The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
source code metrics and other maintenance tools and techniquesSiva Priya
The document discusses two source code metrics: Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity measure. Halstead's metrics are based on counts of operators, operands, unique operators, and unique operands in source code. McCabe's measure defines the complexity of a program's control flow graph based on the number of edges, nodes, and connected components. The document also mentions that software maintenance involves a range of activities from code modification to tracking complexity metrics over time.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing the software development process, including:
1) Developing a solution strategy and selecting a software life cycle model to provide a framework for the project.
2) Common software life cycle activities like planning, development, testing, and maintenance.
3) Using milestones, documents, and reviews to improve project visibility and management.
4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The Delphi technique was developed to gain expert consensus on estimates without group influence. It can be adapted for software cost estimation by having estimators provide anonymous estimates in rounds. A coordinator summarizes estimates between rounds and asks outliers to justify differences, iterating until consensus. A variation allows group discussion with the coordinator but maintains anonymous estimating to focus on variances. Additional information may be needed if consensus is not reached.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
Software maintenance involves modifying software after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. It aims to enhance understandability and modifiability. Key activities that improve maintainability are establishing standards, high-quality design and documentation, and configuration management to track changes. Successful maintenance requires managerial processes like change control boards to review requests and quality assurance to validate changes.
The document discusses several design techniques for software development including top-down design, bottom-up design, stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Top-down design starts by identifying major modules and decomposing them into lower level modules. Bottom-up design first identifies primitive objects, actions, and relationships. Stepwise refinement involves decomposing design decisions to elementary levels in small increments.
The document discusses the need for software engineering principles in developing large software products. It notes that while small programs can be written without engineering principles, large products require a systematic approach to achieve good quality cost-effectively. It also summarizes factors that impact software quality and productivity, including product complexity, team communication challenges, appropriate notations, and the level of technology used. Project size is a major determinant of management control needs and techniques required.
The document provides information on various topics related to software engineering:
1. It defines software engineering and discusses why it is required to manage large, scalable software projects and improve quality and cost management.
2. It describes common software processes like specification, development, validation and evolution and different process models like waterfall, iterative and prototyping.
3. It discusses the "software crisis" due to increasing size, costs and delays in software projects and differentiates between a program and software.
4. It explains popular process models like waterfall, iterative and prototyping in detail outlining their phases, advantages and disadvantages.
source code metrics and other maintenance tools and techniquesSiva Priya
The document discusses two source code metrics: Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity measure. Halstead's metrics are based on counts of operators, operands, unique operators, and unique operands in source code. McCabe's measure defines the complexity of a program's control flow graph based on the number of edges, nodes, and connected components. The document also mentions that software maintenance involves a range of activities from code modification to tracking complexity metrics over time.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing the software development process, including:
1) Developing a solution strategy and selecting a software life cycle model to provide a framework for the project.
2) Common software life cycle activities like planning, development, testing, and maintenance.
3) Using milestones, documents, and reviews to improve project visibility and management.
4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The Delphi technique was developed to gain expert consensus on estimates without group influence. It can be adapted for software cost estimation by having estimators provide anonymous estimates in rounds. A coordinator summarizes estimates between rounds and asks outliers to justify differences, iterating until consensus. A variation allows group discussion with the coordinator but maintains anonymous estimating to focus on variances. Additional information may be needed if consensus is not reached.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
Software maintenance involves modifying software after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. It aims to enhance understandability and modifiability. Key activities that improve maintainability are establishing standards, high-quality design and documentation, and configuration management to track changes. Successful maintenance requires managerial processes like change control boards to review requests and quality assurance to validate changes.
The document discusses several design techniques for software development including top-down design, bottom-up design, stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Top-down design starts by identifying major modules and decomposing them into lower level modules. Bottom-up design first identifies primitive objects, actions, and relationships. Stepwise refinement involves decomposing design decisions to elementary levels in small increments.
The document discusses the need for software engineering principles in developing large software products. It notes that while small programs can be written without engineering principles, large products require a systematic approach to achieve good quality cost-effectively. It also summarizes factors that impact software quality and productivity, including product complexity, team communication challenges, appropriate notations, and the level of technology used. Project size is a major determinant of management control needs and techniques required.
The document provides information on various topics related to software engineering:
1. It defines software engineering and discusses why it is required to manage large, scalable software projects and improve quality and cost management.
2. It describes common software processes like specification, development, validation and evolution and different process models like waterfall, iterative and prototyping.
3. It discusses the "software crisis" due to increasing size, costs and delays in software projects and differentiates between a program and software.
4. It explains popular process models like waterfall, iterative and prototyping in detail outlining their phases, advantages and disadvantages.
Hard work matters for everyone in everytbinglojob95766
The document discusses various metrics for measuring software products and projects. It describes direct and indirect software measurement and different types of software metrics including product, process, and project metrics. It then outlines several specific metrics for measuring size, functions, objects, use cases, and web applications. These metrics can be used to assess quality, complexity, and effort required for software products and projects.
I am Mohsin Ali Student of Sofware Engineering. Software Engineering Sir give us these slides to read and learn from it. And these Slides are very interesting for Sofware Eng Students.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including:
1) It defines software and discusses its evolutionary role as both a product and vehicle.
2) It describes different categories of software applications such as system software, real-time software, business software, and more.
3) It discusses software engineering goals, related disciplines, and key terms such as project size factors, quality and productivity factors, and managerial issues.
The document discusses various topics related to software development practices including Scrum, pair programming, test-driven development, and studies on project success rates. It questions some commonly held beliefs and presents alternative perspectives. For example, it notes that while co-located work seems more productive, remote work can be effective if certain techniques are used. Studies on practices like pair programming and TDD have had mixed results. It cautions against making definitive conclusions from correlations without considering other factors and possibilities of bias.
The document discusses common problems faced by software projects, including large budget overruns, missed deadlines, and features not being delivered. It notes that 53% of projects are over budget, over time, or deliver fewer features than planned. Reasons for project failures include unclear requirements, changing requirements, underestimating complexity, and lack of testing. The document contrasts the differences between programming small programs versus engineering large, complex software systems. It emphasizes that software engineering requires a disciplined, systematic approach to developing reliable software on time and on budget.
Software Metrics for Identifying Software Size in Software Development ProjectsVishvi Vidanapathirana
This paper defines the best software metrics that can be used to define the size of the software in the current industry of information technology (IT)
The document discusses software process and project metrics which are quantitative measures used as a management tool to provide insight. It covers metrics in the process and project domains, including measures of quality, productivity, effort, and defects. The goal of metrics is to determine if improvements have occurred and identify problem areas to improve the software process.
Pm 430 develop a quality management/tutorialoutletPlunkettz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Quality and Risk Management Plan 1 Quality and Risk Management Plan
1. Abstract/Executive summary
**Please provide ABSTRACT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY** 2 Quality and Risk Management Plan
2. Work Breakdown Structure 3 Quality and Risk Management Plan 4 3. Activity/Network Diagram
a. Critical Path
Here are the key characteristics of engineering:
1. Engineers proceed by making a series of decisions, carefully evaluating options and choosing appropriate approaches at each decision point based on tradeoff analysis of costs and benefits.
2. Engineers measure things quantitatively when appropriate, calibrate and validate measurements, and use approximations based on experience.
3. Engineers design things, whether physical systems, software systems, or business processes. Design involves establishing requirements, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, and choosing a solution.
4. Engineers build or construct things, whether physical prototypes or software systems. They integrate components and ensure everything works together as intended.
5. Engineers test things, whether by simulation, experimentation, or operational trials,
The document provides an overview of an introduction to software engineering course. It discusses the course objectives which are to learn about difficulties in software development, different software processes, designing high-quality software, and advanced software engineering methods. The course contents are then listed, covering topics like requirements engineering, software design, testing, and project management. It also discusses the software crisis and reasons for poor project outcomes like misunderstanding software as just programming and lack of engineering practices.
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The document discusses the history and evolution of software engineering from the early 1950s to the present. It covers the major problems faced like correctness, efficiency, and complexity. Software engineering aims to systematically develop software through paradigms like waterfall and agile methods. The document defines software engineering and describes phases like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance in the software development life cycle.
This document discusses software product and software process. It defines software product as any software created to fulfill a customer request, whether generic or customized. It also provides examples of common software products. The document defines software process as the set of activities used to create a software product, with the goal of improving quality. It outlines the generic activities of a software process framework including communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It also discusses related umbrella activities and how the process model can adapt based on project characteristics. Finally, it notes the relationship between software product and process, with the product being dependent on an efficient process.
The document discusses software size estimation and compares two common metrics: lines of code (LOC) and function points (FP). LOC counts lines and has issues like being dependent on programming style and technology. FP measures functionality from the user perspective independently of technology. It can be used earlier for planning while LOC can only be counted after coding. FP is a more standardized and useful metric for estimating resources, time, cost and comparing projects.
In the age of fast evolution, software development project must accept many challenges of unpredicted requirements change and new technology environment. Software development processes should have adjustable and extendable features to meet the multifaceted needs of the users. Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) is a practical approach to overcome the various challenges of software development. However, continuous testing and building new versions need to spend more time and human resources that is a major obstacle of IID. The other, the iterative operations must have a sound communication skills. Lack of standard version control and intercommunication manner often lead to failure of software project. High quality Continuous Integration (CI) environment can effectively make up the defects of IID. In this paper, CI environment and advantages are deeply surveyed. In order to overcome the defects of IID, CI environment needs combine the perfect procedures and qualified tools, and concretely enhance the quality of CI environment. Based on the process quality measurement model, this paper proposes the Process Quality Improvement Mechanism (PQIM). Applying PQIM, in software development, the processes problems and the CI environment quality defects can identify timely and indeed revise to reduce the risk of CI environment.
A PROCESS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MECHANISM FOR REDUCING THE RISK OF CI ENVIRONMENTijcsit
In the age of fast evolution, software development project must accept many challenges of unpredicted requirements change and new technology environment. Software development processes should have adjustable and extendable features to meet the multifaceted needs of the users. Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) is a practical approach to overcome the various challenges of software development.
However, continuous testing and building new versions need to spend more time and human resources that is a major obstacle of IID. The other, the iterative operations must have a sound communication skills. Lack of standard version control and intercommunication manner often lead to failure of software project. High quality Continuous Integration (CI) environment can effectively make up the defects of IID. In this paper, CI environment and advantages are deeply surveyed. In order to overcome the defects of IID, CI environment needs combine the perfect procedures and qualified tools, and concretely enhance the quality of CI environment. Based on the process quality measurement model, this paper proposes the Process
Quality Improvement Mechanism (PQIM). Applying PQIM, in software development, the processes problems and the CI environment quality defects can identify timely and indeed revise to reduce the risk of CI environment.
In the age of fast evolution, software development project must accept many challenges of unpredicted requirements change and new technology environment. Software development processes should have adjustable and extendable features to meet the multifaceted needs of the users. Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) is a practical approach to overcome the various challenges of software development.However, continuous testing and building new versions need to spend more time and human resources that is a major obstacle of IID. The other, the iterative operations must have a sound communication skills. Lack of standard version control and intercommunication manner often lead to failure of software project. High quality Continuous Integration (CI) environment can effectively make up the defects of IID. In this paper, CI environment and advantages are deeply surveyed. In order to overcome the defects of IID, CI environment needs combine the perfect procedures and qualified tools, and concretely enhance the quality of CI environment. Based on the process quality measurement model, this paper proposes the Process Quality Improvement Mechanism (PQIM). Applying PQIM, in software development, the processes
problems and the CI environment quality defects can identify timely and indeed revise to reduce the risk of CI environment.
Rapid development has been an issue for decades. While smart programmers can significantly impact productivity, organizational factors and team cohesion are also important influences on a project's schedule. Adopting systematic development processes based on common sense, rather than bureaucracy, can improve quality, productivity and morale when developing software projects rapidly. Achieving truly rapid development requires accurate estimates, a focus on quality, and avoiding common myths such as underestimating work or trading off quality for schedule.
The document summarizes the common bus system used in basic computer architecture. It describes how the common bus provides a shared path for transferring information between the memory unit and registers, including the address register, program counter, data register, accumulator, instruction register, temporary register, input register, and output register. It explains the functions of each register and how they interface with the common bus, memory unit, and other components using selection inputs and control signals like load, increment, and clear to read from or write to the bus.
Registers are small amounts of fast memory built into the CPU that are used to store data and instructions temporarily during program execution. The basic computer has 8 registers - the accumulator (AC), data register (DR), temporary register (TR), instruction register (IR), address register (AR), program counter (PC), input register (INPR), and output register (OUTR). Each register stores a specific type of data and has a designated size and purpose during program processing.
The document discusses machine learning and designing a machine learning system. It proposes designing a program to learn to play checkers by training through self-play games. Key aspects of the design include choosing the training experience of indirect feedback through game outcomes, learning a target function V that assigns values to board states to select the best move, and representing V to guide the learning mechanism. The goal is for the program to improve at checkers and perform well in tournaments.
1. The document provides an introduction to software engineering, defining it as the technological and managerial discipline concerned with systematic production and maintenance of software products that are developed and modified on time and within cost estimates.
2. It discusses the need for software engineering due to increasing complex applications in the 1960s that resulted in cost overruns, late deliveries, and lack of reliability. Workshops defined "software engineering" to address technical and managerial processes.
3. Software engineering relies on computer science, management science, economics, communication skills, and engineering approaches. It aims to improve quality and productivity through a systematic approach.
An associative memory, or content-addressable memory (CAM), allows data to be stored and retrieved based on its content rather than its location. It consists of a memory array where each word is compared in parallel to search terms. Words that match set their corresponding bit in a match register. This allows the location of matching words to be identified very quickly. Associative memory is more expensive than random access memory but is useful when search time is critical. It is accessed simultaneously based on data content rather than a specific address.
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This document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods between independent units without a common clock. It describes two main methods: strobe pulse and handshaking. Strobe pulse uses a single control line to time transfers but the transmitting unit has no confirmation the data was received. Handshaking adds a second control signal so units can confirm receipt. It then discusses asynchronous serial transfer which transmits bits sequentially using start, data, and stop bits to identify characters without a shared clock. First-in first-out (FIFO) buffers are also summarized as allowing input and output of data at different rates while preserving order.
This document discusses software maintenance and metrics used to measure software complexity. It notes that maintenance makes up 70% of a software's lifecycle costs. Common maintenance activities include enhancements, adaptations, and corrections. Two important source code metrics discussed are Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure properties of source code like tokens and control flow to evaluate complexity. Maintaining complexity metrics is important during software evolution and maintenance.
Walkthroughs involve a reviewee and 3-5 reviewers meeting to discuss a project document. The goal is to discover problem areas in the early stages when they are easiest to fix. Members may include project leaders, quality assurance, technical writers, and users for analysis and design. The reviewee is responsible for addressing issues identified, with optional help from reviewers. Conducting regular walkthroughs improves communication and allows personnel to learn from each other.
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Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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As a cybersecurity professional, you need to constantly learn, but what new skills are employers asking for — both now and in the coming years? Join this webinar to learn how to position your career to stay ahead of the latest technology trends, from AI to cloud security to the latest security controls. Then, start future-proofing your career for long-term success.
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How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
1. Software
Engineering
Mrs. R. Nancy Beaulah MCA.,M.Phil.,
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications (UG)
V.V.Vanniaperumal College for Women
Virudhunagar.
3. Contents
01 Total Effort Devoted to Software
02 Distribution of Effort
03 Project Size Categories
04 How Programmers Spend their time
4. Some Size Factors
The level of effort devoted to software development and
maintenance
The distribution effort among activities
Size categories for different software projects
Information regarding the above are concluded based on the re
sults summarized from different software projects from different
organizations.
5. Total effort devoted to software
It is estimated that the total amount spent on all aspects of computing in the united states in 1980 is 5% of
Gross Nation Product (GNP)
It is further estimated that it is increased to 8% in 1985 and 12.5% by 1990.
In contrast US automobile industry contributed 2.3% to the GNP in 1980.
When comparing this it may be concluded that it indicates the growing importance of computing technology.
But current demand for software technologists exceeds the available supply
It is estimated that demand will exceed supply by 750,000 to 2,000,000 people by 1990.
So, the major goal of software engineering is to provide tools and techniques to increase the productivity of the
available software engineers.
7. Distribution of Effort
Life span for a software product
1 to 3 years – development
5 to 15 years – use (Maintenance)
The distribution effort between development and maintenance has reported as 40/60, 30/70 and 10/90.
This is not surprising because maintenance comprises all the activities following initial release of a software pr
oduct.
Software maintenance involves three types of activities
Enhancing the capabilities of the product
Adapting the product to new environment
Correcting bugs
Distribution of effort for enhancement, adaptation and correction is 60%, 20% and 20%.
During Development distribution of effort is
Analysis and Design (40%)
Implementation, debugging & unit testing (20%)
Integration and Acceptance Testing (40%)
9. Project Size Categories
Project size is a major factor that determines the level of management control and the
types of tools and techniques required on a software project.
The following categories give some indication of software project size.
Trivial Projects
Small Projects
Medium Size Projects
Large Projects
Very Large Projects
Extremely Large Projects
10. Project Size Categories
Trivial Projects:
No. of Programmers: 1
Duration: few days, few weeks.
Product Size: 500 lines of Source Code.
Packed in: 10-20 Subroutines.
These programs are often personal software.
These are developed exclusively for the use of the Programmer.
Small amount of formal analysis, elaborate design documentation, extensive
test planning or supporting documents are needed.
11. Project Size Categories
Small Projects:
No. of Programmers: 1
Duration: 1-6 months
Product Size: 1000-2000 lines of Source Code.
Packed in: 25-50 Subroutines.
These programs have no interactions with other programs.
It requires little interactions between programmers and customers.
Standardized techniques and notations, Standardized documents and Systematic project reviews
should be used in small projects.
Example:
– Scientific Applications written by engineers to solve numerical problems.
– Student Projects written in Compiler and Operating System courses.
12. Project Size Categories
Medium Size Projects:
No. of Programmers: 2 - 5
Duration: 1 – 2 years
Product Size: 10,000 – 15,000 lines of Source Code.
Packed in: 250 - 1000 routines.
To develop such programs, interaction among programmers and customers is required.
A certain degree of formality is required in planning, documents and project reviews.
Most application programs, system programs are developed in 2 years or less by 5 years.
Examples:
– Medium size projects include assemblers, compilers, small management information system, inventory
system and process control applications.
13. Project Size Categories
Large size Projects:
No. of Programmers: 5 - 20
Duration: 2 – 3 years
Product Size: 50,000 – 1 lakh lines of Source Code.
Packed in: several subsystems
It has significant interactions with other programs and subsystems.
Communication among programmers, managers, customers is needed.
It requires more than 1 programming team.
It involves more than 1 level of management.
Systematic process, standardized documents and formal reviews are essential.
Examples:
– Compilers, small time-sharing systems, database packages, graphic packages and real-time control syst
ems.
14. Project Size Categories
Very Large Projects:
No. of Programmers: 100 - 1000
Duration: 4 – 5 years
Product Size: 1 Million Source Lines.
It consists of several major subsystems, each of which forms a large system.
The subsystem has complex, interactions with one another and with other separate
system which we developed.
It involves Telecommunication and multi-tasking.
Examples:
– It includes large OS, large Database system and Military Commander and
Control System.
15. Project Size Categories
Extremely Large Projects:
No. of Programmers: 2000 - 5000
Duration5 – 10 years
Product Size: 1 Million – 10 Million lines of Source code.
It consists of several very large subsystems.
It involves real-time processing, telecommunications, multi-tasking and distributed pro
cessing.
Examples:
– Air Traffic Control, Military Commander Control System.
16. How programmers spend their time
In 1964, Bell labs conducted a time and motion study of 70 programmers to determine how they spend their
time.
The results of this study is as follows:
Writing Programs 13%
Reading Programs and Manuals 16%
Job Communication 32%
Personal 13%
Miscellaneous 15%
Training 6%
Mail 5%
39% Other
17. How Programmers Spend Their Time
When we look the results, the fact is a programmer spend only 13% of time in writing programs.
It may appear to be unreasonable
For example consider the personal time of 13%
Assume 260 days potential work days per year (5 x 52 = 260)
Assume, paid holidays – 11 days
Paid vacation days – 15 days
Sick leave – 5 days
Jury duty – 3 days, Extra vacation etc.,
It results in total of 34 days of personal time which is approximately 13% of 260 days
Similarly, 1 hour per day for coffee break, personal phone calls, visits to rest rooms plus 13 days of travel time
results in 15% , the miscellaneous time.
The experiment is done only in 1964, but still this is the situation.
Many reasons for underestimating software project cost are failure to take 39% overhead time of the program
mers (13+15+5+6) and 48% time spent in job communication and reading of programs and manuals
(32+16=48)
18. Another view of how programmers spend time is reported by Boehm (BOE80)
The results shows that approximately 40% of project effort involved in activities like reading, reviewing,
meeting and fixing
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