The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This document discusses object oriented analysis and design concepts including class diagrams, elaboration, and domain modeling. It describes how class diagrams show object types and relationships, and how elaboration refines requirements through iterative modeling. Elaboration builds the core architecture, resolves risks, and clarifies requirements over multiple iterations. A domain model visually represents conceptual classes and relationships in the problem domain.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
Component and Deployment Diagram - Brief OverviewRajiv Kumar
This document discusses component and deployment diagrams in UML. Component diagrams model the physical implementation of software by showing components, interfaces, and dependencies. They can include executable files, libraries, source code files, and data files. Deployment diagrams describe the physical hardware resources of a system, showing nodes like servers and PCs, and how software components are deployed on those nodes. Examples of both diagrams are also presented.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This document discusses object oriented analysis and design concepts including class diagrams, elaboration, and domain modeling. It describes how class diagrams show object types and relationships, and how elaboration refines requirements through iterative modeling. Elaboration builds the core architecture, resolves risks, and clarifies requirements over multiple iterations. A domain model visually represents conceptual classes and relationships in the problem domain.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
Component and Deployment Diagram - Brief OverviewRajiv Kumar
This document discusses component and deployment diagrams in UML. Component diagrams model the physical implementation of software by showing components, interfaces, and dependencies. They can include executable files, libraries, source code files, and data files. Deployment diagrams describe the physical hardware resources of a system, showing nodes like servers and PCs, and how software components are deployed on those nodes. Examples of both diagrams are also presented.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document software systems. The document outlines the basics of UML including common diagram types like use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams. It also discusses modeling tools that support working with UML diagrams.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The 4+1 view model was designed by Philippe Kruchten as a framework for describing the architecture of software systems using multiple views. It defines four primary views - logical, development, process, and physical - as well as a supplementary scenarios or use cases view. Each view represents a different stakeholder perspective and allows separation of architectural concerns through the use of modeling diagrams like UML.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its building blocks, diagrams, and the Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology. It defines UML, explains its advantages for visualizing, specifying, and constructing systems. It describes the different types of UML elements including structural things like classes and interfaces, behavioral things like interactions and state machines, and grouping and annotational things. It also outlines the different UML diagrams for modeling a system from various perspectives and the four phases of the iterative RUP methodology.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
The document discusses several key challenges in software engineering (SE). It notes that SE approaches must address issues of scale, productivity, and quality. Regarding scale, it states that SE methods must be scalable for problems of different sizes, from small to very large, requiring both engineering and project management techniques to be formalized for large problems. Productivity is important to control costs and schedule, and SE aims to deliver high productivity. Quality is also a major goal, involving attributes like functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency and maintainability. Reliability is often seen as the main quality criterion and is approximated by measuring defects. Addressing these challenges of scale, productivity and quality drives the selection of SE approaches.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The document discusses a case study for the design of a next generation point-of-sale (POS) system. A POS system is used in retail stores to record sales and handle payments. The next gen POS system will need to support multiple client terminals and interfaces. It will also need a mechanism to provide flexibility for clients to customize business logic and rules. The development will follow an iterative process of requirements analysis, object-oriented analysis, design, and implementation. It will focus on the user interface, application logic and domain objects, and technical services layers.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
Component-based software development aims to reduce costs of developing large distributed systems through programming by assembly rather than development. It focuses expertise on domain problems and improves quality. The document discusses component-based development tools and processes including component libraries, visual design tools, deployment tools and validation tools. It also covers component execution models using CORBA and containers, which provide separation of concerns between business and technical code.
How the history of the humanity explains the difficulties of old companies are facing today. This story is the first part of the tribute to innovation trilogy.
The document discusses the role of the "Bad Guy" or IT department in a company. It describes how initially the IT department, "Mister IS", is seen as slowing things down and adding complexity. However, upon reflection it is realized that IT projects require careful planning and design to consider impacts on all departments. When each department managed IT separately, it led to issues with collaboration. The document argues that IT is important for business success and that governance frameworks help ensure best practices for managing technology projects and changes in a way that supports the whole company.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document software systems. The document outlines the basics of UML including common diagram types like use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams. It also discusses modeling tools that support working with UML diagrams.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The 4+1 view model was designed by Philippe Kruchten as a framework for describing the architecture of software systems using multiple views. It defines four primary views - logical, development, process, and physical - as well as a supplementary scenarios or use cases view. Each view represents a different stakeholder perspective and allows separation of architectural concerns through the use of modeling diagrams like UML.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its building blocks, diagrams, and the Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology. It defines UML, explains its advantages for visualizing, specifying, and constructing systems. It describes the different types of UML elements including structural things like classes and interfaces, behavioral things like interactions and state machines, and grouping and annotational things. It also outlines the different UML diagrams for modeling a system from various perspectives and the four phases of the iterative RUP methodology.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
The document discusses several key challenges in software engineering (SE). It notes that SE approaches must address issues of scale, productivity, and quality. Regarding scale, it states that SE methods must be scalable for problems of different sizes, from small to very large, requiring both engineering and project management techniques to be formalized for large problems. Productivity is important to control costs and schedule, and SE aims to deliver high productivity. Quality is also a major goal, involving attributes like functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency and maintainability. Reliability is often seen as the main quality criterion and is approximated by measuring defects. Addressing these challenges of scale, productivity and quality drives the selection of SE approaches.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The document discusses a case study for the design of a next generation point-of-sale (POS) system. A POS system is used in retail stores to record sales and handle payments. The next gen POS system will need to support multiple client terminals and interfaces. It will also need a mechanism to provide flexibility for clients to customize business logic and rules. The development will follow an iterative process of requirements analysis, object-oriented analysis, design, and implementation. It will focus on the user interface, application logic and domain objects, and technical services layers.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
Component-based software development aims to reduce costs of developing large distributed systems through programming by assembly rather than development. It focuses expertise on domain problems and improves quality. The document discusses component-based development tools and processes including component libraries, visual design tools, deployment tools and validation tools. It also covers component execution models using CORBA and containers, which provide separation of concerns between business and technical code.
How the history of the humanity explains the difficulties of old companies are facing today. This story is the first part of the tribute to innovation trilogy.
The document discusses the role of the "Bad Guy" or IT department in a company. It describes how initially the IT department, "Mister IS", is seen as slowing things down and adding complexity. However, upon reflection it is realized that IT projects require careful planning and design to consider impacts on all departments. When each department managed IT separately, it led to issues with collaboration. The document argues that IT is important for business success and that governance frameworks help ensure best practices for managing technology projects and changes in a way that supports the whole company.
Introduction to database-Transaction Concurrency and RecoveryAjit Nayak
Three key points about transactions from the document:
1. A transaction is a unit of program execution that accesses and possibly updates data items in a database. It must have ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability - to preserve data integrity.
2. Concurrency control schemes allow multiple transactions to run concurrently for better performance, but they must enforce transaction isolation to prevent inconsistent outcomes.
3. A concurrent schedule is considered serializable, and thus preserves isolation, if it is equivalent to some serial schedule where transactions execute one after another. This can be determined using precedence graphs.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IIAjit Nayak
Object Oriented Concepts
Class & Objects in C++
Constructor & Destructors in C++
Operator Overloading in C++
Friend function in C++
Data Conversion in C++
This pointer in C++
Friend class in C++
Nested Class in C++
This document provides an overview of dependency relationships, interfaces, and basic behavior modeling in UML. It defines dependencies as relationships between model elements where one element requires the other. Dependency relationships can be further specified using keywords or stereotypes. Interfaces specify a subset of operations and attributes for classifiers to implement. Basic behavior in UML includes state machines, activities, interactions, and use cases, and behavior is always associated with an owning classifier or operation.
Introduction to database-Formal Query language and Relational calculusAjit Nayak
The document provides an introduction to relational databases and formal relational query languages. It discusses relational algebra and relational calculus as the two formal query languages that form the mathematical foundation for commercial relational query languages. Relational algebra is a procedural query language that supports operations like select, project, union, set difference, cartesian product and rename. Example queries are provided for each operation to demonstrate their usage. Relational calculus is described as a non-procedural query language with examples of queries written using its syntax.
Software Engineering :UML class diagramsAjit Nayak
The document discusses UML class diagrams and their components. It defines a class diagram as representing entities with common features as rectangles divided into compartments for the class name, attributes, and operations. It provides examples of how different relationships like association, aggregation, and generalization are depicted. Key points include that association represents a "has-a" relationship, aggregation a whole-part relationship where parts can exist independently, and generalization an "is-a" relationship of inheritance.
El documento proporciona una introducción a Extreme Programming (XP), uno de los métodos ágiles más conocidos. Describe brevemente los valores fundamentales de XP, sus principales prácticas como programación en parejas y pruebas unitarias, y su énfasis en la comunicación, simplicidad y retroalimentación continua a través de iteraciones cortas. También resume el ciclo de vida típico de XP, incluidas las actividades de planeación, desarrollo e integración iterativa.
This document provides guidance on creating a memorable gift by focusing on customization, emotion, pride and lasting enjoyment. It recommends developing a personalized puzzle by selecting cartoon avatars from key memories of the recipient, which they can piece together over time. The gift-giver should build intrigue during the presentation and let the recipient enjoy the puzzle at their own pace to prolong the pleasure of recollection. User feedback will help finalize a website to facilitate custom puzzle creation and delivery of outstanding gifts.
Thanks to brain's elasticity, we know that our brain allow us to change our life and achieve amazing things. It is just a question of willpower. This slideshow explains you willpower's attributes and the best strategy to improve it.
Is your company fully engaged towards innovation?Sebastien Juras
Innovation is a popular word for management. And they are right : today in the age of information, it is mandatory for all companies to bet on innovation if they want to survive. But in order to manage a so big change, it is vital to be fully engaged to this transformation.
Operating Systems Part III-Memory ManagementAjit Nayak
The document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It describes how programs must be loaded into memory to execute and memory addresses are represented at different stages. It introduces the concepts of logical and physical address spaces and how they are mapped using a memory management unit. It also summarizes common memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, and swapping that allow processes to be allocated non-contiguous regions of physical memory from a pool of memory frames and backed by disk. Paging partitions both logical and physical memory into fixed-size pages and frames, using a page table to map virtual to physical addresses.
The document describes Unified Modeling Language (UML) interaction diagrams and use cases. It discusses the different types of interaction diagrams including sequence diagrams, communication diagrams, timing diagrams, and interaction overview diagrams. It also covers use case concepts such as actors, associations between actors and use cases, and extensions/includes relationships between use cases.
Six things to know about your brain to become an expertSebastien Juras
Anyone can be an expert at anything. Our brain has properties to make this happen.
This story outline these properties and show you the way to follow.
It is up to you to decide which topic you want to be an expert and be fully engaged to it.
The Bad Guy in your company and how have him under controlSebastien Juras
A story to help educating internal customers about Information System. What are at stake? What are the risk for the company ? And how have it under control through IS governance.
Este documento describe los principios y prácticas de administración de requisitos, incluyendo el control de cambios de requisitos, la trazabilidad de requisitos y el proceso de control de cambios. Explica que una vez aprobados, los requisitos constituyen la línea base del proyecto y deben mantenerse actualizados a medida que el proyecto avanza. También describe cómo monitorear el estado de los requisitos, gestionar cambios propuestos y realizar un análisis de impacto para comprender las implicaciones de los cambios
Este documento describe los perfiles UML y algunos perfiles estándar. Brevemente resume los perfiles UML como una extensión de UML que permite adaptarlo a dominios específicos a través de estereotipos, valores etiquetados y restricciones. Luego, menciona algunos perfiles estándar como SPEM para modelado de procesos de software, IFML para interfaces de usuario, UTP para pruebas y BPMN para procesos de negocio.
El documento describe los conceptos clave detrás del diseño orientado a objetos, incluyendo la metáfora de la célula, objetos, roles, responsabilidades y colaboraciones. Explica que los objetos encapsulan información y servicios y colaboran entre sí para resolver problemas mayores.
Innovation is almost impossible for older companiesSebastien Juras
The document discusses the obstacles that older companies face in innovating. It argues that innovation is essential for survival, but internal factors make it almost impossible for most companies. The main obstacles are: 1) People's skills and habits resist change. 2) Managers' interests are threatened by changes that could jeopardize their positions and privileges. 3) Shareholders demand predictable plans, but innovation requires uncertainty. 4) Financial pressures lead companies to prioritize short-term fixes over long-term innovation investments. Due to these obstacles, the document concludes that the path to innovation is impossible for most companies.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the origins of UML and how it was created through the unification of several object-oriented modeling languages. It then describes the main types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, state machine diagrams, and others. For each diagram type, it provides an example diagram and discusses when and how it should be used. The document is intended to teach students about UML and the various diagrams that can be used for software modeling and design.
The document introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a standard modeling language used to express and design software systems. UML uses basic building blocks like model elements, relationships, and diagrams to create complex structures for modeling. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams. Class diagrams specifically model the static structure of a system by showing classes, interfaces, attributes, operations, and relationships between model elements.
The document provides an introduction to Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses what UML is, the history and versions of UML, and why UML is used. It also describes the different types of UML diagrams that will be covered, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Finally, it discusses key object-oriented concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and how they relate to UML modeling.
The document provides an overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for modeling software systems, including an introduction to UML, its basic building blocks such as diagrams and relationships, and descriptions of various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their purposes and notations. The document also discusses object-oriented concepts and how UML supports modeling objects, classes, interactions and behaviors through its different diagram types.
OOAD Part A Question with answer and Part B & C questions.
References :
1) Previous University Questions.
2) Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman.
3) Google search engine for text and images.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its key concepts, terms, and diagram types. It discusses object-orientation, use cases, class diagrams, behavioral modeling using sequence, collaboration, state chart and activity diagrams. It also covers implementation using component and deployment diagrams. The main UML diagram types are use case, class, sequence, state chart, activity, component and deployment diagrams.
The document discusses design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the basic building blocks of UML including things, relationships, and diagrams. It explains the different types of things like structural things (classes, objects, interfaces), behavioral things (interactions, state machines), and grouping and annotational things. It also discusses the common relationships in UML like dependency, association, generalization, and realization. Finally, it lists the nine most common UML diagrams used for modeling systems, including class diagrams, object diagrams, and use case diagrams.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic building blocks of UML including structural things like classes, interfaces, use cases, and behavioral things. It describes different types of models in UML like structural, behavioral, and deployment models. The document also explains various UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams and how they are used to create different views of a system. It provides advantages of UML and discusses the iterative Object Oriented methodology and Rational Unified Process for software development.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It describes the key components of UML including its building blocks (things, relationships, diagrams), notations, and goals. It also outlines the main phases and iterations of RUP - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. The phases involve activities like requirements gathering, architecture design, component development, testing, and deployment. Together, UML and RUP provide a standard way to visualize, specify, and document software systems across their life cycle.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes UML as a standard language for modeling software systems using visual diagrams. The document outlines the goals of UML, introduces conceptual models and building blocks such as classes, use cases, interactions and state machines. It also describes common notations used to represent these elements and their relationships in UML diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language that is used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to express the design of software projects. It is not a programming language itself but can be used to generate code for various languages. UML consists of different types of diagrams that can be used at different stages of the software development lifecycle. The document then discusses some key UML concepts like classes, objects, relationships, interactions, and state machines. It also explains different types of UML diagrams like class diagrams, object diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams.
UML is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to model object-oriented systems. There are several types of UML diagrams used to model different aspects of a system, including structural diagrams like class diagrams, behavioral diagrams like sequence diagrams, and architectural diagrams. Common UML diagrams include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. The document emphasizes the importance of use case diagrams for requirements analysis and provides rules and examples for developing use case diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. Finally, it discusses use case diagrams in more detail including their introduction, importance, rules, and examples.
This document discusses software engineering concepts related to object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms like object, class, attributes, and methods. It describes object-oriented analysis techniques like object modeling, dynamic modeling, and functional modeling. It also discusses object-oriented design concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. The document also introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams like use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, and design principles like modularity, refinement, and functional independence.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It includes graphical notation techniques to create models of object-oriented software systems. Some key UML diagram types are use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML is not a process but a modeling language that can be used throughout the software development lifecycle.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It includes graphical notation techniques to create models of object-oriented software systems. Some key UML diagram types are use case diagrams, which depict interactions between external actors and the system; class diagrams, which show system classes and their relationships; and sequence diagrams, which illustrate object interactions over time. UML aims to improve understanding between customers, developers, and other stakeholders and supports the software development lifecycle.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It includes various diagram types to show different views of a system, such as use case diagrams for requirements, class diagrams for structure, and sequence diagrams for behavior. UML aims to be independent of programming languages and development processes. It has become widely used for object-oriented analysis and design.
Similar to Object Oriented Analysis Design using UML (20)
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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2. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/2
Analysis & Design
• Analysis emphasizes an investigation of the
problem and requirements
• i.e. requirement analysis is an investigation of
the requirements and object analysis is an
investigation of domain objects
• Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that
fulfills requirements, ultimately the design
may be implemented.
3. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/3
OO analysis & Design
• During object oriented analysis emphasizes on
finding and describing the objects in the problem
domain
• Examples: in case of library information system,
some of the objects include Book, Library etc.
• During Object Oriented Design emphasizes on
defining software objects and how they collaborate to
fulfill the requirements
• Example: in the library system, a Book software
object may have a title attribute and a getChapter ()
method
• Finally, during implementation the objects are
implemented, such as a Book class in C++
5. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/5
OOAD
• The steps for object oriented analysis and
design may be as follows
– Define Usecases
– Define domain model
– Define interaction diagram
– Define design class diagram
6. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/6
Example
• A “Dice Game” : A player rolls two die
• Usecase: description of related domain
process
– Play a Dice Game: A player picks up and rolls the
dice. If the dice face value total seven, they win;
otherwise, they lose
• Define domain model: Decomposition of the
domain involves identification of objects,
attributes and associations.
– Represented in a diagram
8. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/8
Define Interaction diagram
• Defining software objects and their collaborations.
• This diagram shows the flow of message between
software objects and thus invocation of methods
:DiceGame die2:Diedie1:Die
play()
roll()
fv1:=getFaceValue()
roll()
fv2:=getFaceValue()
9. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/9
Define design class
diagrams
• To create a static view of the class definition with a
design class diagram.
• This illustrates the attributes and methods of the
classes.
DiceGame
Die1:Die
Die2:Die
Play()
Die
faceValue: int
getfaceValue():int
roll()
1 2
10. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/10
• To represent the analysis and design of
object oriented software systems, we use a
language called Unified Modeling
Language.
11. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/11
UML
• The Unified Modeling Language™ (UML) is the
industry-standard language for specifying,
visualizing, constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems
• It simplifies the complex process of software
design, making a "blueprint" for construction.
• The Unified Modeling Language, UML, and the
UML logos are trademarks of the Object
Management Group.
• www.omg.org
12. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/12
Purpose of Modeling?
• Developing a model for an industrial-strength
software system prior to its construction or
renovation is as essential as having a blueprint
for large building.
• Good models are essential for communication
among project teams and to assure
architectural soundness.
• As the complexity of systems increase, so
does the importance of good modeling
techniques. There are many additional factors
of a project's success, but having a rigorous
modeling language standard is one essential
factor.
13. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/13
References
• Books
– The Unified Modeling Language, User Guide
• Booch, Rumbaugh. Jacobson ( TEXT )
– The Unified Modeling Language, Reference Manual
• Booch, Rumbaugh. Jacobson
– The Unified Software Development Process
• Booch, Rumbaugh. Jacobson
– Using UML
• Rob Pooley et al.
– UML Distilled
• Martin Fowler, Kendall Scott
– Instant UML
• Pierre-Alain Muller
16. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/16
A. Structural Things
• These are nouns of UML model
• These things represents elements that are
either conceptual or physical.
• There are seven kinds of structural things
– Class
– Interface
– Collaboration
– Use Case
– Active Class
– Component
– Node
18. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/18
Interface
• Is a collection of operations that
specify a service of a class
• An interface might represent the
complete behaviour of a class or only a
part of that behaviour
• It is represented by a circle, with its
name
ISpelling
Interface spelling
19. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/19
Collaboration
• Defines an interaction and is a society
of roles and other elements that work
together to provide some cooperative
behaviour
• It is represented by an dashed ellipse
with its name
Chain of
Responsibilities
20. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/20
Use Case
• It is a description of sequence of
actions that a system performs that
yields an observable result of a value
to a particular actor
• It is represented by a solid ellipse
with its name
Place Order
Use case
Actor
21. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/21
Active Class
• It is a class, whose objects own one or
more processes or threads and
therefore can initiate control activity
• It is represented by a heavy lined box
EventManager
suspend()
flush()
22. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/22
Component
• It is a physical and replaceable part of
a system that confirms to and
realization of a set of interfaces.
• i.e. physical packaging of classes,
interfaces and collaborations
Orderform.cpp
23. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/23
Node
7. It is a physical element that exists in
run time and represents a
computational resource, generally
having some memory and processing
capability
8. A set of components may reside as a
node and may also migrate from node
to node
9. It is represented as a cube
Server
24. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/24
B. Behavioural Things
• These are dynamic parts of UML model
• These are verbs of a model,
representing behaviour over time and
space
• There are two types of Behavioural
things
– Interaction
– State Machine
25. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/25
Interaction
1. It is a behaviour that comprises a set
of messages exchanged among a set of
objects to accomplish a specific
purpose.
2. An interaction involves messages,
action sequences and links. (connection
between objects)
3. It is represented by a solid arrow
Display
26. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/26
State Machine
• It is a behaviour that specifies the
sequence of states of an object or an
interaction goes through during its life time
in response to events, to gether with its
responses to these events.
• A state machine involves
• States
• Transitions (flow from one state to another)
• Events (things that trigger a transition)
• Activities (response to transitions)
• It is represented with a rectangular box having
rounded corners
Waiting
27. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/27
C.Grouping Things
• These are organizational part of UML
models
• There is one primary kind of grouping
thing called packages
• Package
– It is a general purpose mechanism for
organizing elements in to groups
– It is rendered as a tabbed folder
Business rules
28. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/28
D. Annotational Things
• These are explanation parts of UML
• Note is a annotational thing called
• Note
– It is simply a symbol for rendering
constraints and comments attached to an
element or a collection of elements.
Return copy
Some
explanatory text
31. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/31
A. Dependency
• It is a semantic relationship between two
things in which a change to independent
thing may affect the semantic of the other
thing
• It is rendered as a directed dashed line
FormSystem
dispForm(..)
•The form the system displays obviously
depends on which form the user selects
32. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/32
B. Association
• It describes a set of links
– Aggregation is a special kind of
association, representing a structural
relationship between a whole and its parts
– It is rendered as a solid line, occasionally
including a label and other specifications
Employer Employee
0..1 *
33. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/33
C. Generalization/Specialization
• Child shares the structure and
behaviour of the parent
Objects of specialized elements are
substitutable for the objects of
generalized elements
It is rendered as a solid line with a hollow
arrow head pointing to the parent
ShapeCircle
34. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/34
D. Realization
• It is a relationship between
classifiers. (polymorphism)
One classifier specifies a contract that
another classifier guarantees to carry out
It is rendered as a dashed line with a
hollow arrow head.
The base class provides an interface for
which the derived class writes an
interface
36. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/36
Diagrams
• There are 9 types of Diagrams
– Class Diagram
• Shows a set of classes, interfaces, and
collaborations and their relationships.
– Object Diagram
• Shows a set of objects and their relationships
– Use Case Diagram
• Shows a set of use cases and actors
– Sequence Diagram & Collaboration
Diagram
• These two are interaction kind of diagram.
They show a set of objects and their
relationships
37. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/37
Diagrams
– Statechart Diagram
• Shows a state machine, consisting of states,
transitions, events and activities
– Activity Diagram
• It is a kind of statechart diagram that shows
the flow from activity to activity with a system
– Component Diagram
• Shows the organisation and dependencies among
a set of componets. It addresses the static
implementation views of a system
– Deployment Diagram
• Shows the configuration of run-time processing
nodes and the components that live on them.
38. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/38
Classes
• A class is a descriptions of a set of
objects, that share attributes,
relationships and semantics.
• Graphically a class is rendered as a
rectangle
• Name of a class
– In practice class names are short nouns or
noun phrases drawn from the vocabulary of
the system to be modeled
– Every class has a name that distinguishes it
from other classes
39. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/39
Name of a class
– Name is a textual string, with first letter
of every word capitalized
• Examples
Customer WashingMachine
Class name
HouseholdAppliances : : WashingMachine
•A path name is the class name prefixed
by the name of the package in which that
class lives
40. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/40
Attributes of a Class
• An attribute is an abstraction of the
kind of data or state an object of the
class might encompass
• An attribute is a named property of a
class
• A class may have any
number of attributes or
no attributes at all
Customer
name
address
phone
birthDate
attributes
41. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/41
Attributes of a Class
• Attributes are listed in a compartment
just below the class name
• First letter of every word is capital in an
attribute name expect the first word
• An attribute may be specified by stating
its class and possibly default initial value
• In practice an attribute name is a short noun
or noun Phrase that represents some property
of its enclosing class
43. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/43
Operations in a Class
• An operation is an abstraction of
something, one can do to at an object
and that is shared by all objects of that
class
• A class may have any no. of operations
or no operations at all
• Operation are listed in a Compartment
just below The class attribute
44. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/44
Operations in a Class
• The first letter of every word in an
operations name is capital, except the
first letter of first word
• An operations can be specified By
stating its signature, covering the
name, type and default values of all
parameters and a return type
• In practice, an operation name is a short
verb or verb phrase that represents
some behavior of its enclosing class
46. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/46
Organising Attributes and
Operations
• It may not be possible to list all attributes
and operations at once
• Therefore, a class can be elided, I.e. it is
possible to show only some or none of
attributes and operations
• An empty compartment does not necessarily
mean that there are no attributes or
operations
• It can be explicitly specified that there are
more attributes or operations than shown, by
ending each list with an ellipsis.
47. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/47
Attributes & Operations
• To better organise long lists of attributes and
operations, those can be grouped.
• Each group is prefixed with a descriptive
category by using stereotypes
WashingMachine
brandName
. . .
addClothes()
. . .
Ellipsis shows
there are some
more attributes
and operations
49. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/49
Responsibilities
• It is a contract or an obligation of a
class. i.e it is a description of what the
class has to do
• Responsibilities can be drawn in a
separate compartment at the bottom of
the class icon
• A single responsibility is written as a
phrase, a sentence, or (at most) a short
paragraph (free-form text)
51. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/51
Visibility of a feature
• It allows to specify the visibility for a
classifier’s features.
• Three levels of visibility can be
specified using UML
– Public : any outside classifier with visibility
to the given classifier can use the feature;
specified by prepending the symbol +
– Protected : Any descendant of the
classifier can use the feature; specified by
prepending the symbol #
– Private : only the classifier itself can use
the feature; specified by prepending the
symbol -
53. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/53
Scope of a feature
• The owner scope of a feature specifies
whether the feature appears in each
instance of the classifier or whether
there is just a single instance for all
instances of the classifier
• UML provides two kinds of scope
– Instances : Each instance of the classifier
holds its own value for the feature
– Classifier : There is just one value of the
feature for all instances of the classifier.
54. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/54
Scope (Contd.)
• Classifier scope is rendered by
underlining the feature
• In C++ we call the class scoped as
static members of a class
Frame
header:frameHeader
uniqueID:Long
Instance scope
Class scope
55. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/55
Polymorphic Elements
• Abstarct Class
– Class having no direct instances (italics)
• Concrete Class
– Class that may have direct instances
• Root Class
– Class having no parent but may have
children {root}
• Leaf Class
– Class having parent but no children {leaf}
56. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/56
Polymorphic Elements
• Polymorphic Operations
– An operation is polymorphic, if it can be specified
with the same signature at different points of
hierarchy
– When a message is dispatched at run time, the
operation in the hierarchy that is invoked is chosen
polymorphycally. i.e. a match is determined at run
time according to the type of the object
• Abstract Operation
– This operation is incomplete and requires a child to
supply an implementation. In UML it is specified by
writing its name in italics.
• Leaf operation
– Operation is not polymorphic and may not be
overridden
58. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/58
Multiplicity
• It is a specification of the range of allowable
cardinalities an entity may assume
• Multiplicity of a class
– It is used to restrict the no of instances of
a class
– i.e. It tells the no of instances a class may
have
• Multiplicity of an attribute
– It is used to represent a set of elements for
an attribute
– i.e. It maps to representing an array variable
in C++
60. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/60
Attributes
• In its full form, the syntax of an
attribute in UML is
[visibility] name [multiplicity] [: type]
[ = initial-value] [{property-string}]
Examples :
origin
+origin
origin : Point
head : *Item
name [0..1] : String
Name Only
Visibility and name
Name and type
Name and complex type
Name, multiplycity, and type
61. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/61
Attributes
• There are three defined properties,
that can be used with attributes
– changeable
• There are no restrictions on modifying the
attribute value
– addonly
• For attributes with a multiplicity greater than
one, but once created, a value may not be
removed or altered
– frozen
• The attribute’s value may not be changed after
the object is initialized(constants)
62. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/62
Operations
• In its full form, the syntax of an
operation in UML is
[visibility] name [(parameter-list)] [: return-type]
[{property-string}]
Examples
display
+display
set (n : Name, s : String)
getID ( ) : Integer
restart () {guarded}
Name Only
Visibility and name
Name and parameters
Name and return type
Nameand property
63. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/63
Operation Parameters
• An operation again can be provided with
zero or more parameters with following
syntax
[direction] name : type [= default-value]
• Direction may be any of the following
– in : An input parameter, may not be
modified
– out : An output parameter, may be modified
to communicate information to the caller
– inout : An input parameter, may be modified
64. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/64
Operation Properties
• In addition to leaf property described earlier
there are four other properties defined as
follows
– isQuery : It is a pure function that has no side
effects (states unchanged)
– sequential : callers must coordinate outside the
object so that only one flow is in the object at a
time
– guarded : integrity of the object is guaranteed in
the multiple flow of control by sequentializing all
calls
– concurrent : integrity of the object is guaranteed
in the presence of multiple flows of control by
treating the operation as atomic
65. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/65
Template Classes
• Template is a parameterized element
• Template class define a family of classes
• A Template includes slots for classes, objects
and values, and these slots serve as the
template parameter
• Instance of a template class is a concrete
class that can be used just like any ordinary
class
• The most use of template class is to specify
containers that can be instantiated for
specific elements.
66. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/66
Template Classes
Map
+bind(in i : Item, in v : Value) : Boolean
+isBound(in i: Item):Boolean {isQuery}
Item
Value
Buckets : int
Map<Customer, Order, 3>
Implicit binding
<<bind>>(Customer, Order,3)
Explicit binding
OrderMap
template class
template parameters
67. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/67
Stereotypes for Class
• The UML defines four standard
sterotypes that apply to classes
– Metaclass : specifies a classifier whose
objects are all classes
– Powertype : specifies a classifier whose
objects are the children of a given parent
– Stereotype : classifier is a stereotype that
may be applied to other elements
– Utility : specifies a class whose attributes
and operations are all class scoped
68. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/68
Relationships
• A relationship is a connection among
things
• A relationship is rendered as a path,
with different kinds lines
• Dependency
– It is a using relationship that states that a
change in specification of one thing may
affect another thing that uses it; but not
necessarily the reverse
– It is rendered as a dashed directed line
70. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/70
Dependency
• There are 8 stereotypes that apply to
dependency relationship
– 1. Bind : specifies that the source
instantiates the target template using the
given actual parameters
Set
insert(T)
remove(T)
T
EmployeeSet
<<bind>><Employee>
T is a placeholder for
type parameter
71. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/71
Dependency
– 2. Derive : specifies that source may be
computed from target
Account
/balance : money
Entry
amount : money
/entries
{balance = sum of amount of entries}
derived attribute Derived association
72. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/72
Dependency
– 3. friend : specifies that source is given
special visibility into the target
CourseSchedule
Add(c:Course)
Remove(c: Course)
Iterator
Iterator can visualize CourseSchedule
But the reverse may not be true
<<friend>>
73. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/73
Dependency
– 4. instanceOf : specifies that source object
is an instance of target classifier
– 5. Instantiate : specifies that the source
creates instances of the target
Student jack:Student<<instanceOf >>
Stack
T
IntStack
<<instantiate>>
74. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/74
Dependency
– 6. powertype : specifies that target is a powertype
of the source;
• A powertype is a classifier whose objects are all the
children of a given parent
– 7. Refine : specifies that source at a finer degree
of abstraction than the target
– 8. Use : specifies that the semantics of the source
element depends on the public part of the target
complex
Complex
real : double
img : double
<<refine >>
75. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/75
Dependency
• There are two stereotypes that apply to
dependency relationship among packages
– 1. Access : specifies that the source
package is granted the right to reference
the elements of the target package
– 2. Import : it is a kind of access that
specifies that the public contents of the
target package enter the flat namespace of
the source, as if they had been declared in
the source
76. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/76
Dependency
• There are two stereotypes that apply to
dependency relationship among use cases
– 1. external : specifies that the target use
case extends the behaviour of the source
– 2. include : specifies that the source use
case explicitly incorporates the behaviour
of another use case of a location specified
by the source
77. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/77
Dependency
• There are three stereotypes that apply
to objects
– 1. become : specifies that the target is the
same object as the source but at a later
point in time and with possibly different
values, sate or roles
– 2. call : specifies that the source operation
invokes the target operation
– 3. Copy : specifies that the target object is
an exact, but independent copy of the
source
78. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/78
Dependency
• There is one stereotype that apply to
state machines
– Send : specifies that the source operation
sends the target event
• There is one stereotype that apply to
subsystems
– trace : specifies that the target is an
historical ancestor of the source
SalesManagement
{version=7.1}
SalesManagement
{version=7.2}
<<trace>>
79. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/79
Generalization
• It is a relationship between a general
thing (super type) and a more specific
kind of that thing (sub type)
• Objects of the child is substitutable
for the parent, but not the reverse
• An operation of a child that has the
same signature as an operation in a
parent overrides the operation of the
parent
• It is rendered as a solid directed line
with a large open arrow head
81. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/81
Generalization
• There is one stereotype that apply to
generalization
– implementation : specifies that the child
inherits the implementation of the parent,
but does not make public nor support its
interface, thereby violating substitutability
– It maps to private inheritance in C++
• Four standard constraints that apply to
generalization
– 1. complete : specifies that all children in
the generalization have been specified and
no additional children are permitted
82. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/82
Generalization
– incomplete : specifies that not all children
in the generalization have been specified
and additional children are permitted
Person
Male Female
Employee
Manager Engineer
{complete} {incomplete}
83. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/83
Generalization
• Rest two applies for multiple inheritance
– 3. disjoint : specifies that objects of
parent may have no more than one of the
children as a type
– 4. Overlapping : specifies that objects of
parent may have more than one of the
children as a type
– More than one subtype can be a type for an
instance
84. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/84
Association
• It is a structural relationship that
specifies that objects of one thing are
connected to objects of another thing
• An association has name, role and
multiplicity
– Name : used to describe the relationship
– Role : Each class plays a role in an
association
– Multiplicity : it tells how many objects may
be connected across an instance of an
association
86. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/86
Association
• Properties of Association
– Navigation : Given an association between
two classes, it is possible to navigate from
object of one kind to object of other
– i.e. Given a book you can find out the library
and vice-versa
– If not specified, then an association is bi-
directional
Book Library
User Password
87. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/87
Association
– Visibility : Given an association between two
classes, objects of one class can see and
navigate to objects of the other.
UserGroup PasswordUser
-key
+user +owner
Association visibility
– Given a user group, it is possible to find out a
user but not the password
–This visibility can be limited across
association by giving a visibility symbol to a
role name
88. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/88
Association
– Qualification : It is required to choose the
object at the other end in case of a one-
many relation
1 *
Clerk ReservationConfirmation#
finds
– I.e. the first class has to rely on a specific
attribute to find the target object
– The ID information is called the qualifier
89. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/89
Association
– Interface specifier : In the context of
association, as source class may choose to
present only one part of its face to the
world
Person
1
*
supervisor:IManager
worker : IEmployee
Interface specifier
– A person may realize many interfaces like
Imanager, Iemployee, and so on …
– Person in the role of supervisor presents only
Imanager face to the worker.
90. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/90
Aggregation
• It is a whole/part relationship
• one class represents a larger thing and
it consists of smaller things (has a )
• It is a special kind of association and is
specified by plane association with an
open diamond at the whole end
CompanyDepartment
* 1
92. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/92
Composition
• Composition is a special form of
aggregation
• Composite must manage the creation
and destruction of its parts
Window
Frame
whole
part
• When an window object is destroyed,
the frame objects is also destroyed
93. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/93
Association classes
• In an association between two classes,
the association itself might have some
properties
Company Person
Job
desc.
date
salary
* 1..*
Employer Employee
Association class
94. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/94
Association
• There are five constraints that apply to
association
– Implicit : specifies that the relationship is not
manifest but, rather, is only conceptual
A B
X Yabc
abc
{implicit}
• Association between two base classes specify
that same association between children of
these classes
95. OOP/OOAD/UML/najit/95
Association constraints
– Ordered : specifies that the set of objects
at one end of an association are in an
explicit order
User Password
Owner key
{ordered}
– Passwords associated with the user might
be kept in a least-recently user order
– Changeable : links between objects may be
added, removed and changed freely