This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
When a software program is modularized, there are measures by which the quality of a design of modules and their interaction among them can be measured. These measures are called coupling and cohesion.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
When a software program is modularized, there are measures by which the quality of a design of modules and their interaction among them can be measured. These measures are called coupling and cohesion.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
The document discusses key aspects of the software design process including that design is iterative and represented at a high level of abstraction, guidelines for quality design include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence, and architectural design defines system context and archetypes that compose the system.
The incremental model is a software development method where the product is designed, implemented, and tested incrementally in builds until completion. Each module passes through requirements, design, implementation, and testing individually. Subsequent releases of modules add functionality to previous releases until the full system is achieved. The incremental model generates working software early and allows customer feedback at each build. It is also flexible, lowers initial costs, and easier to test and manage risks. However, it requires good upfront planning and design and has a higher total cost than waterfall. The incremental model is well-suited for web applications and when major requirements are defined but details may evolve.
This document discusses various software engineering concepts related to software design. It begins by outlining basic design principles and the software design process, which involves three levels: interface design, architectural design, and detailed design. It then covers topics like modularization, coupling and cohesion, function-oriented design using tools like data flow diagrams and structure charts, software measurement and metrics including function point analysis and cyclomatic complexity, and concludes with Halstead's software science for measuring program length and volume.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
Risk management involves identifying potential problems, assessing their likelihood and impacts, and developing strategies to address them. There are two main risk strategies - reactive, which addresses risks after issues arise, and proactive, which plans ahead. Key steps in proactive risk management include identifying risks through checklists, estimating their probability and impacts, developing mitigation plans, monitoring risks and mitigation effectiveness, and adjusting plans as needed. Common risk categories include project risks, technical risks, and business risks.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document discusses common myths held by software managers, developers, and customers. It describes myths such as believing formal standards and procedures are sufficient, thinking new hardware means high quality development, adding people to late projects will help catch up, and outsourcing means relaxing oversight. Realities discussed include standards not being used effectively, tools being more important than hardware, adding people making projects later, and needing management and control of outsourced projects. Developer myths like thinking the job is done once code runs and quality can't be assessed until code runs are addressed. The document emphasizes the importance of requirements, documentation, quality processes, and addressing change impacts.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
Unit 5 testing -software quality assurancegopal10scs185
This document discusses software quality assurance testing. It covers different types of errors, quality assurance testing types like error-based and scenario-based testing, testing strategies like black box and white box testing, the impact of object orientation on testing, and steps to create a test plan including objectives, test cases, analysis, and who should do the testing.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
The document discusses key aspects of the software design process including that design is iterative and represented at a high level of abstraction, guidelines for quality design include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence, and architectural design defines system context and archetypes that compose the system.
The incremental model is a software development method where the product is designed, implemented, and tested incrementally in builds until completion. Each module passes through requirements, design, implementation, and testing individually. Subsequent releases of modules add functionality to previous releases until the full system is achieved. The incremental model generates working software early and allows customer feedback at each build. It is also flexible, lowers initial costs, and easier to test and manage risks. However, it requires good upfront planning and design and has a higher total cost than waterfall. The incremental model is well-suited for web applications and when major requirements are defined but details may evolve.
This document discusses various software engineering concepts related to software design. It begins by outlining basic design principles and the software design process, which involves three levels: interface design, architectural design, and detailed design. It then covers topics like modularization, coupling and cohesion, function-oriented design using tools like data flow diagrams and structure charts, software measurement and metrics including function point analysis and cyclomatic complexity, and concludes with Halstead's software science for measuring program length and volume.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
Risk management involves identifying potential problems, assessing their likelihood and impacts, and developing strategies to address them. There are two main risk strategies - reactive, which addresses risks after issues arise, and proactive, which plans ahead. Key steps in proactive risk management include identifying risks through checklists, estimating their probability and impacts, developing mitigation plans, monitoring risks and mitigation effectiveness, and adjusting plans as needed. Common risk categories include project risks, technical risks, and business risks.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document discusses common myths held by software managers, developers, and customers. It describes myths such as believing formal standards and procedures are sufficient, thinking new hardware means high quality development, adding people to late projects will help catch up, and outsourcing means relaxing oversight. Realities discussed include standards not being used effectively, tools being more important than hardware, adding people making projects later, and needing management and control of outsourced projects. Developer myths like thinking the job is done once code runs and quality can't be assessed until code runs are addressed. The document emphasizes the importance of requirements, documentation, quality processes, and addressing change impacts.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
Unit 5 testing -software quality assurancegopal10scs185
This document discusses software quality assurance testing. It covers different types of errors, quality assurance testing types like error-based and scenario-based testing, testing strategies like black box and white box testing, the impact of object orientation on testing, and steps to create a test plan including objectives, test cases, analysis, and who should do the testing.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
The document discusses various concepts and methodologies related to software design including design specification modules, design languages like use case diagrams and class diagrams, fundamental design concepts like abstraction and modularity, modular design methods and criteria for evaluation, control terminology, effective modular design principles of high cohesion and low coupling, design heuristics, and ten heuristics for user interface design.
This document discusses software design principles and processes. It describes key stages of design like problem understanding, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions. The design process involves phases like architectural design, interface design, and algorithm design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces with loose coupling between modules, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. Top-down design and stepwise refinement are common design methods. Cohesion and coupling are important attributes of modular design.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
- The main activities in software design are data design, architectural design, procedural design, and sometimes interface design. Preliminary design transforms requirements into architecture while detail design refines the architecture.
- Data design develops data structures to represent information from analysis. Architectural design defines program structure and interfaces. Procedural design represents structural components procedurally using notations like flowcharts.
- Other concepts discussed include modularity, abstraction, software architecture, control hierarchy, data structures, and information hiding. Modular design, abstraction and information hiding help manage complexity. Software architecture and control hierarchy define program organization.
This document summarizes several models of the design process that involve analysis and synthesis steps. It begins by presenting a basic two-step model of analysis and synthesis from Koberg and Bagnall. It then expands on this model by adding more steps and levels of detail. Other models discussed oscillate between analysis and synthesis, separate analysis from synthesis, or involve diverging and converging phases. The document explores different conceptualizations of the relationship between analysis and synthesis, such as whether they are discrete sequential steps or overlapping processes. Overall, it examines how the analysis-synthesis dichotomy has been modeled in design processes.
The document discusses various software development methodologies and life cycle models that have been used since the 1950s. It provides detailed descriptions of the waterfall model, spiral model, evolutionary prototyping, and staged delivery approaches. Each methodology takes different approaches to requirements analysis, design, development, testing, and deployment. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing a life cycle model that fits the needs of the specific project.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in software design. It begins by listing topics to be covered, including abstraction, architecture, aspects, cohesion, and more. It then asks questions about what design is, who does it, why it's important, and defines software design as implementing software solutions to problems. The document outlines the design process as transforming requirements into a blueprint. It discusses qualities of good design like being firm, suitable for purpose, and pleasurable to use. It provides guidelines like modularity and using recognizable patterns. Fundamental concepts are defined, like abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, and object-oriented design. The elements of the design model are covered, including data, architecture, interfaces
The document discusses key concepts and principles of software design. It begins by defining design as a blueprint for solving problems specified in requirements. Good design implements all requirements, provides a readable guide, and gives a complete picture of the software. The design process has two levels - top-level design of modules and interfaces and detailed design of module internals. The document then covers fundamental design concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, partitioning, data structures, procedures, information hiding, and functional independence. It provides examples and guidelines for applying these concepts to create a high-quality design.
This document introduces concepts related to software engineering design. It discusses software quality attributes like performance, security, and maintainability. It also covers operational quality attributes concerned with system usage and development quality attributes related to software development. Finally, it defines key design concepts like abstraction, architecture, patterns, and separation of concerns and provides examples of procedural and data abstraction.
Involve your Engineering team in the recruitment procesGuillaume Maron
The document discusses involving engineering teams in the recruitment process. It outlines the typical recruitment process, including interviews and assessments. It recommends engineering teams collaborate on job descriptions, conduct interviews, provide input on cultural fit, and help "sell" the company to candidates. Doing so gives engineers ownership over recruitment, improves hiring quality, and increases referrals from existing staff. While it takes significant time, clear processes and training interviewers can mitigate disruption.
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.Nareshkumar Kannathasan
The document discusses the computer aided design (CAD) concept in the context of concurrent engineering (CE). It defines CE as an integrated approach to designing products and processes throughout the product lifecycle. The key aspects of CE-CAD discussed are:
1) CE considers the entire product lifecycle from conception to disposal.
2) CE uses multifunctional teams and an organizational structure to solve lifecycle problems.
3) CE integrates software prototyping to enable virtual simulation and analysis of design solutions.
4) CE-CAD environments integrate different lifecycle processes through modular applications that communicate design data and models.
This document contains lecture notes from Chapter 4 on concepts in engineering design. It discusses key concepts around products, including definitions of products, the product life cycle which includes stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. It also discusses identifying customer needs through methods like interviews, focus groups and observation. The goal is to understand customer needs in order to design products that meet those needs.
Huffman coding is a coding technique for lossless compression of data base based upon the frequency of occurance of a symbol in that file.
In huffman coding every Data is based upon 0’s and 1’s which reduces the size of file.
Using binary representation, the number of bits required to represent each character depends upon the number of characters that have to be represented. Using one bit we can represent two characters, i.e., 0 represents the first character and 1 represents the second character.
This document discusses component-based software engineering (CBSE). It covers topics like components and component models, CBSE processes, and component composition. The key points are:
- CBSE relies on reusable software components with well-defined interfaces to improve reuse. Components are more abstract than classes.
- Essentials of CBSE include independent, interface-specified components; standards for integration; and middleware for interoperability.
- CBSE is based on principles like independence, hidden implementations, and replaceability through maintained interfaces.
The document discusses key concepts and principles of software design. It explains that design involves two major phases - diversification, where alternative solutions are considered, and convergence, where elements are chosen and combined to meet requirements. Good design principles include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. The goal of design is to produce models and specifications that can be implemented to meet a customer's needs.
a graph search algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem for a graph with non-negative edge path costs, producing a shortest path tree. This algorithm is often used in routing and as a subroutine in other graph algorithms.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
1) Design creates representations of software architecture, data structures, interfaces and components that provide details for implementation beyond what is in requirements.
2) Design allows modeling of a system before implementation to assess quality.
3) Good design should exhibit firmness, commodity, and delight according to a "software design manifesto."
The document discusses various design concepts and elements of the design model in software engineering. It covers 12 key design concepts including abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, and information hiding. It also discusses design classes, refinement, aspects, and refactoring. Additionally, it outlines elements of the design model including data design, architectural design, interface design, component-level design, and deployment-level design. The goal of design is to create a model of software that will correctly implement requirements and provide joy to users.
The document discusses software design engineering. It describes how the analysis model is translated into a design model through data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design. It outlines characteristics of good design such as readability, completeness, and exhibiting recognizable architectural styles/patterns. The document also discusses design concepts like abstraction, architecture/patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It provides examples of procedural and data abstraction, and the refinement process.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, coupling and cohesion, and information hiding. It defines software design as transforming user requirements into an implementable form using programming languages. The software design process exists between requirements and programming and yields architectural, high-level, and detailed designs. It also outlines characteristics of good design like correctness, efficiency, and understandability.
This document discusses fundamentals of software engineering design. It explains that design creates a representation of software that provides implementation details beyond an analysis model. Four design models are described: data design, architectural design, user interface design, and component-level design. Design principles, concepts like abstraction and patterns are explained. Tools like CASE tools can support design, and evaluation ensures a quality design. A design specification document formally specifies the design.
The document discusses key concepts in design engineering for software. It covers principles like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, and information hiding that are important for developing high quality software. It emphasizes that software design is an iterative process of translating requirements into lower levels of abstraction until implementation. The goals of design are to implement all requirements, provide an understandable guide for developers and testers, and give a complete picture of the software from an implementation perspective. Guidelines are provided for characteristics of good design like modularity, distinct representations, and deriving the design from requirements analysis.
The document discusses key principles of software design including data design, architectural design, user interface design, abstraction, refinement, modularity, software architecture, control hierarchy, structural partitioning, software procedure, and information hiding. These principles provide a foundation for correctly designing software and translating analysis models into implementable designs.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It explains that software design is an iterative process that transforms requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software through design models, data structures, system architecture, interfaces, and components. Good software design exhibits qualities like being bug-free, suitable for its intended purpose, and a pleasurable user experience.
Lecture # 8 software design and architecture (SDA).pptesrabilgic2
This document provides an overview of software design and architecture. It discusses major areas of concern like data, architecture, interface, and component design. Good design is the foundation for quality software and should implement requirements, be readable, and provide a complete implementation picture. General guidelines include using design patterns and logically partitioning components. Key principles are avoiding tunnel vision and reviewing design. The design process transforms analysis models into data structures, program structure, interfaces, and procedural details through techniques like abstraction, modularity, hierarchy, and information hiding.
The document discusses various aspects of software design including the design process, concepts, models, heuristics, and styles. It describes software design as translating requirements into a finished product through iterative refinement. Key aspects covered include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, component design, abstraction, modularity, patterns, and information hiding. Architectural styles provide patterns for creating system architecture for given problems.
Presentation covers all aspects about Software Designing that are followed by Software Engineering Industries. Readers can do detailed study about the Software Design Concepts like (Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Refinement, Functional Dependence, Cohesion, Coupling & Refactoring) plus Design Process.
Later then Design Principles are there to understand with Architectural Design, Architectural Styles, Data Centered Architecture, Data Flow Architecture, Call & Return Architecture, Object Oriented Architecture, Layered Architecture with other architectures are named at end of it.
Later then, Component Level Design is discussed. Then after UI Design & Rules of it, UI Design Models, Web Application Design, WebApp Interface Design are discussed at the end.
Comment back if you have any query about it.
Software design is a process through which requirements are translated into a ― blueprint for constructing the software.
Initially, the blueprint shows how the software will look and what kind of data or components will be required to in making it.
The software is divided into separately named components, often called ‘MODULES’, that are used to detect problems at ease.
This follows the "DIVIDE AND CONQUER" conclusion. It's easier to solve a complex problem when you break it into manageable pieces.
This document provides an overview of software design concepts and best practices. It discusses that software design transforms user requirements into a suitable form for programming and implementation. The key aspects covered include architectural design using structural, framework and dynamic models. It also discusses modularization which divides a software system into independent modules. Other design tools discussed are design structure charts, pseudocode, flowcharts, and the importance of low coupling between modules and high cohesion within modules.
Software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. It involves understanding the problem from different perspectives, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions using notations. The design must satisfy users and developers by being correct, complete, understandable, and maintainable. During the design process, specifications are transformed into design models describing data structures, architecture, interfaces, and components, which are reviewed before development.
1. The document discusses key concepts in software design including transforming customer requirements into an implementable form, designing modules, control relationships, interfaces, data structures, and algorithms.
2. It also covers preliminary and detailed design phases, where preliminary design identifies modules and relationships, and detailed design specifies data structures and algorithms.
3. Design principles like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, control hierarchy, and information hiding are explained as important concepts for creating a complete design model.
Software design is the process of envisioning and defining software solutions to one or more sets of problems. One of the main components of software design is the software requirements analysis (SRA).
This document discusses key concepts related to data design and software architecture. It defines data as describing real-world information that applications find useful. Software architecture is the structure of a system's components and their relationships. Data design focuses on defining data structures, while architectural design considers overall system layout and component design defines internal details. The document outlines best practices for data modeling, storage, security and more.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, and refactoring. It also covers design patterns, architectural patterns, data abstraction, procedural abstraction, architecture, and principles of good modular design.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of software design, including:
1) The software design process translates requirements into a design model through iterative refinement and aims to produce a quality design.
2) Important design concepts include abstraction, modularity, information hiding, and structural and functional partitioning.
3) Key principles for good design include traceability, minimizing intellectual distance, and accommodating change through structured modularity.
Software design is a critical phase in the development of any software application, playing a pivotal role in its success and long-term sustainability.
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1. G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Design Concept
Software Engineering
(2160701)
Prepared By::
Metaliya Darshit (130110107020)
Gujarat technological University
Faculty Guide:
Prof. Namrata Dave
2. DESIGN CONCEPT
“The beginning of wisdom for a software engineer is to recognize the
difference between getting a program to work, and getting it right“.
Fundamental software Design Concepts provide the necessary
framework for
"getting it right."
3. DESIGN CONCEPT
I. Abstraction
II. Refinement
III. Architecture
IV. Modularity
V. Information hiding
VI. Refactoring
VII.Structural Partitioning
4. ABSTRACTION
Abstraction allows designers to focus on solving a problem without being
concerned about irrelevant lower level details.
When we consider a modular solution to any problem, many levels of
abstraction can
be posed. At the highest level of abstraction, a solution is stated in broad
terms using
the language of the problem environment. At lower levels of abstraction, a
more procedural
orientation is taken.
There are two types of abstraction available,
Procedural abstraction – a sequence of instructions that have a specific
5. REFINEMENT
Refinement is actually a process of elaboration. We begin with a statement
of function (or description of information) that is defined at a high level of
abstraction and reach at the lower level of abstraction.
In each step (of the refinement), one or several instructions of the given
program are decomposed into more detailed instructions.
This successive decomposition or refinement of specifications terminates
when all instructions are expressed in terms of any underlying computer
or programming language.
Abstraction and refinement are complementary concepts. Abstraction
enables a designer to specify procedure and data and yet suppress low-
level details. Refinement helps the designer to reveal low-level details as
design progresses.
6. ARCHITECTURE
The overall structure of the software and the ways in which the structure
provides conceptual integrity for a system.
Consists of components, connectors, and the relationship between them.
Some of the Architecture models are described below,
Structural models – architecture as organized collection of components
Framework models – attempt to identify repeatable architectural patterns
Dynamic models – indicate how program structure changes as a function of
external events
Process models – focus on the design of the business or technical process
that system must accommodate
Functional models – used to represent system functional hierarchy
7. MODULARITY
Software is divided into separately named and addressable
components, often called modules, that are integrated to satisfy
problem requirements.(divide and conquer principle).
This leads to a "divide and conquer" conclusion—it's easier to solve a
complex problem when you break it into manageable pieces.
It has been stated that "modularity is the single attribute of software
that allows a program to be intellectually manageable“.
8. MODULARITY
The effort (cost) to develop an
individual software module does
decrease as the total number of
modules increases. Given the same
set of requirements, more modules
means smaller individual size.
However, as the number of
modules grows, the effort (cost)
associated with integrating the
modules also grows.
9. MODULARITY
These characteristics lead to a
total cost or effort curve shown in
the figure. There is a number, M,
of modules that would result in
minimum development cost, but
we do not have the necessary
sophistication to predict M with
assurance.
10. INFORMATION HIDING
Modules should be specified and designed so that information
(procedure and data) contained within a module is inaccessible to other
modules that have no need for such information.
Hiding implies that effective modularity can be achieved by defining a
set of independent modules that communicate with one another only
that information necessary to achieve software function.
This enforces access constraints to both procedural (i.e.,
implementation) detail and local data structures.
11. REFACTORING
Refactoring is a reorganization technique that simplifies the
design (or internal code structure) of a component without
changing its function or external behaviour.
It removes redundancy, unused design elements, inefficient or
unnecessary algorithms, poorly constructed or inappropriate data
structures, or any other design failures.
12. STRUCTURAL PARTITIONING
If the architectural style of a
system is hierarchical, the
program structure can be
partitioned both horizontally and
vertically.
Horizontal Partitioning:
It defines separate branches of the
modular hierarchy for each major
program function.
13. STRUCTURAL PARTITIONING
Vertical partitioning :
Vertical partitioning often called
factoring, suggests that control
(decision making) and work
should be distributed top-down in
the program structure.
Top level modules should
perform control functions and do
little actual processing work.