The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a design model from analysis and architectural models. Component-level design can be represented using graphical, tabular, or text-based notations. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining a software component as a modular building block with interfaces and collaboration
- Designing class-based components following principles like open-closed and dependency inversion
- Guidelines for high cohesion and low coupling in components
- Designing conventional components using notations like sequence, if-then-else, and tabular representations
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document discusses user interface design and provides three golden rules:
1) Place the user in control by allowing flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2) Reduce the user's memory load by providing defaults, intuitive shortcuts, progressive disclosure of information, and visual cues of past actions.
3) Make the interface consistent by using standardized visual organization, a limited set of input mechanisms, and indicators to help users understand context across tasks and applications.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
This document discusses design patterns, beginning with how they were introduced in architecture in the 1950s and became popularized by the "Gang of Four" researchers. It defines what patterns are and provides examples of different types of patterns (creational, structural, behavioral) along with common patterns in each category. The benefits of patterns are that they enable reuse, improve communication, and ease the transition to object-oriented development. Potential drawbacks are that patterns do not directly lead to code reuse and can be overused. Effective use requires applying patterns strategically rather than recasting all code as patterns.
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document discusses user interface design and provides three golden rules:
1) Place the user in control by allowing flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2) Reduce the user's memory load by providing defaults, intuitive shortcuts, progressive disclosure of information, and visual cues of past actions.
3) Make the interface consistent by using standardized visual organization, a limited set of input mechanisms, and indicators to help users understand context across tasks and applications.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
This document discusses design patterns, beginning with how they were introduced in architecture in the 1950s and became popularized by the "Gang of Four" researchers. It defines what patterns are and provides examples of different types of patterns (creational, structural, behavioral) along with common patterns in each category. The benefits of patterns are that they enable reuse, improve communication, and ease the transition to object-oriented development. Potential drawbacks are that patterns do not directly lead to code reuse and can be overused. Effective use requires applying patterns strategically rather than recasting all code as patterns.
When a software program is modularized, there are measures by which the quality of a design of modules and their interaction among them can be measured. These measures are called coupling and cohesion.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. It involves understanding the problem from different perspectives, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions using notations. The design must satisfy users and developers by being correct, complete, understandable, and maintainable. During the design process, specifications are transformed into design models describing data structures, architecture, interfaces, and components, which are reviewed before development.
Flow-oriented modeling represents how data objects are transformed as they move through a system. A data flow diagram (DFD) is the diagrammatic form used to depict this approach. DFDs show the flow of data through processes and external entities of a system using symbols like circles and arrows. They provide a unique view of how a system works by modeling the input, output, storage and processing of data from level to level.
This document summarizes key concepts from the first chapter of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook. It introduces software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses the objectives of software engineering, topics covered like frequently asked questions and professional responsibility. It also summarizes concepts like the software development process, methods, costs and challenges in the field.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses architectural design, including software architecture, architecture genres, styles, and design. It covers topics such as what architecture is, why it's important, architectural descriptions, decisions, genres like artificial intelligence and operating systems, styles like layered and object-oriented, patterns, organization/refinement, representing systems in context, defining archetypes, refining into components, describing instantiations, and assessing alternative designs.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
System Models in Software Engineering SE7koolkampus
The document discusses various types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and how CASE workbenches support system modeling. It describes behavioral models like data flow diagrams and state machine models, data models like entity-relationship diagrams, and object models using the Unified Modeling Language. CASE tools can support modeling through features like diagram editors, repositories, and code generation.
The document discusses key aspects of the software design process including that design is iterative and represented at a high level of abstraction, guidelines for quality design include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence, and architectural design defines system context and archetypes that compose the system.
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
The document discusses different methods for component level design:
1. There are three main types of component level design methods: graphical design notation using flowcharts, tabular design notation using decision tables, and program design language using pseudo-code.
2. Flowcharts use sequence, if-then-else, and repetition constructs. Decision tables map conditions to corresponding actions.
3. Pseudo-code describes programming tasks in plain English without strict syntax. It depends on the designer's style.
The document contains class diagrams and sequence diagrams for a library management system. It defines classes like User, Item, Report, Fine with attributes and relationships. It also shows sequence diagrams for operations like searching for an item, renewing a book, calculating fines, and generating reports. The classes will retrieve and store data from a database using Data Access Object (DAO) and database connection classes.
When a software program is modularized, there are measures by which the quality of a design of modules and their interaction among them can be measured. These measures are called coupling and cohesion.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. It involves understanding the problem from different perspectives, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions using notations. The design must satisfy users and developers by being correct, complete, understandable, and maintainable. During the design process, specifications are transformed into design models describing data structures, architecture, interfaces, and components, which are reviewed before development.
Flow-oriented modeling represents how data objects are transformed as they move through a system. A data flow diagram (DFD) is the diagrammatic form used to depict this approach. DFDs show the flow of data through processes and external entities of a system using symbols like circles and arrows. They provide a unique view of how a system works by modeling the input, output, storage and processing of data from level to level.
This document summarizes key concepts from the first chapter of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook. It introduces software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses the objectives of software engineering, topics covered like frequently asked questions and professional responsibility. It also summarizes concepts like the software development process, methods, costs and challenges in the field.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses architectural design, including software architecture, architecture genres, styles, and design. It covers topics such as what architecture is, why it's important, architectural descriptions, decisions, genres like artificial intelligence and operating systems, styles like layered and object-oriented, patterns, organization/refinement, representing systems in context, defining archetypes, refining into components, describing instantiations, and assessing alternative designs.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
System Models in Software Engineering SE7koolkampus
The document discusses various types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and how CASE workbenches support system modeling. It describes behavioral models like data flow diagrams and state machine models, data models like entity-relationship diagrams, and object models using the Unified Modeling Language. CASE tools can support modeling through features like diagram editors, repositories, and code generation.
The document discusses key aspects of the software design process including that design is iterative and represented at a high level of abstraction, guidelines for quality design include modularity, information hiding, and functional independence, and architectural design defines system context and archetypes that compose the system.
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
The document discusses different methods for component level design:
1. There are three main types of component level design methods: graphical design notation using flowcharts, tabular design notation using decision tables, and program design language using pseudo-code.
2. Flowcharts use sequence, if-then-else, and repetition constructs. Decision tables map conditions to corresponding actions.
3. Pseudo-code describes programming tasks in plain English without strict syntax. It depends on the designer's style.
The document contains class diagrams and sequence diagrams for a library management system. It defines classes like User, Item, Report, Fine with attributes and relationships. It also shows sequence diagrams for operations like searching for an item, renewing a book, calculating fines, and generating reports. The classes will retrieve and store data from a database using Data Access Object (DAO) and database connection classes.
The document discusses component-level design in software engineering. It defines component-level design as defining the internal data structures, algorithms, interfaces, and communication mechanisms for each software component. It discusses views of components, design principles like open-closed and dependency inversion, and steps for component-level design including class elaboration, modeling persistent data sources, and refining deployment diagrams.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
This document discusses the syllabus for the unit 5 of software engineering. It covers topics like object oriented design, user interface design, analysis and related concepts. The key topics include object classes, object oriented design process, interface analysis, design models, golden rules of user interface design and evaluation cycles. It provides details on various lectures and slide numbers covering these topics.
This document discusses various architectural styles including data-centered, data-flow, call and return, layered, and client-server architectures. It explains how to map a data flow diagram (DFD) showing transform or transaction flows to a call and return architecture. Examples are provided of mapping transform and transaction flows from DFDs to the corresponding call and return architecture. Homework tasks are assigned to map DFDs for course registration and temperature monitoring systems to a call and return architecture.
This document provides an overview and outline of the key topics that will be covered in Chapter 9, which includes principles for user interface design, the user interface design process, and components of navigation, input, and output design. The chapter will discuss fundamental design principles like layout, content awareness, aesthetics, consistency and minimizing user effort. It will also cover the five-step user interface design process of use scenario development, structure design, standards design, prototyping and evaluation.
This document discusses user interface design. It covers interface design models, principles, characteristics, user guidance, usability testing and examples. Some key points covered include the iterative UI design process of user analysis, prototyping and evaluation. Design principles like consistency and providing feedback are discussed. Interface styles like menus, commands and direct manipulation are presented along with guidelines for elements like color use and error messages. The goals of usability testing like obtaining feedback to improve the interface are outlined.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
Bellefort Estates is a 110-hectare premier residential development in Bacoor, Cavite that features open green spaces and parks throughout the community. It offers amenities like a country club, swimming pool, basketball courts, and landscaped parks. Each home comes with access to a linear park located next to the property for recreation and relaxation. Bellefort Estates provides both comfort and security while doubling the space for residents.
This document provides definitions and information about software architecture and specifications. It defines architectural models as the top-level structure and organizing principles of a system. Specifications are described at different levels: A-level from the customer perspective, B-level from the developer perspective describing logical components. Requirements are decomposed into processes and data flows during analysis and composed into modules and classes during design. Specifications should be unambiguous and testable.
Opinion pattern mining based on probabilistic principle component analysis re...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an article that proposes a new method called Opinion Pattern Mining Segmentation (OPMS) based on Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (PPCA). The method segments user profiles and behavior patterns from product reviews more efficiently compared to traditional methods like random forests. It reduces dimensionality using a covariance matrix in the PPCA process, improving segmentation efficiency by up to 9% and decreasing false positive rates. The method was tested on product review data and showed improvements in segmentation efficiency, user product preference accuracy, and reduced opinion pattern mining time compared to other methods.
- Four potential Yoplait Light TV ads were tested among 5478 respondents to determine if a $25 million ad campaign would be worthwhile.
- Key findings showed that respondents with positive evaluations of the ads were more likely to purchase the products, the storyline conclusion drove the evaluation of the ads, and positive ad appeals positively correlated with brand recall while negative appeals negatively correlated.
- It was concluded that the ad campaign would be worth $25 million, but further research should measure actual purchase behavior and improve brand recall.
This document provides an introduction to multivariate statistics. It begins with background on the Indian Statistical Institute where the author is located. It then discusses some common myths about multivariate statistics, defining it as the analysis of relationships between sets of variables. The document lists several multivariate statistical tools and provides examples of research questions they could address related to women and child development. It also summarizes some published studies utilizing multivariate techniques like principal component analysis, correspondence analysis, cluster analysis, and MANOVA.
User interface design(sommerville) bangalore universityJaisha Shankar
The document discusses user interface design. It covers principles of UI design like user familiarity, consistency, and recoverability. It also discusses interaction styles, information presentation, prototyping, and evaluation. The goals of UI design are to understand design principles, know when to use graphical vs textual presentation, understand the UI design process, and learn about usability attributes and evaluation approaches.
The document discusses user interface design. It outlines some typical design errors like lack of consistency and provides golden rules for interface design such as placing the user in control, reducing the user's memory load, and making the interface consistent. It also discusses user interface design models, analysis, and the design process which involves understanding users, tasks, content, and the environment to develop the interface.
This document provides an introduction to key Java concepts including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. It defines objects as representations of real-world things that can have attributes and behaviors. Classes are templates for creating objects, and encapsulation hides implementation details within classes. Inheritance allows code reuse through subclasses. Polymorphism enables different object types to have common interfaces.
ICSME14 - On the Impact of Refactoring Operations on Code Quality MetricsOscar Chaparro
Slides of the ICSME 2014 submission:
Chaparro, O.; Bavota, G.; Marcus, A.; Di Penta, M., "On the Impact of Refactoring Operations on Code Quality Metrics," Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME), 2014 IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.456,460, Sept. 29 2014-Oct. 3 2014
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a detailed design model from previous models. Key points:
- A software component is a modular building block with well-defined interfaces and collaboration. Components can be viewed as classes, modules, or reusable processes.
- Effective design follows principles like open-closed and dependency inversion. Components have well-defined dependencies and inheritance relationships.
- Class-based components are designed for high cohesion and low coupling. Conventional components are derived from analysis models and decompose problems into logical modules.
This ppt covers the following topics
Introduction
The software component
Designing class-based components
Designing conventional components
Thus it covers Component level design
Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
The document provides an overview of software architectural design, including:
1) Definitions of software architecture, architectural design, and architectural design models. The architectural design process involves creating a data design, deriving architectural representations, analyzing styles, and elaborating the selected style.
2) An emphasis on software components as the basic elements of an architecture. Common component types include modules, classes, databases, and middleware.
3) The importance of architectural design for communication, early impactful decisions, and managing complexity through abstraction. Example diagrams are provided.
4) Descriptions of common architectural styles like data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, layered, and data-centered styles. Adv
The document provides an overview of architectural design in software engineering. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between them, and properties. The key steps in architectural design are creating data design, representing structure, analyzing styles, and elaborating chosen style. It emphasizes software components and their focus. Examples of architectural styles discussed include data flow, call-and-return, data-centered, and virtual machine.
The design model transforms requirements from the analysis model into a blueprint for constructing the software. It includes four main elements: the data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design. These elements are developed iteratively through increasing levels of abstraction, starting with high-level elements that are traced to requirements and refining into lower-level representations. The design model aims to implement requirements while considering quality guidelines around modularity, patterns, and other design concepts.
1. The document discusses software design principles for the waterfall software process.
2. It outlines 11 design principles including dividing problems into smaller components, increasing cohesion, reducing coupling, keeping abstraction high, and designing for flexibility, reusability, portability, and defensiveness.
3. It also discusses design techniques like using priorities and objectives to evaluate alternatives and make design decisions.
The document discusses software architectural design, including defining architectural design, the architectural design process, common architectural styles, and assessing alternative designs. It focuses on data design, styles like data flow and call-and-return, and evaluating designs using quality attributes and sensitivity analysis. The goal is to select an architectural style best suited to requirements and provide a structured high-level view of the system components and relationships.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a two-day training on software architecture. Day 1 will cover defining software architecture, decomposition strategies like layers and tiers, and service-level requirements. Day 2 will discuss technologies used in different tiers, integration, security, and other topics. Ground rules are provided for the training. The document then defines software architecture and the differences between architecture, design, and coding. Common decomposition strategies and architectural drivers are also outlined.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
The document discusses architectural documentation. It covers views, which divide an architecture into manageable representations. Relevant views depend on usage and include module, component-and-connector, and allocation views. Each view has a template for documentation, including a primary presentation, element catalog, context diagram, variability guide, and rationale. Cross-view documentation explains the organization, what the architecture contains through a system overview and element list, and the rationale for design decisions. Architectural documentation aims to educate users, enable communication, and provide a basis for construction and analysis.
The document discusses software design and implementation. It describes the design phase as involving high-level architectural design to develop the overall structure of a software program, and low-level detailed design to develop specific algorithms and data structures. The implementation phase includes activities like constructing software components, testing, developing prototypes, training, and installing the system. Good design principles include modularity, low coupling between modules, and high cohesion within modules.
An introduction to systems design process. We have a look at an in-depth overview of topics in architectural design patterns such as SOLID principles, hexagonal architecture etc. Then we proceed to software design patterns and explore topics such as creational patterns, structural patterns etc. We also have a look at hardware design patterns with examples such as Modularity, pipelining, redundancy etc. And finally, we go through project management methodologies, explaining methodologies such as waterfall, agile, lean etc. Further information was provided on sources to learn more about the presentation.
Presentation covers all aspects about Software Designing that are followed by Software Engineering Industries. Readers can do detailed study about the Software Design Concepts like (Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Refinement, Functional Dependence, Cohesion, Coupling & Refactoring) plus Design Process.
Later then Design Principles are there to understand with Architectural Design, Architectural Styles, Data Centered Architecture, Data Flow Architecture, Call & Return Architecture, Object Oriented Architecture, Layered Architecture with other architectures are named at end of it.
Later then, Component Level Design is discussed. Then after UI Design & Rules of it, UI Design Models, Web Application Design, WebApp Interface Design are discussed at the end.
Comment back if you have any query about it.
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3. Background
• Component-level design occurs after the first iteration of the
architectural design
• It strives to create a design model from the analysis and architectural
models
– The translation can open the door to subtle errors that are difficult to find
and correct later
– “Effective programmers should not waste their time debugging – they
should not introduce bugs to start with.” Edsgar Dijkstra
• A component-level design can be represented using some intermediate
representation (e.g. graphical, tabular, or text-based) that can be
translated into source code
• The design of data structures, interfaces, and algorithms should
conform to well-established guidelines to help us avoid the
introduction of errors
3
5. Defined
• A software component is a modular building block for computer
software
– It is a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that
encapsulates implementation and exposes a set of interfaces
• A component communicates and collaborates with
– Other components
– Entities outside the boundaries of the system
• Three different views of a component
– An object-oriented view
– A conventional view
– A process-related view
5
6. Object-oriented View
•
•
A component is viewed as a set of one or more collaborating classes
Each problem domain (i.e., analysis) class and infrastructure (i.e.,
design) class is elaborated to identify all attributes and operations
that apply to its implementation
–
•
•
This also involves defining the interfaces that enable classes to
communicate and collaborate
This elaboration activity is applied to every component defined as
part of the architectural design
Once this is completed, the following steps are performed
1)
2)
3)
4)
Provide further elaboration of each attribute, operation, and interface
Specify the data structure appropriate for each attribute
Design the algorithmic detail required to implement the processing
logic associated with each operation
Design the mechanisms required to implement the interface to include
the messaging that occurs between objects
6
7. Conventional View
•
A component is viewed as a functional element (i.e., a module) of a
program that incorporates
– The processing logic
– The internal data structures that are required to implement the processing
logic
– An interface that enables the component to be invoked and data to be
passed to it
•
A component serves one of the following roles
– A control component that coordinates the invocation of all other problem
domain components
– A problem domain component that implements a complete or partial
function that is required by the customer
– An infrastructure component that is responsible for functions that support
the processing required in the problem domain
(More on next slide)
7
8. Conventional View (continued)
•
Conventional software components are derived from the data flow
diagrams (DFDs) in the analysis model
–
Each transform bubble (i.e., module) represented at the lowest levels of
the DFD is mapped into a module hierarchy
Control components reside near the top
Problem domain components and infrastructure components migrate
toward the bottom
Functional independence is strived for between the transforms
–
–
–
•
Once this is completed, the following steps are performed for each
transform
1)
2)
3)
Define the interface for the transform (the order, number and types of
the parameters)
Define the data structures used internally by the transform
Design the algorithm used by the transform (using a stepwise
refinement approach)
8
9. Process-related View
• Emphasis is placed on building systems from existing components
maintained in a library rather than creating each component from
scratch
• As the software architecture is formulated, components are selected
from the library and used to populate the architecture
• Because the components in the library have been created with reuse in
mind, each contains the following:
– A complete description of their interface
– The functions they perform
– The communication and collaboration they require
9
11. Component-level Design Principles
•
Open-closed principle
– A module or component should be open for extension but closed for modification
– The designer should specify the component in a way that allows it to be extended without the
need to make internal code or design modifications to the existing parts of the component
•
Liskov substitution principle
– Subclasses should be substitutable for their base classes
– A component that uses a base class should continue to function properly if a subclass of the
base class is passed to the component instead
•
Dependency inversion principle
– Depend on abstractions (i.e., interfaces); do not depend on concretions
– The more a component depends on other concrete components (rather than on the interfaces)
the more difficult it will be to extend
•
Interface segregation principle
– Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general purpose interface
– For a server class, specialized interfaces should be created to serve major categories of clients
– Only those operations that are relevant to a particular category of clients should be specified
in the interface
11
12. Component Packaging Principles
•
Release reuse equivalency principle
– The granularity of reuse is the granularity of release
– Group the reusable classes into packages that can be managed, upgraded,
and controlled as newer versions are created
•
Common closure principle
– Classes that change together belong together
– Classes should be packaged cohesively; they should address the same
functional or behavioral area on the assumption that if one class
experiences a change then they all will experience a change
•
Common reuse principle
– Classes that aren't reused together should not be grouped together
– Classes that are grouped together may go through unnecessary integration
and testing when they have experienced no changes but when other
classes in the package have been upgraded
12
13. Component-Level Design
Guidelines
• Components
– Establish naming conventions for components that are specified as part of
the architectural model and then refined and elaborated as part of the
component-level model
– Obtain architectural component names from the problem domain and
ensure that they have meaning to all stakeholders who view the
architectural model (e.g., Calculator)
– Use infrastructure component names that reflect their implementationspecific meaning (e.g., Stack)
• Dependencies and inheritance in UML
– Model any dependencies from left to right and inheritance from top (base
class) to bottom (derived classes)
– Consider modeling any component dependencies as interfaces rather than
representing them as a direct component-to-component dependency
13
14. Cohesion
•
•
Cohesion is the “single-mindedness’ of a component
It implies that a component or class encapsulates only attributes and
operations that are closely related to one another and to the class or
component itself
• The objective is to keep cohesion as high as possible
• The kinds of cohesion can be ranked in order from highest (best) to
lowest (worst)
– Functional
• A module performs one and only one computation and then returns a result
– Layer
• A higher layer component accesses the services of a lower layer component
– Communicational
• All operations that access the same data are defined within one class
(More on next slide)
14
15. Cohesion (continued)
• Kinds of cohesion (continued)
– Sequential
• Components or operations are grouped in a manner that allows the first to
provide input to the next and so on in order to implement a sequence of
operations
– Procedural
• Components or operations are grouped in a manner that allows one to be
invoked immediately after the preceding one was invoked, even when no data
passed between them
– Temporal
• Operations are grouped to perform a specific behavior or establish a certain
state such as program start-up or when an error is detected
– Utility
• Components, classes, or operations are grouped within the same category
because of similar general functions but are otherwise unrelated to each other
15
16. Coupling
• As the amount of communication and collaboration increases between
operations and classes, the complexity of the computer-based system
also increases
• As complexity rises, the difficulty of implementing, testing, and
maintaining software also increases
• Coupling is a qualitative measure of the degree to which operations
and classes are connected to one another
• The objective is to keep coupling as low as possible
(More on next slide)
16
17. Coupling (continued)
•
The kinds of coupling can be ranked in order from lowest (best) to
highest (worst)
– Data coupling
• Operation A() passes one or more atomic data operands to operation B(); the
less the number of operands, the lower the level of coupling
– Stamp coupling
• A whole data structure or class instantiation is passed as a parameter to an
operation
– Control coupling
• Operation A() invokes operation B() and passes a control flag to B that directs
logical flow within B()
• Consequently, a change in B() can require a change to be made to the meaning
of the control flag passed by A(), otherwise an error may result
– Common coupling
• A number of components all make use of a global variable, which can lead to
uncontrolled error propagation and unforeseen side effects
– Content coupling
• One component secretly modifies data that is stored internally in another
component
(More on next slide)
17
18. Coupling (continued)
• Other kinds of coupling (unranked)
– Subroutine call coupling
• When one operation is invoked it invokes another operation within side of it
– Type use coupling
• Component A uses a data type defined in component B, such as for an instance
variable or a local variable declaration
• If/when the type definition changes, every component that declares a variable
of that data type must also change
– Inclusion or import coupling
• Component A imports or includes the contents of component B
– External coupling
• A component communicates or collaborates with infrastructure components
that are entities external to the software (e.g., operating system functions,
database functions, networking functions)
18
19. Conducting Component-Level Design
1)
Identify all design classes that correspond to the problem domain as defined
in the analysis model and architectural model
Identify all design classes that correspond to the infrastructure domain
2)
•
•
1)
These classes are usually not present in the analysis or architectural models
These classes include GUI components, operating system components, data
management components, networking components, etc.
Elaborate all design classes that are not acquired as reusable components
a)
b)
c)
d)
Specify message details (i.e., structure) when classes or components collaborate
Identify appropriate interfaces (e.g., abstract classes) for each component
Elaborate attributes and define data types and data structures required to
implement them (usually in the planned implementation language)
Describe processing flow within each operation in detail by means of pseudocode
or UML activity diagrams
(More on next slide)
19
20. Conducting Component-Level
Design (continued)
4)
Describe persistent data sources (databases and files) and identify the
classes required to manage them
Develop and elaborate behavioral representations for a class or component
5)
•
4)
This can be done by elaborating the UML state diagrams created for the analysis
model and by examining all use cases that are relevant to the design class
Elaborate deployment diagrams to provide additional implementation detail
•
4)
Illustrate the location of key packages or classes of components in a system by
using class instances and designating specific hardware and operating system
environments
Factor every component-level design representation and always consider
alternatives
•
•
Experienced designers consider all (or most) of the alternative design solutions
before settling on the final design model
The final decision can be made by using established design principles and
guidelines
20
22. Introduction
•
Conventional design constructs emphasize the maintainability of a
functional/procedural program
– Sequence, condition, and repetition
•
•
Each construct has a predictable logical structure where control enters
at the top and exits at the bottom, enabling a maintainer to easily
follow the procedural flow
Various notations depict the use of these constructs
– Graphical design notation
• Sequence, if-then-else, selection, repetition (see next slide)
– Tabular design notation (see upcoming slide)
– Program design language
• Similar to a programming language; however, it uses narrative text embedded
directly within the program statements
22
24. Graphical Example used for Algorithm Analysis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
while (x <= (y * y))
{
if ((x % 11 == 0) &&
(x % y == 0))
{
printf(“%d”, x);
x++;
} // End if
else if ((x % 7 == 0) ||
(x % y == 1))
{
printf(“%d”, y);
x = x + 2;
} // End else
printf(“n”);
} // End while
0
1
2
printf("End of listn");
return 0;
} // End functionZ
3
int functionZ(int y)
{
int x = 0;
4
6
12
7
13
9
10
15
16
18
20
21
24
25. Tabular Design Notation
1)
2)
3)
4)
List all actions that can be associated with a specific procedure (or
module)
List all conditions (or decisions made) during execution of the
procedure
Associate specific sets of conditions with specific actions,
eliminating impossible combinations of conditions; alternatively,
develop every possible permutation of conditions
Define rules by indicating what action(s) occurs for a set of
conditions
(More on next slide)
25