
- Designing conventional components using notations like sequence, if-then-else, and tabular representations
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, and refactoring. It also covers design patterns, architectural patterns, data abstraction, procedural abstraction, architecture, and principles of good modular design.
Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is a process that emphasizes designing and building systems using reusable software components. It emerged from failures of object-oriented development to enable effective reuse. CBSE follows a "buy, don't build" philosophy where requirements are met through available components rather than custom development. The CBSE process involves identifying components, qualifying them, adapting them if needed, and assembling them within an architectural design. This leverages reuse for increased quality, productivity, and reduced development time compared to traditional software engineering approaches.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Software Process (UP). It discusses the history and development of UP over decades. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative and incremental. UP recognizes four important aspects of software development: people, project, product, and process. Use cases drive the entire development process. UP emphasizes iterative development and producing incremental working software. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) provides additional tools and content to support applying UP.
This document summarizes a presentation on agile model development. It discusses how Maneesh's team of software engineers at IBM uses agile modeling principles in their work. This includes prioritizing requirements, creating architecture models with stakeholder participation, keeping models simple and "just barely good enough", and actively involving stakeholders through activities like model storming. The goal is to manage complexity, communicate effectively, and develop software iteratively using the simplest tools needed.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The document presents information on the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
1) It describes the seven main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
2) It discusses several SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototyping, spiral and V-model and compares their strengths and weaknesses.
3) It emphasizes the important role of testing in the SDLC and describes different testing types done during the phases.
The document discusses software architecture design. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between components, and properties of components. An architectural design model can be applied to other systems and represents predictable ways to describe architecture. The architecture represents a system and enables analysis of effectiveness in meeting requirements and reducing risks. Key aspects of architectural design include communication between stakeholders, controlling complexity, consistency, reducing risks, and enabling reuse. Common architectural styles discussed include data-centered, data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, and layered architectures.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting models of software systems. The document discusses the history and evolution of UML, provides definitions and examples of various UML diagram types including class, object, use case, state, activity, sequence, and others. It also explains how UML diagrams can be used to model different views of a system, such as structural relationships and dynamic behavior over time.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
The Unified Process (UP) is a software development process that provides guidance on team activities and work integration. It originated from issues with traditional processes being too diverse and outdated. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative/incremental. UP follows a lifecycle of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases within iterative development cycles. While UP addressed issues with prior methods, its weaknesses include not covering the full software process and tools-focus not suiting complex systems.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), including an introduction to basic OO principles like encapsulation, abstraction, hierarchy, and modularity. It then covers various techniques for object-oriented analysis like noun lists and use cases. Finally, it discusses the process of transforming analysis models into design models using object-oriented design.
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a design model from analysis and architectural models. Component-level design can be represented using graphical, tabular, or text-based notations. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining a software component as a modular building block with interfaces and collaboration
- Designing class-based components following principles like open-closed and dependency inversion
- Guidelines for high cohesion and low coupling in components
- Designing conventional components using notations like sequence, if-then-else, and tabular representations
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, and refactoring. It also covers design patterns, architectural patterns, data abstraction, procedural abstraction, architecture, and principles of good modular design.
Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is a process that emphasizes designing and building systems using reusable software components. It emerged from failures of object-oriented development to enable effective reuse. CBSE follows a "buy, don't build" philosophy where requirements are met through available components rather than custom development. The CBSE process involves identifying components, qualifying them, adapting them if needed, and assembling them within an architectural design. This leverages reuse for increased quality, productivity, and reduced development time compared to traditional software engineering approaches.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Software Process (UP). It discusses the history and development of UP over decades. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative and incremental. UP recognizes four important aspects of software development: people, project, product, and process. Use cases drive the entire development process. UP emphasizes iterative development and producing incremental working software. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) provides additional tools and content to support applying UP.
This document summarizes a presentation on agile model development. It discusses how Maneesh's team of software engineers at IBM uses agile modeling principles in their work. This includes prioritizing requirements, creating architecture models with stakeholder participation, keeping models simple and "just barely good enough", and actively involving stakeholders through activities like model storming. The goal is to manage complexity, communicate effectively, and develop software iteratively using the simplest tools needed.
Software QA Fundamentals by Prabhath DarshanaShamain Peiris
The document provides an overview of software quality assurance (QA) fundamentals. It defines software QA as a process to ensure software matches expected results in terms of correctness, completeness, and quality. It discusses why QA is needed to ensure reliability, usability, and that software meets requirements and works as intended. The document also describes different types of testing methods like black box, white box, and grey box testing and explains unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and other testing types part of the software development life cycle.
Agile Requirements are lightweight by design, so what can you do as the BA to convey requirements in a concise yet comprehensive way? How can you include real examples in your requirements to increase clarity and reduce ambiguity when working with your team?
In this presentation, Rebecca Halstead shares how to incorporate examples in your requirements as a way to encourage collaboration and build a shared understanding about the acceptance criteria. Rebecca delivered this presentation on Agile Requirements at the International Institute of Business Analysis, DC Chapter meeting on March 20, 2014.
System analysis and design involves analyzing business processes and requirements and designing logical systems models. Key activities include fact finding, modeling current and required systems, and producing requirements specifications and logical models. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are a common modeling technique, depicting the flow of data through a system via processes, external entities, and data stores. DFDs are drawn at different levels of detail, with level 0 providing an overview and higher levels showing more granular decompositions of processes. Proper notation, numbering, labeling, and balancing are important for effective DFDs.
Quality, quality concepts
Software Quality Assurance
Software Reviews
Formal Technical Reviews
SQA Group Plan
ISO 9000, 9001
Example
Internal and external attributes
The document discusses software quality assurance. It covers key concepts like quality, quality control, quality assurance, cost of quality. It then discusses topics like software reviews, formal technical reviews, statistical quality assurance, and the SQA plan. The overall goal of software quality assurance is to achieve high-quality software products.
The document discusses the process of requirement engineering which involves identifying stakeholders, eliciting requirements, building use cases, negotiating requirements, and validating them. It explains the various steps in requirement engineering like understanding needs, analyzing and defining requirements, and establishing groundwork through stakeholder identification and viewpoints. The overall goal of requirement engineering is to help software engineers better understand problems by involving various participants like managers, customers and users.
The document discusses software quality management and outlines five units: introduction to software quality; software quality assurance; quality control and reliability; quality management systems; and quality standards. It defines quality, discusses hierarchical models of quality including those proposed by Boehm and McCall, and explains techniques for improving software quality like metrics, reviews, and standards.
This document provides an overview of quality assurance frameworks for software development. It discusses key concepts like quality, software quality assurance, and its components including software testing, quality control, and software configuration management. It also describes a software quality assurance plan and quality standards like ISO9000, CMM, PCMM, and CMMI. The document is presented by Ketan Mehta from Heritage Institute of Technology in Kolkata and covers an agenda including definitions of quality and SQA, their components, SQA plans, and quality standards.
This is a lecture about Software Architecture Styles, part of the Advanced Software Engineering course, at the University of L'Aquila, Italy (www.di.univaq.it/muccini/SE+/2012)
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and defines key terms related to quality. It describes SQA as encompassing quality management, software engineering processes, formal reviews, testing strategies, documentation control, and compliance with standards. Specific SQA activities mentioned include developing an SQA plan, participating in process development, auditing work products, and ensuring deviations are addressed. The document also discusses software reviews, inspections, reliability, and the reliability specification process.
This document discusses software quality assurance. It defines software as computer programs, procedures, and documentation related to operating a computer system. Software quality is defined as meeting requirements and user needs/expectations. Quality factors include correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability, maintainability, flexibility, testability, portability, reusability, and interoperability. Software quality assurance is a planned set of actions to provide confidence that software development/maintenance conforms to requirements and schedules/budgets. The objectives of SQA are to assure acceptable confidence in conforming to functional/managerial requirements during development and maintenance. Three principles of QA are to know what is being done, know what should be done, and know how to
Introduction To Software Quality Assuranceruth_reategui
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and defines key terms and concepts. It outlines the components of an SQA plan according to IEEE standard 730, including required sections, documentation to review, standards and metrics, and types of reviews. It also summarizes approaches to SQA from the Software Capability Maturity Model and the Rational Unified Process.
The document describes data flow diagrams (DFDs), including how they differ from flowcharts by showing the flow of data rather than control flow. It then provides steps for creating DFDs using an example of a lemonade stand: 1) List activities, 2) Create a context-level DFD identifying sources and sinks, 3) Create a level 0 DFD identifying subprocesses, and 4) Create level 1 DFDs decomposing subprocesses and identifying data stores.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
This document discusses key concepts in software design engineering including analysis models, design models, the programmer's approach versus best practices, purposes of design, quality guidelines, design principles, fundamental concepts like abstraction and architecture, and specific design concepts like patterns, modularity, and information hiding. It emphasizes that design is important for translating requirements into a quality software solution before implementation begins.
Software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. It involves understanding the problem from different perspectives, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions using notations. The design must satisfy users and developers by being correct, complete, understandable, and maintainable. During the design process, specifications are transformed into design models describing data structures, architecture, interfaces, and components, which are reviewed before development.
The design model transforms requirements from the analysis model into a blueprint for constructing the software. It includes four main elements: the data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design. These elements are developed iteratively through increasing levels of abstraction, starting with high-level elements that are traced to requirements and refining into lower-level representations. The design model aims to implement requirements while considering quality guidelines around modularity, patterns, and other design concepts.
Software engineering is a detailed study of engineering to the design, development and maintenance of software. Software engineering was introduced to address the issues of low-quality software projects.
The document discusses key design concepts in software engineering including abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, refinement, functional independence, aspects, refactoring, object-oriented design concepts, and design classes. It provides details on each concept, their importance in software design, and how they lead to the development of high-quality software.
The document discusses various aspects of design modeling for software engineering projects. It describes how the design model builds upon the analysis model by refining and adding more implementation details to elements like data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. It also covers important design concepts like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Quality guidelines for software design are provided along with principles of object-oriented design.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts related to software design. It discusses the definition and activities of software design, including preliminary and detailed design. It covers software design principles, considerations, and processes. It also describes various software design tools like data flow diagrams, structure charts, and entity-relationship models. Finally, it discusses object-oriented design, user interface design, data design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
The document discusses various aspects of software design including the design process, concepts, models, heuristics, and styles. It describes software design as translating requirements into a finished product through iterative refinement. Key aspects covered include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, component design, abstraction, modularity, patterns, and information hiding. Architectural styles provide patterns for creating system architecture for given problems.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
The document discusses the differences between analysis modeling and design engineering/modeling. Analysis involves understanding a problem, while design focuses on creating a solution. Models can be used to better understand problems in analysis or solutions in design. The key aspects of design engineering are then outlined, including translating requirements into a software blueprint, iterating on the design, and ensuring quality through guidelines such as modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Common design concepts like abstraction, architecture, patterns, and classes are also explained.
This document discusses software design principles and concepts. It covers key aspects of software design such as data design, architectural design, interface design, component design, abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, control hierarchy, structural partitioning, data structures, software procedures, and information hiding. The document emphasizes that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. Good design principles include traceability, reuse, and accommodating change. Modular design aims for functional independence, cohesion and low coupling between modules.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of software design. It explains that software design transforms analysis models into a design model through activities like architectural design, interface design, data design, and component-level design. Some key design concepts discussed include abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, procedures, and information hiding. The document also covers principles of effective modular design such as high cohesion and low coupling between modules. Different types of cohesion and coupling are defined. Overall, the document provides an overview of the software design process and some fundamental concepts involved.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Mitch Kapor's "software design manifesto" emphasized good design exhibiting firmness, commodity, and delight.
- Design encompasses principles, concepts, and practices that lead to high quality systems, including data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Quality guidelines for design include modularity, distinct representations of elements, appropriate data structures, independent components, and reduced complexity interfaces.
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a detailed design model from previous models. Key points:
- A software component is a modular building block with well-defined interfaces and collaboration. Components can be viewed as classes, modules, or reusable processes.
- Effective design follows principles like open-closed and dependency inversion. Components have well-defined dependencies and inheritance relationships.
- Class-based components are designed for high cohesion and low coupling. Conventional components are derived from analysis models and decompose problems into logical modules.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of software design, including:
1) The software design process translates requirements into a design model through iterative refinement and aims to produce a quality design.
2) Important design concepts include abstraction, modularity, information hiding, and structural and functional partitioning.
3) Key principles for good design include traceability, minimizing intellectual distance, and accommodating change through structured modularity.
The document discusses key aspects of the software design process including that design is iterative and represented at a high level of abstraction, guidelines for quality design include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence, and architectural design defines system context and archetypes that compose the system.
A software design creates meaningful engineering representationRamandeep Singh
A software design creates a model of the software product that will be built. Designers must consider alternative designs and choose elements that best match requirements. The design model can be traced to customer requirements and assessed for quality. During design, software requirements are transformed into detailed design models describing data structures, architecture, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system. Each design is reviewed for quality before moving to the next development phase.
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3. Quality Guidelines
• A design should exhibit an architecture that (1) has been created using recognizable
architectural styles or patterns, (2) is composed of components that exhibit good design
characteristics and (3) can be implemented in an evolutionary fashion
• A design should be modular; that is, the software should be logically partitioned into
elements or subsystems
• A design should contain distinct representations of data, architecture, interfaces, and
components.
• A design should lead to data structures that are appropriate for the classes to be
implemented and are drawn from recognizable data patterns.
• A design should lead to components that exhibit independent functional characteristics.
• A design should lead to interfaces that reduce the complexity of connections between
components and with the external environment.
• A design should be derived using a repeatable method that is driven by information
obtained during software requirements analysis.
• A design should be represented using a notation that effectively communicates its
meaning.
4. Fundamental Concepts
• Abstraction—data, procedure, control
• Architecture—the overall structure of the software
• Patterns—”conveys the essence” of a proven design solution
• Separation of concerns—any complex problem can be more easily handled if it
is subdivided into pieces
• Modularity—compartmentalization of data and function
• Hiding—controlled interfaces
• Functional independence—single-minded function and low coupling
• Refinement—elaboration of detail for all abstractions
• Aspects—a mechanism for understanding how global requirements affect
design
• Refactoring—a reorganization technique that simplifies the design
• OO design concepts
• Design Classes—provide design detail that will enable analysis classes to be
implemented
5. Data Abstraction
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7. Modularity
• "modularity is the single attribute of software that
allows a program to be intellectually manageable”.
• Monolithic software (i.e., a large program composed
of a single module) cannot be easily grasped by a
software engineer.
– The number of control paths, span of reference,
number of variables, and overall complexity
would make understanding close to impossible.
• In almost all instances, you should break the design
into many modules, hoping to make understanding
easier and as a consequence, reduce the cost required
to build the software.
8. Functional Independence
• Functional independence is achieved by developing modules with
"single-minded" function and an "aversion" to excessive interaction with
other modules.
• Cohesion is an indication of the relative functional strength of a module.
– A cohesive module performs a single task, requiring little interaction
with other components in other parts of a program. Stated simply, a
cohesive module should (ideally) do just one thing.
• Coupling is an indication of the relative interdependence among
modules.
– Coupling depends on the interface complexity between modules, the
point at which entry or reference is made to a module, and what
data pass across the interface.
10. Classification of Cohesion
• Coincidental cohesion: A module is said to have
coincidental cohesion, if it performs a set of tasks
that relate to each other very loosely, if at all.
11. Classification of Cohesion
• Logical cohesion: A module is said to be logically
cohesive, if all elements of the module perform
similar operations, e.g. error handling, data input,
data output, etc.
12. Classification of Cohesion
• Temporal cohesion: When a module contains
functions that are related by the fact that all the
functions must be executed in the same time
span, the module is said to exhibit temporal
cohesion.
13. Classification of Cohesion
• Procedural cohesion: A module is said to possess
procedural cohesion, if the set of functions of the module
are all part of a procedure (algorithm) in which certain
sequence of steps have to be carried out for achieving an
objective, e.g. the algorithm for decoding a message.
• Communicational cohesion: A module is said to have
communicational cohesion, if all functions of the module
refer to or update the same data structure, e.g. the set of
functions defined on an array or a stack.
14. Classification of Cohesion
• Sequential cohesion: A module is said to possess
sequential cohesion, if the elements of a module form the
parts of sequence, where the output from one element of
the sequence is input to the next.
• Functional cohesion: Functional cohesion is said to exist, if
different elements of a module cooperate to achieve a
single function.
16. Classification of Coupling
• Data coupling: Two modules are data coupled, if
they communicate through a parameter.
• Stamp coupling: Two modules are stamp coupled,
if they communicate using a composite data item
such as a record in PASCAL or a structure in C.
17. Classification of Coupling
• Control coupling: Control coupling exists between
two modules, if data from one module is used to
direct the order of instructions execution in
another.
• Common coupling: Two modules are common
coupled, if they share data through some global
data items.
• Content coupling: Content coupling exists between
two modules, if they share code, e.g. a branch
from one module into another module.
18. Aspects
• Consider two requirements, A and B.
Requirement A crosscuts requirement B “if
a software decomposition [refinement] has
been chosen in which B cannot be satisfied
without taking A into account.
• An aspect is a representation of a cross-
cutting concern.
19. Refactoring
"Refactoring is the process of changing a software system in such
a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code
[design] yet improves its internal structure.”
• When software is refactored, the existing design is
examined for
–redundancy
–unused design elements
–inefficient or unnecessary algorithms
–poorly constructed or inappropriate data structures
–or any other design failure that can be corrected to yield a
better design.
20. OO Design Concepts
• Design classes
– Entity classes
– Boundary classes
– Controller classes
• Inheritance—all responsibilities of a superclass is
immediately inherited by all subclasses
• Messages—stimulate some behavior to occur in the
receiving object
• Polymorphism—a characteristic that greatly reduces
the effort required to extend the design
21. Design Model Elements
• Data elements
– Data model --> data structures
– Data model --> database architecture
• Architectural elements
– Application domain
– Analysis classes, their relationships, collaborations and behaviors are
transformed into design realizations
– Patterns and “styles” (Chapters 9 and 12)
• Interface elements
– the user interface (UI)
– external interfaces to other systems, devices, networks or other producers
or consumers of information
– internal interfaces between various design components.
• Component elements
• Deployment elements
23. Definitions
• The software architecture of a program or computing system is
the structure or structures of the system which comprise
– The software components
– The externally visible properties of those components
– The relationships among the components
• Software architectural design represents the structure of the
data and program components that are required to build a
computer-based system
• An architectural design model is transferable
– It can be applied to the design of other systems
– It represents a set of abstractions that enable software
engineers to describe architecture in predictable ways
24. Architectural Design Process
• Basic Steps
– Creation of the data design
– Derivation of one or more representations of the
architectural structure of the system
– Analysis of alternative architectural styles to choose the one
best suited to customer requirements and quality attributes
– Elaboration of the architecture based on the selected
architectural style
• A database designer creates the data architecture for a system
to represent the data components
• A system architect selects an appropriate architectural style
derived during system engineering and software requirements
analysis
25. Architectural Elements
• The architectural model is derived from
below sources:
– information about the application domain for the
software to be built;
– specific requirements model elements such as
data flow diagrams or analysis classes, their
relationships and collaborations for the problem
at hand.
26. Software Architecture
• “The software architecture of a program or computing system is
the structure or structures of the system, which comprise the
software components, the externally visible properties of those
components, and the relationships among them.”
• It is not operational software but it is representation that enables
software engineer to
– Analyze the effectiveness of design in meeting its stated
requirement.
– consider architectural alternatives at a stage when making
design changes is still relatively easy,
– reduce the risks associated with the construction of the
software.
27. Importance of Software Architecture
• Representations of software architecture are an enabler for
communication between all parties (stakeholders) interested in
the development
• Architecture highlights early design decisions that will have a
profound impact on all software engineering work that follows.
• Architecture “constitutes a relatively small, intellectually
graspable model of how the system is structured and how its
components work together”
28. Data Design
• The structure of data has always been an
important part of software design.
• Component level – the design of data structures
and the associated algorithms required to
manipulate them is essential to the creation of
high-quality applications.
• Application level – the translation of a data model
into a database design
29. Data design at the component level
• Component level focuses on the representation of data structures that are
directly accessed by one or more software components.
Principles are applicable to data design
1. The systematic analysis principles applied to function and behavior should
also be applied to data.
2. All data structures and the operations to be performed on each should be
identified.
3. A data dictionary should be established and used to define both data and
program design (operations)
4. Low-level data design decisions should be deferred until late in the design
process.
30. 5. The representation of data structure should be known only to those
modules that must make direct use of the data contained within the
structure.
6. A library of useful data structures and the operations that may be
applied to them should be developed.
7. A software design and programming language should support the
specification and realization of abstract data types.
31. Architectural Style
• Style describes a system category that encompasses
1. A set of components (e.g., a database, computational modules) that
perform a function required by a system;
2. a set of connectors that enable “communication, co-ordinations and
cooperation” among components;
3. constraints that define how components can be integrated to form
the system
4. semantic models that enable a designer to understand the overall
properties of a system
It can be represent by
– Data-centered architecture
– Data flow architecture
– Call and return architecture
– Object oriented architecture
– Layered architecture.
34. Data Flow architecture
• This architecture is applied when input data are to be transformed
through a series of computational or manipulative components into
output data.
• A pipe and filter pattern has a set of components, called filters,
connected by pipes that transmit data from one component to the
next.
• Each filter works independently (i.e. upstream, downstream) and is
designed to expect data input of a certain form, and produces data
output (to the next filter) of a specified form.
• the filter does not require knowledge of the working of its neighboring
filters.
• If the data flow degenerates into a single line of transforms, it is
termed batch sequential.
36. Call and return architecture
• Architecture style enables a software designer (system architect)
to achieve a program structure that is relatively easy to modify
and scale.
• Two sub-styles exist within this category:
1. Main/sub program architecture:
• Program structure decomposes function into a control hierarchy
where a “main” program invokes a number of program
components, which in turn may invoke still other components.
2. Remote procedure Call architecture:
• The components of a main program/subprogram architecture are
distributed across multiple computers on a network
38. Object-oriented architecture
• The object-oriented paradigm, like the abstract data type paradigm from
which it evolved, emphasizes the bundling of data and methods to
manipulate and access that data (Public Interface).
• Components of a system summarize data and the operations that must be
applied to manipulate the data.
• Communication and coordination between components is accomplished
via message passing.
41. User Interface Design
• User interface design creates an effective
communication medium between a human
and a computer.
• Following a set of interface design principles,
design identifies interface objects and actions
and then creates a screen layout that forms
the basis for a user interface prototype.
43. Background
• Interface design focuses on the following
– The design of interfaces between software components
– The design of interfaces between the software and other
nonhuman producers and consumers of information
– The design of the interface between a human and the
computer
• Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have helped to eliminate
many of the most horrific interface problems
• However, some are still difficult to learn, hard to use,
confusing, counterintuitive, unforgiving, and frustrating
• User interface analysis and design has to do with the study of
people and how they relate to technology
44. A Spiral Process
• User interface development follows a spiral process
– Interface analysis (user, task, and environment analysis)
• Focuses on the profile of the users who will interact with the system
• Concentrates on users, tasks, content and work environment
– Interface design
• Defines a set of interface objects and actions (and their screen
representations) that enable a user to perform all defined tasks in a
manner that meets every usability goal defined for the system
– Interface construction
• Begins with a prototype that enables usage scenarios to be evaluated
• Continues with development tools to complete the construction
– Interface validation, focuses on
• The ability of the interface to implement every user task correctly, to
accommodate all task variations, and to achieve all general user
requirements
46. Place the User in Control
• Define interaction modes in a way that does not force a user into
unnecessary or undesired actions
– The user shall be able to enter and exit a mode with little or no
effort (e.g., spell check edit text spell check)
• Provide for flexible interaction
– The user shall be able to perform the same action via keyboard
commands, mouse movement, or voice recognition
• Allow user interaction to be interruptible and "undo"able
– The user shall be able to easily interrupt a sequence of actions
to do something else (without losing the work that has been
done so far)
– The user shall be able to "undo" any action
47. Place the User in Control
• Streamline interaction as skill levels advance and allow the interaction to be
customized
– The user shall be able to use a macro mechanism to perform a sequence of
repeated interactions and to customize the interface
• Hide technical internals from the casual user
– The user shall not be required to directly use operating system, file management
networking. etc., commands to perform any actions. Instead, these operations
shall be hidden from the user and performed "behind the scenes" in the form of
a real-world abstraction
• Design for direct interaction with objects that appear on the screen
– The user shall be able to manipulate objects on the screen in a manner similar to
what would occur if the object were a physical thing (e.g., stretch a rectangle,
press a button, move a slider)
48. Make the Interface Consistent
• The interface should present and acquire information in a
consistent fashion
• Allow the user to put the current task into a meaningful context
• Maintain consistency across a family of applications
• If past interactive models have created user expectations, do not
make changes unless there is a compelling reason to do so
49. • Four different models come into play when a user
interface is analyzed and designed
– User profile model – Established by a human engineer
or software engineer
– Design model – Created by a software engineer
– Implementation model – Created by the software
implementers
– User's mental model – Developed by the user when
interacting with the application
• The role of the interface designer is to merge these
differences and derive a consistent representation of the
interface
50. User Profile Model• Establishes the profile of the end-users of the system
– Based on age, gender, physical abilities, education, cultural or ethnic background,
motivation, goals, and personality
• Considers syntactic knowledge of the user
– The mechanics of interaction that are required to use the interface effectively
• Considers semantic knowledge of the user
– The underlying sense of the application; an understanding of the functions that are
performed, the meaning of input and output, and the objectives of the system
• Categorizes users as
– Novices
• No syntactic knowledge of the system, little semantic knowledge of the application, only
general computer usage
– Knowledgeable, intermittent users
• Reasonable semantic knowledge of the system, low recall of syntactic information to use the
interface
– Knowledgeable, frequent users
• Good semantic and syntactic knowledge (i.e., power user), look for shortcuts and abbreviated
modes of operation
51. Design Model
• Derived from the analysis model of the requirements
• Incorporates data, architectural, interface, and procedural
representations of the software
• Constrained by information in the requirements specification that
helps define the user of the system
• Normally is incidental to other parts of the design model
– But in many cases it is as important as the other parts
52. Implementation Model
• Consists of the look and feel of the interface
combined with all supporting information (books,
videos, help files) that describe system syntax and
semantics
• Strives to agree with the user's mental model; users
then feel comfortable with the software and use it
effectively
• Serves as a translation of the design model by
providing a realization of the information contained
in the user profile model and the user’s mental
model
53. User's Mental Model
• Often called the user's system perception
• Consists of the image of the system that users
carry in their heads
• Accuracy of the description depends upon the
user’s profile and overall familiarity with the
software in the application domain
55. Elements of the User Interface
• To perform user interface analysis, the practitioner needs to
study and understand four elements
– The users who will interact with the system through the
interface
– The tasks that end users must perform to do their work
– The content that is presented as part of the interface
– The work environment in which these tasks will be
conducted
56. User Analysis
• The analyst strives to get the end user's mental model and the
design model to converge by understanding
– The users themselves
– How these people use the system
• Information can be obtained from
– User interviews with the end users
– Sales input from the sales people who interact with customers
and users on a regular basis
– Marketing input based on a market analysis to understand how
different population segments might use the software
– Support input from the support staff who are aware of what
works and what doesn't, what users like and dislike, what
features generate questions, and what features are easy to use
• A set of questions should be answered during user analysis
57. Task Analysis and Modeling
• Task analysis strives to know and understand
– The work the user performs in specific circumstances
– The tasks and subtasks that will be performed as the user does the work
– The specific problem domain objects that the user manipulates as work is
performed
– The sequence of work tasks (i.e., the workflow)
– The hierarchy of tasks
• Use cases
– Show how an end user performs some specific work-related task
– Enable the software engineer to extract tasks, objects, and overall workflow
of the interaction
– Helps the software engineer to identify additional helpful features
58. Content Analysis
• The display content may range from character-based reports,
to graphical displays, to multimedia information
• Display content may be
– Generated by components in other parts of the
application
– Acquired from data stored in a database that is accessible
from the application
– Transmitted from systems external to the application in
question
• The format and aesthetics of the content (as it is displayed by
the interface) needs to be considered
• A set of questions should be answered during content
59. Work Environment Analysis
• Software products need to be designed to fit into the work environment,
otherwise they may be difficult or frustrating to use
• Factors to consider include
– Type of lighting
– Display size and height
– Keyboard size, height and ease of use
– Mouse type and ease of use
– Surrounding noise
– Space limitations for computer and/or user
– Weather or other atmospheric conditions
– Temperature or pressure restrictions
– Time restrictions (when, how fast, and for how long)
62. Background
• Component-level design occurs after the
first iteration of the architectural design
• It attempts to create a design model from
the analysis and architectural models
64. Defined
• A software component is a modular building block for computer
software
– It is a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system
that encapsulates implementation and exposes a set of
interfaces
• A component communicates and collaborates with
– Other components
– Entities outside the boundaries of the system
• Three different views of a component
– An object-oriented view
– A conventional view
– A process-related view
66. Component-Level Design
Guidelines• Components
– Establish naming conventions for components that are specified
as part of the architectural model and then refined and
elaborated as part of the component-level model
– Obtain architectural component names from the problem
domain and ensure that they have meaning to all stakeholders
who view the architectural model (e.g., Calculator)
– Use infrastructure component names that reflect their
implementation-specific meaning (e.g., Stack)
• Dependencies and inheritance in UML
– Model any dependencies from left to right and inheritance from
top (base class) to bottom (derived classes)
– Consider modeling any component dependencies as interfaces
rather than representing them as a direct component-to-
component dependency
68. Tabular Design Notation
1) List all actions that can be associated with a specific procedure
(or module)
2) List all conditions (or decisions made) during execution of the
procedure
3) Associate specific sets of conditions with specific actions,
eliminating impossible combinations of conditions;
alternatively, develop every possible permutation of conditions
4) Define rules by indicating what action(s) occurs for a set of
conditions
3. A data dictionary explicitly represents the relationships among data objects and the constraints on the elements of a data structure. Algorithms
that must take advantage of specific relationships can be more easily defined if a dictionary like data specification exists.
4. A process of stepwise refinement may be used for the design of data. That is, overall data organization may be defined during requirements analysis, refined during data design work, and specified in detail during component level design.
5. Information hiding and coupling provide important insight into the quality of software.
6. Data structures can be designed for reusability. A library of data structure templates (abstract data types) can
reduce both specification and design effort for data.