This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
Unit 3(advanced state modeling & interaction meodelling)Manoj Reddy
The document provides an overview of advanced state modeling and interaction modeling techniques in UML. It discusses nested state diagrams and concurrent state diagrams for controlling complexity in state diagrams. It also covers activity models, use case models, and sequence models for interaction modeling. The relationships between class models, state models, and interaction models are also briefly described.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
Object Oriented Design in Software Engineering SE12koolkampus
The document discusses object-oriented design (OOD) and describes its key characteristics and processes. Specifically, it covers:
1) Objects communicate by message passing and are self-contained entities that encapsulate state and behavior.
2) The OOD process involves identifying objects and classes, defining their interfaces, relationships, and developing models of the system.
3) The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to describe OOD models including classes, objects, associations, and other relationships.
Unit 3(advanced state modeling & interaction meodelling)Manoj Reddy
The document provides an overview of advanced state modeling and interaction modeling techniques in UML. It discusses nested state diagrams and concurrent state diagrams for controlling complexity in state diagrams. It also covers activity models, use case models, and sequence models for interaction modeling. The relationships between class models, state models, and interaction models are also briefly described.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
Object Oriented Design in Software Engineering SE12koolkampus
The document discusses object-oriented design (OOD) and describes its key characteristics and processes. Specifically, it covers:
1) Objects communicate by message passing and are self-contained entities that encapsulate state and behavior.
2) The OOD process involves identifying objects and classes, defining their interfaces, relationships, and developing models of the system.
3) The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to describe OOD models including classes, objects, associations, and other relationships.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system through classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It includes classes and their properties like attributes and methods. It also shows relationships between classes like associations, aggregations, generalizations, and dependencies. The class diagram is a key tool in object-oriented analysis and design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
The document discusses various UML diagrams used for modeling dynamic and implementation aspects of software systems. It describes interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams which are used to model object interactions. It also covers state machine diagrams and activity diagrams which are used to model dynamic system behavior. Finally, it discusses implementation diagrams like package diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams which are used to model system organization and deployment.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of class diagrams in UML. It describes the key components of a class including the name, attributes, and operations. It explains how classes can be connected through relationships like generalizations, associations, and dependencies. The document uses examples like Person, Student, and CourseSchedule classes to illustrate attributes, operations, and relationships between classes.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its building blocks, diagrams, and the Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology. It defines UML, explains its advantages for visualizing, specifying, and constructing systems. It describes the different types of UML elements including structural things like classes and interfaces, behavioral things like interactions and state machines, and grouping and annotational things. It also outlines the different UML diagrams for modeling a system from various perspectives and the four phases of the iterative RUP methodology.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented modeling and design concepts, including advanced class modeling techniques, state modeling, and practical tips. It discusses advanced class concepts such as association ends, n-ary associations, aggregation, abstract classes, multiple inheritance, metadata, reification, constraints, and derived data. It also covers state modeling concepts like events, states, transitions, and conditions, and how to model these using state diagrams. Examples are provided to illustrate enumeration, scope, visibility, packages, and a state diagram for a phone line.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system through classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It includes classes and their properties like attributes and methods. It also shows relationships between classes like associations, aggregations, generalizations, and dependencies. The class diagram is a key tool in object-oriented analysis and design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
The document discusses various UML diagrams used for modeling dynamic and implementation aspects of software systems. It describes interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams which are used to model object interactions. It also covers state machine diagrams and activity diagrams which are used to model dynamic system behavior. Finally, it discusses implementation diagrams like package diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams which are used to model system organization and deployment.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of class diagrams in UML. It describes the key components of a class including the name, attributes, and operations. It explains how classes can be connected through relationships like generalizations, associations, and dependencies. The document uses examples like Person, Student, and CourseSchedule classes to illustrate attributes, operations, and relationships between classes.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its building blocks, diagrams, and the Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology. It defines UML, explains its advantages for visualizing, specifying, and constructing systems. It describes the different types of UML elements including structural things like classes and interfaces, behavioral things like interactions and state machines, and grouping and annotational things. It also outlines the different UML diagrams for modeling a system from various perspectives and the four phases of the iterative RUP methodology.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented modeling and design concepts, including advanced class modeling techniques, state modeling, and practical tips. It discusses advanced class concepts such as association ends, n-ary associations, aggregation, abstract classes, multiple inheritance, metadata, reification, constraints, and derived data. It also covers state modeling concepts like events, states, transitions, and conditions, and how to model these using state diagrams. Examples are provided to illustrate enumeration, scope, visibility, packages, and a state diagram for a phone line.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
The document discusses using UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams to aid in database design specification. It provides an overview of UML, describes common UML diagrams like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. An example of modeling a hotel reservation system is also presented to demonstrate how to implement UML diagrams.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses what modeling is and defines UML as an industry-standard graphical language used to specify, visualize, construct and document the artifacts of software systems. The document outlines the basic concepts of UML including UML diagrams, history and modeling tools. It describes common UML diagram types such as use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams.
The document discusses various modeling techniques used to model complex software systems, including UML diagrams. It describes different types of UML diagrams like class diagrams, object diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains concepts like classes, associations, generalizations, aggregations, and interfaces. It provides examples of how these diagrams can be used to model different types of relationships between classes and objects.
This document describes object-oriented concepts and modeling techniques. It defines key terms like object, class, instance, relationships between classes including generalization, aggregation, and association. It provides examples of modeling a car and sales order system. It also describes domain modeling and analysis techniques like identifying objects and classes from a problem statement, developing a data dictionary, and structuring classes using inheritance.
The document discusses advanced structural modeling concepts in object-oriented software engineering, including advanced classes, relationships, interfaces, types and roles, packages, and object diagrams. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage and relationships.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
This document introduces object-oriented design concepts. It discusses how software design can be represented using interacting objects that manage their own state and operations. Various models for describing object-oriented design are introduced, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Design patterns are also introduced as a way to reuse knowledge about solving common design problems.
This document provides an overview of class diagrams and use case diagrams in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines key elements of class diagrams like classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains different types of relationships like association, aggregation, and generalization. The document then discusses use case diagrams and how to identify actors and scenarios. It emphasizes focusing on the user's goal when defining use cases rather than system tasks. Finally, it notes that use case diagrams show multiple use cases and actors to provide system context.
The document discusses various concepts related to object-oriented modeling including enumerations, scope, visibility, associations, aggregation, composition, generalization, constraints, derived data, packages, multiple inheritance, events, signals, states, and state diagrams. It provides definitions and examples of these concepts as well as how they relate to each other in modeling object-oriented systems.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its key concepts, terms, and diagram types. It discusses object-orientation, use cases, class diagrams, behavioral modeling using sequence, collaboration, state chart and activity diagrams. It also covers implementation using component and deployment diagrams. The main UML diagram types are use case, class, sequence, state chart, activity, component and deployment diagrams.
Here are the steps to model an ATM using responsibility-driven design:
1. Identify the major objects involved in an ATM transaction:
- ATM
- Card
- User
- Bank Database
2. For each object, list its key attributes and responsibilities on a note card. For example:
- ATM card: card number, pin, balance
- Responsibilities: authenticate user, dispense cash
3. Arrange the note cards on a surface to show which objects collaborate by sending messages. For example,
- The ATM sends messages to the bank database to check balances and authorize transactions.
- The user sends messages to the ATM card to input their pin and request cash
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design concepts including: objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and messaging. Classes define objects that have attributes and behaviors. Encapsulation involves collecting attributes into classes and hiding some attributes. Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit attributes and methods from parent classes. Polymorphism enables the same message to have different behaviors depending on the receiving object's class.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) and class diagrams. UML was created by the Object Management Group to provide a standard language for modeling software systems. A class diagram visually shows the classes, attributes, operations, and relationships among classes in a system. Relationships include associations, aggregations, compositions, and generalizations. The document provides examples and definitions of these relationships and how they are depicted in class diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in object-oriented programming, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Classes define the attributes and behaviors of objects. Objects are instantiated from classes and have their own distinct attribute values. Encapsulation involves collecting attributes and behaviors within a class and allowing some to remain hidden. Inheritance allows new classes to extend existing classes and reuse attributes and methods. Polymorphism enables the same message to produce different behaviors depending on the receiving object's class.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a general-purpose modeling language that is used to specify, visualize, construct, and document the artifacts of software systems. The document discusses the various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state machine diagrams, activity diagrams, and package diagrams. It explains the key elements and concepts of each diagram type.
Interfaces allow for separation of concerns and evolution of a system over time without disrupting existing structures. They specify a service that a class or component provides without implementing any structure or behavior. Common modeling techniques for interfaces include identifying seams between components, modeling static and dynamic types, using packages to group logically related elements, and creating architectural views to visualize different aspects of a system.
Similar to Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram) (20)
This document discusses small scale industries (SSI) in India. It defines SSI and outlines how the investment limit for SSI classification has increased over time from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 3 crore. It discusses the role of SSI in economic development through job creation, production increase, exports growth, and regional development. The document also outlines the steps to start an SSI, including project selection, registration, clearances, financing, and implementation. Government policies over time including IPR 1948, 1956, and 1977 provided support and protection to the small sector.
This document discusses the preparation and importance of project reports. It defines a project and outlines the key steps in project identification, selection, and preparation of a project report. These include identifying potential opportunities, evaluating ideas based on factors like size, location, technology, and marketing, and developing a comprehensive project report that covers technical, financial, production, and risk aspects of the proposed project. Conducting proper feasibility analysis and appraisal is important to determine if the project is viable and ensure successful implementation.
Planning is the process of determining objectives and deciding in advance how to achieve them. The document outlines the planning process, including establishing objectives, determining premises and alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting a course of action, formulating supporting plans, and reviewing. It also discusses types of plans like strategic and tactical plans. Effective planning focuses attention on objectives, reduces uncertainty, and provides direction to help organizations achieve their goals.
The document discusses various institutions that provide support to industries in Karnataka, including the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB), Karnataka Small Scale Industries Development Corporation (KSSIDC), Karnataka State Industrial Investment and Development Corporation (KSIMC), National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC), District Industries Centres (DICs), and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). It provides details on the functions and services provided by these institutions such as acquiring land for industrial areas, providing infrastructure, term loans, refinancing, entrepreneurship training, and more.
This document discusses key management concepts related to directing, controlling, leadership, motivation, communication, and coordination. It provides definitions and descriptions of:
- Leadership styles including autocratic, democratic, and free rein approaches.
- Motivation theories such as expectancy theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
- The importance of communication and coordination in management.
- The process of controlling including setting standards, measuring performance, and taking corrective action.
This document provides information about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who creates a new business by taking on risks and identifying opportunities. The document discusses the evolution of the concept of entrepreneurship. It outlines the functions, types, qualities and characteristics of entrepreneurs. Examples of famous entrepreneurs such as JRD Tata, Dhirubhai Ambani, and Bill Gates are provided. The document also defines and compares entrepreneurs, managers, and intrapreneurs. It discusses the stages of entrepreneurial process and the role of entrepreneurs in economic development.
This document provides an overview of management principles and concepts. It discusses key topics like the definition and functions of management, levels of management, management theories from early to modern approaches, and the roles and responsibilities of managers. The five main functions of management are identified as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
4. UNIT – 2: ADVANCED CLASS MODELING, STATE
MODELING:
Advanced object and class concepts; Association ends; N-ary
associations; Aggregation; Abstract classes; Multiple inheritance;
Metadata; Reification; Constraints; Derived data; Packages;
Practical tips.
State Modeling: Events, States, Transitions and Conditions; State
diagrams; State diagram behaviour; Practical tips.
5. Advanced object and class concepts
Enumerations
Multiplicity
Scope
Visibility
6. Enumeration
Data type - a set of values together with a set of operations on those
values
To define a new simple data type, called enumeration type, we need
2 things:
A name for the data type
A set of values for the data type
enum {FALSE, TRUE};
enum rank {TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT,
NINE, TEN, JACK, QUEEN, KING, ACE};
enum colors {BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED};
The values are written in all caps because they are constants
7. Enumerations
When constructing a model, we should carefully note enumerations,
because they often occur and are important to users.
Enumerations are also significant for an implementation; we may
display the possible values with a pick list.
Do not use a generalization to capture the values of an Enumerated
attribute.
An Enumeration is merely a list of values; generalization is a means
for structuring the description of objects.
8. Enumerations
In the UML an enumeration is a data type.
The second section lists the enumeration values.
Eg: Boolean type= { TRUE, FALSE}
9.
10. SSccooppee
UML specifies two types of scope for members: instance and classifier.
Classifier members are commonly recognized as “static” in many
programming languages. The scope is the class itself.
Attribute values are equal for all instances
Method invocation does not affect the instance’s state
Instance members are scoped to a specific instance.
Attribute values may vary between instances
Method invocation may affect the instance’s state (i.e., change
instance’s attributes)
To indicate a classifier scope for a member, its name must be underlined.
Otherwise, instance scope is assumed by default.
11. 11
Scope
Individual member data (attributes) may have either class
scope or instance scope.
Class scope - A single copy of an attribute is shared by all
instances of a class.
In UML you underline the attribute to indicate class scope:
productCount : int
Instance scope - Each instance of a class would have its own
copy of the attribute. All attributes have instance scope by
default.
13. Visibility
Visibility refers to the ability of a method to reference a feature from another
class and has the possible values of public, protected & private.
Public—Visible anywhere that the class in which it appears is visible;
denoted by +.
Package—Visible anywhere in the package containing the class in which it
appears; denoted by ~.
Protected—Visible in the class in which it appears and all its sub-classes;
denoted by #.
Private—Visible only in the class in which it appears; denoted by -
Restricting visibility is the same as restricting accessibility.
14. Visibility
The UML denotes visibility with a prefix
“+” public
“-” private
“#” protected
“~” package
16. N-ary Association
An n-ary association is like a common (binary) association, except
that more than two association roles involved in it.
The UML symbol for n-ary associations is a diamond with lines
connecting to related classes. If the association has a name, it is written in
italics next to the diamond.
N-ary
association
Class1 Class2
Class3
Ternary
association
18. N-ary Associations
Train
date
trainNo
Seat
carriageNo
seatNo
Reservation
1 1..*
1..*
Passenger
name
title
19. N-ary Associations
We may occasionally encounter n-ary associations (association
among 3 or more classes).
But we should try to avoid n-ary associations- most of them
can be decomposed into binary associations, with possible
qualifiers and attributes.
22. 22
Aggregation
A special form of association that models a whole-part relationship between
an aggregate (the whole) and its parts.
Models a “is a part-part of” relationship.
The aggregation association represents the part-whole relation between
classes.
Denoted by a solid diamond and lines
Diamond attaches to the aggregate (whole) while lines attach to the parts
May have all association adornments
Car Door House
Whole Part
23. 23
Aggregation (cont.)
Car Door House
Whole Part
Aggregation tests:
Is the phrase “part of” used to describe the relationship?
A door is “part of” a car
Are some operations on the whole automatically applied to its
parts?
Move the car, move the door.
Are some attribute values propagated from the whole to all or some
of its parts?
The car is blue, therefore the door is blue.
A door is part of a car. A car is not part of a door.
25. Composition
Composition is a form of aggregation with strong
ownership and coincident lifetime of the parts by the
whole; the part object may belong to only one whole –
the parts are usually expected to live and die with the
whole.
(usually, any deletion of the whole is considered to
cascade to the parts}{filled diamond}
25
26. Aggregation and Composition
Aggregation is a special form of association that specifies a whole-part
relationship between the aggregate (the whole) and a component (the part);
aggregation is the part-of relationship. { it is a special form of association
in which a collection of objects, each having an independent existence, is
associated with an single object} {unfilled diamond}
Composition is a form of aggregation with strong ownership and
coincident lifetime of the parts by the whole; the part object may belong to
only one whole – the parts are usually expected to live and die with the
whole.
(usually, any deletion of the whole is considered to cascade to the parts}
{filled diamond}
27.
28.
29. Metadata
The term "meta" comes from a Greek word that denotes
something of a higher or more fundamental nature.
Metadata, then, is data about other data.
The term refers to any data used to aid the identification,
description and location of networked electronic resources
30. Defining Metadata
Librarians equate it with a complete bibliographic record
Information technologists equate it to database schema or
definitions of the data elements
Archivists include context information, restrictions and
access terms, index terms, etc.
31. Metadata
Metadata is data that describes other data. For example, a class
definition is a metadata.
Models are inherently metadata, since they describe the things
being modeled (rather than being the things).
Many real-world applications have metadata, such as parts
catalogs, blueprints, and dictionaries. Computer-languages
implementations also use metadata heavily.
32. Derived Data
A derived element is a function of one or more elements, which in
turn may be derived.
A derived element is redundant, because the other elements
completely determine it.
Ultimately, the derivation tree terminates with base elements.
Classes, associations, and attributes may be derived.
The notation for a derived element is a slash in front of the element
name along with constraint that determines the derivation.
34. Packages
A package is a group of elements (classes, association,
generalization, and lesser packages) with a common theme.
A package partitions a model making it easier to understand and
manage. Large applications my require several tiers of packages.
Packages form a tree with increasing abstraction toward the root,
which is the application, the top-level package.
Notation for package is a box with a tab.
36. When to use Package
To create a overview of a large set of model elements
To organize a large model
To group related elements
37.
38. State Modeling
State model describes the sequences of operations that occur in
response to external stimuli.
The state model consists of multiple state diagrams, one for each
class with temporal behavior that is important to an application.
The state diagram is a standard computer science concept that relates
events and states.
Events represent external stimuli and states represent values objects.
39. Elements of State Diagrams
The basic elements of state diagrams are
Events – An event is an occurrence at a point in time
states – the state in which the object finds itself at any moment
transitions – take the object from one state to another
actions – take place as a result of a transition
40. Events
An event is an occurrence at a point in time such as –
User presses left button
Indigo flight departs from Mumbai
An event happens instantaneously with regard to time scale of
an application.
One event may logically precede or follow another, or the two
events may be unrelated (concurrent; they have no effect on
each other).
41. Types of Events
An event may be one of 3 types
Signal event
Time event
Change event
42. Signal Event A signal is an explicit one-way transmission of information from one
object to another.
An object sending a signal to another object may expect a reply, but
the reply is a separate signal under the control of the second object,
which may or may not choose to send it.
A signal event is the event of sending or receiving a signal (concern
about receipt of a signal).
The difference between signal and signal event
a signal is a message between objects
a signal event is an occurrence in time.
43. Time Event
Time event is an event caused by the occurrence of an absolute
time or the elapse of a time interval.
UML notation for an absolute time is the keyword when
followed by a parenthesized expression involving time.
The notation for a time interval is the keyword after followed
by a parenthesized expression that evaluates to a time
duration.
when (date = jan 1, 2000 )
44. Change Event
A change event occurs whenever a specified condition is met
Event name is specified as keyword when
Parameter list is a Boolean expression
The event occurs when both of the following conditions are met,
irrespective of the order when they happen
The expression evaluates to true
The object is in the required state
when (battery power < lower limit )
when (tire pressure < minimum pressure )
45. States
State is a condition or situation during the life of an object within
which it performs some activity, or waits for some events
The objects in a class have a finite number of possible states.
Each object can be in one state at a time.
A state specifies the response of an object to input events.
At any given point in time, the system is in one state.
It will remain in this state until an event occurs that causes it to
change state.
Event vs. States
Event represents points in time.
State represents intervals of time.
46. States
A state is when a system is:
Doing something – e.g., heating oven, mixing
ingredients, accelerating engine,
Waiting for something to happen – Waiting for user to
enter password, waiting for sensor reading.
47. Eg:
power turned on power turned off power turned on
Time
Powered
Not powered
A state corresponds to the interval between two events received by an
object.
The state of an object depends on past events.
48. Basic UML Syntax
A state is drawn with a
round box, with three
compartments for
name
state variables (if any)
actions to be performed
Name
state variables
actions
sometimes
left out when
empty
49.
50. Transitions
A transition is a relationship between two states indicating that an
object in the first state will enter the second state.
A transition is an instantaneous change from one state to another.
The transition is said to fire upon the change from the source state to
target state.
A guard condition must be true in order for a transition to occur.
A guard condition is checked only once, at the time the event occurs,
and the transition fires if the condition is true.
51. 51
Transition
A directed relationship between two states.
Contains five parts
Source state - current state before transition fires.
Event trigger - external stimulus that has the potential to
cause a transition to fire.
Guard condition - a condition that must be satisfied before
a transition can fire.
Target state - new state after transition fires.
52. Basic UML Syntax
A transition is drawn with
an arrow, possibly labeled
with
event causing the
transaction
guard condition
Action to perform
AnEvent [guard] / SomeAction
54. Billing Example
State Diagrams show the sequences of states an object goes through
during its life cycle in response to stimuli, together with its responses
and actions; an abstraction of all possible behaviors.
Start End
Unpaid
Paid
Invoice created paying Invoice destroying
55. event action, taken during
AddParticipant / Set count = 0
cancel seminar
transition
Setup
do/initialize seminar
Available
do/initialize seminar
[ count = 20 ]
Full
do/finalize seminar
guard
Canceled
do/refund payments
cancel seminar
multiple
exits
cancel
seminar
aktivity, carried out
while in that state
56. Actions
Action
is an executable atomic computation
includes operation calls, the creation or destruction of
another object, or the sending of a signal to an object
associated with transitions and during which an action is not
interruptible -- e.g., entry, exit
57. Predefined Action Labels
“entry/”
identifies an action, specified by the corresponding action expression,
which is performed upon entry to the state (entry action)
“exit/”
identifies an action, specified by the corresponding action expression,
that is performed upon exit from the state (exit action)
“do/”
identifies an ongoing activity (“do activity”) that is performed as long as
the modeled element is in the state or until the computation specified by
the action expression is completed (the latter may result in a completion
event being generated).
“include/”
is used to identify a submachine invocation. The action expression
contains the name of the submachine that is to be invoked.
58. State Diagrams notation
Initial state final state
paying
Unpaid Paid
Invoice
created
Invoice
destroyed
name
state
transition
event
59. Here’s a simple example SD for a
washing machine.
State
Transition
Condition
Action
60. 60
A condition is typically some kind of event,
e.g.:
•Signal
•Arrival of an object (data/material),
•Etc…
An action is the appropriate output or response
to the event, e.g.:
•Signal or message
•Transfer of an object,
•Calculation,
•Etc…
Condition
Action
61. State Diagrams (Traffic light example)
Traffic Light
Red
Yellow
Green
State
Transition
Event
Start
62. Transitions
event [guard] | action
xx yy
The event that
triggers the
transition
Conditions that
must be met for
the transition to
take place
The action that
takes place when
the transition is
taken
63. Initial and Final States
An example:
At Work go home At Home
go to work
die die
70. States of Garment (Garments system)
Garment
ordered
Material
ordered
Material
delivered
Marked out for
cutting
Sewn
Marked out for
sewing
Cut
Marked out for
finishing
Finished
Deleted
71. 71
State Diagrams
A state diagram describes the behaviour of a system,
some part of a system, or an individual object.
At any given point in time, the system or object is in a
certain state.
Being in a state means that it is will behave in a specific way in
response to any events that occur.
Some events will cause the system to change state.
In the new state, the system will behave in a different way to
events.
A state diagram is a directed graph where the nodes are
states and the arcs are transitions.
72. Using Microsoft Visio
72
Visio can be used to draw UML diagrams
It is component of Microsoft Office
73. Using Microsoft Visio (continued)
Available Sets of Shapes in the UML Collection
Activity Diagrams
Collaboration Diagrams
Components
Deployment Diagrams
Sequence Diagrams
State Diagrams (Statecharts)
Static Structures (shown) – include Packages and Classes
Use Case Diagrams
73
74. Using Microsoft Visio (concluded)
74
UML symbols can be
displayed as icons with names
or icons with descriptions
Both forms of display for the
Use Case shape set are shown
Now, on to the demo!
75. 75
state
start state
stop state
transition from one state to
another
self-transition (no
change of state)
event [guard] / action transition label (each of the three
parts is optional)
76. The Inheritance Mechanism
Means of deriving new class from existing classes, called
base classes
Reuses existing code eliminating tedious, error prone task
of developing new code
Derived class developed from base by adding or altering
code
77. Multiple Inheritance
A derived class with several base classes is known as multiple inheritance
Multiple inheritance permits a class to have more than one super class and
to inherit features from all parents.
We can mix information from 2 or more sources.
This is a more complicated from of generalization than single inheritance.
The advantage of multiple inheritance is greater power in specifying classes
and an increased opportunity for reuse.
The disadvantage is a loss of conceptual and implementation simplicity.
78. Credit Cards - Single Inheritance
Same basic features
Each is a little different
79. Voice Mail - Multiple Inheritance
Voice mail has features
of both mail and phone
80. What Is A Constraint
A condition or restriction (a Boolean expression) expressed in natural
language text or in a machine readable language for the purpose of declaring
some of the semantics of an element
Some are predefined in UML (“xor”), others may be user-defined
OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a predefined language for writing
constraints
81. 81
Constraints
These are functional relation between entities of an object
model.
Entity includes objects, classes, attributes, links and
associations.
A constraint restricts the values that entities can assume.
Simple constraints may be placed in object models and
complex may be in functional model.
The names of n-ary associations should contain the names of all the classes, e.g. “Advisor advises Student in Major”.
RSM Implementation Note: the use of a note to express the constraint is optional in UML. For instance, it should be possible to draw a dashed line with the label xor between the Account-Person and Account-Corporation associations. In RSM, the use of the note symbol is imposed.
RSM has a built-in OCL editor with completion lists. The 2 examples on the right were written using this editor.