The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
This document discusses functional and non-functional requirements. Functional requirements describe the behavior of a system and support user goals, while non-functional requirements describe how the system works and make it more usable. Functional requirements should include data descriptions, screen operations, workflows, and access controls. Non-functional requirements should cover usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Non-functional requirements are further classified into categories like process, delivery, implementation, and external constraints.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
The document discusses different types of software metrics that can be used to measure various aspects of software development. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process, while product metrics measure attributes of the software product. Project metrics are used to monitor and control software projects. Metrics need to be normalized to allow for comparison between different projects or teams. This can be done using size-oriented metrics that relate measures to the size of the software, or function-oriented metrics that relate measures to the functionality delivered.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses various aspects of requirements engineering including processes, techniques, challenges, and importance. It describes requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management. Key points covered include feasibility studies, types of requirements, characteristics of good requirements, requirements traceability and evolution. Diagrams like use cases, activity diagrams and data flow diagrams are presented as examples of requirements specification outputs.
The document discusses verification and validation (V&V) in software engineering. It defines verification as ensuring a product is built correctly, and validation as ensuring the right product is built. V&V aims to discover defects and assess if a system is usable. Static and dynamic verification methods are covered, including inspections, testing, and automated analysis. The document outlines V&V goals, the debugging process, V-model development, test planning, and inspection techniques.
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It describes how measurement can be used throughout the software development process to assist with estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control. It defines key terms like measures, metrics, and indicators and explains how they provide insight into the software process and product. The document also discusses using metrics to evaluate and improve the software process as well as track project status, risks, and quality. Finally, it covers different types of metrics like size-oriented, function-oriented, and quality metrics.
This document discusses designing classes in object-oriented design. It covers designing class attributes and methods, class visibility including private, protected, and public protocols, refining class attributes with data types and initial values, designing methods using activity diagrams, avoiding pitfalls like overly large classes, and presenting classes using UML notation. The goal is to design well-structured, reusable classes through an iterative refinement process.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
Program versus Software, Software Characteristics, S/W Failure rate, Evolution Pattern, Types of Software, Stakeholders in Software Engineering, Software Quality, Software Crisis, Software Engineering: A Layered Technology, Evolution of Design Techniques, Exploratory style of S/W Development
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
This document discusses functional and non-functional requirements. Functional requirements describe the behavior of a system and support user goals, while non-functional requirements describe how the system works and make it more usable. Functional requirements should include data descriptions, screen operations, workflows, and access controls. Non-functional requirements should cover usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Non-functional requirements are further classified into categories like process, delivery, implementation, and external constraints.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
The document discusses different types of software metrics that can be used to measure various aspects of software development. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process, while product metrics measure attributes of the software product. Project metrics are used to monitor and control software projects. Metrics need to be normalized to allow for comparison between different projects or teams. This can be done using size-oriented metrics that relate measures to the size of the software, or function-oriented metrics that relate measures to the functionality delivered.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses various aspects of requirements engineering including processes, techniques, challenges, and importance. It describes requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management. Key points covered include feasibility studies, types of requirements, characteristics of good requirements, requirements traceability and evolution. Diagrams like use cases, activity diagrams and data flow diagrams are presented as examples of requirements specification outputs.
The document discusses verification and validation (V&V) in software engineering. It defines verification as ensuring a product is built correctly, and validation as ensuring the right product is built. V&V aims to discover defects and assess if a system is usable. Static and dynamic verification methods are covered, including inspections, testing, and automated analysis. The document outlines V&V goals, the debugging process, V-model development, test planning, and inspection techniques.
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It describes how measurement can be used throughout the software development process to assist with estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control. It defines key terms like measures, metrics, and indicators and explains how they provide insight into the software process and product. The document also discusses using metrics to evaluate and improve the software process as well as track project status, risks, and quality. Finally, it covers different types of metrics like size-oriented, function-oriented, and quality metrics.
This document discusses designing classes in object-oriented design. It covers designing class attributes and methods, class visibility including private, protected, and public protocols, refining class attributes with data types and initial values, designing methods using activity diagrams, avoiding pitfalls like overly large classes, and presenting classes using UML notation. The goal is to design well-structured, reusable classes through an iterative refinement process.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
Program versus Software, Software Characteristics, S/W Failure rate, Evolution Pattern, Types of Software, Stakeholders in Software Engineering, Software Quality, Software Crisis, Software Engineering: A Layered Technology, Evolution of Design Techniques, Exploratory style of S/W Development
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented software design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses key concepts in object-oriented design like classes, methods, inheritance, and relationships. It also describes UML diagrams for modeling different aspects of a system, including use case diagrams for capturing user requirements, class diagrams for modeling the structural design, and how UML was developed through the merging of earlier object-oriented modeling notations. The document aims to introduce software engineering principles and object-oriented modeling techniques using UML.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
Software Engineering :Behavioral Modelling - II State diagramAjit Nayak
This document discusses software engineering principles related to behavioral modeling using state diagrams and activity diagrams. It provides examples and explanations of key concepts in behavioral modeling including states, events, conditions, transitions, activities, actions, concurrency, and swimlanes. It also discusses implementing classes based on interaction and state diagrams and provides an example state diagram for the states of a CourseSection class.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and their components. It discusses actors, use cases, associations, generalizations, includes and extends relationships. It provides examples of use case diagrams and explains when to use certain relationships. The key points are that use case diagrams model a system's functionality from the user's perspective, show actors and their goals, and use relationships to structure common or optional behaviors between use cases.
Software Engineering :Behavioral Modelling - I Sequence diagram Ajit Nayak
This document discusses software engineering principles related to domain and behavioral modeling. It defines three types of objects in domain modeling - boundary objects, entity objects, and controller objects. It also describes how behavioral models like sequence diagrams and activity diagrams can be used to model interactions between objects to produce system behaviors specified in use cases. Examples of applying these concepts to model a tic-tac-toe game and a supermarket prize scheme system are also provided.
Software Engineering :UML class diagramsAjit Nayak
The document discusses UML class diagrams and their components. It defines a class diagram as representing entities with common features as rectangles divided into compartments for the class name, attributes, and operations. It provides examples of how different relationships like association, aggregation, and generalization are depicted. Key points include that association represents a "has-a" relationship, aggregation a whole-part relationship where parts can exist independently, and generalization an "is-a" relationship of inheritance.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including user requirements, system requirements, domain requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides details on each type, including that user requirements are written for customers in natural language, system requirements serve as a contract between client and developer, and domain requirements reflect characteristics of the application domain. Functional requirements describe system services while non-functional requirements constrain system functions and development processes. The document also discusses challenges with specifying non-functional requirements and provides examples of performance, reliability, security, usability, and safety requirements for critical systems.
Requirements engineering involves analyzing user needs and constraints to define the services and limitations of a software system. It has several key steps:
1. Requirements analysis identifies stakeholders and understands requirements through client interviews to define both functional requirements about system services and non-functional constraints.
2. Requirements are documented in a requirements specification that defines what the system should do without describing how.
3. The document is validated through reviews and prototyping to ensure requirements accurately capture user needs before development begins.
Software Engineering REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATIONDr Anuranjan Misra
Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional, User requirements, System requirements, Software Requirements Document – Requirement Engineering Process: Feasibility Studies, Requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements validation, requirements management-Classical analysis: Structured system Analysis, Petri Nets- Data Dictionary
The document discusses software requirement specification and the requirement engineering process. It describes how requirements are elicited from stakeholders, analyzed for consistency and completeness, and specified in a requirements document. The key activities in requirements engineering include requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management, which are iterative processes.
Software project management requirements analysisAntony Alex
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering. It provides 3 key points:
1. Requirements analysis bridges the gap between system requirements engineering and software design by providing a model of the system's information, functions, and behavior to guide design.
2. The purpose is to obtain a thorough understanding of business needs and break them down into clearly defined and agreed upon requirements. This establishes the framework to guide future design and development.
3. The primary goal is to create a detailed functional specification defining all system capabilities and accompanying data and process models, illustrating information managed and processes supported by the new system.
1. Requirements analysis identifies customer needs, evaluates feasibility, and establishes system definitions and specifications. It bridges the gap between requirements engineering and system design.
2. Requirements analysis has several phases including problem recognition, evaluation and synthesis of possible solutions, help modeling, and writing definitions and specifications. It also considers management questions around effort, roles, challenges, and costs.
3. Requirements analysis determines functional requirements describing system behavior and inputs/outputs, as well as non-functional requirements around performance, interfaces, and user factors. It also validates that requirements are correct, consistent, complete, and testable.
The document discusses requirements elicitation, which involves determining what a system or product needs to do from users and stakeholders. It notes that requirements elicitation is difficult because stakeholders may not know their needs, have conflicting needs, or changing needs. The document then describes different types of requirements like functional requirements, which define what a system does, and non-functional requirements, also called quality attributes, which define how the system achieves its functions. Examples of different types of requirements are also provided.
The document discusses software requirements engineering. It describes what requirements are, different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements. It explains the requirements engineering process which includes activities like elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It also discusses modeling techniques used for requirements like prototyping and functional modeling using data flow diagrams. The requirements specification document is the key output which defines what the system needs to do at a high level without describing how it will be implemented.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
The document discusses the key steps in requirement engineering including requirement elicitation, analysis, specification, system modeling, validation, and management. It provides details on each step, such as guidelines for elicitation including assessing feasibility and identifying stakeholders. Requirement analysis involves organizing, examining for consistency, and ranking requirements. Specification describes requirements in documents or models. Validation ensures requirements are unambiguous and consistent. Management involves tracking requirements and changes through traceability tables.
Useful for BE E & TC engineering students to prepare SRS, SDS documents before implementing their projects. Unit II. It is designed as per SPPU syllabus of Electronic Product Design, BE E & TC Engineering
Requirements Engineering - "Ch2 an introduction to requirements"Ra'Fat Al-Msie'deen
System requirements, Types of requirements, Requirements problems, FAQS about requirements, Systems engineering, Emergent properties, System engineering activities, Requirements document, Users of requirements documents, Adapting the standard, Writing requirements, Writing guidelines, Writing essentials, etc.
The document discusses key concepts in software requirements engineering including requirements, requirements engineering activities, and types of requirements. It defines a requirement as a statement that captures stakeholder needs and must be met for a system to solve a problem. Requirements engineering involves eliciting, analyzing, specifying, and managing requirements throughout the system development lifecycle. There are functional requirements that define what a system should do and non-functional requirements relating to qualities like performance, security, and usability. The document outlines common requirements engineering processes such as elicitation, analysis, specification, and management.
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The document provides an overview of requirements engineering as the first stage of the software development process. It discusses how requirements are initially vague and ill-defined, and must be precisely defined to guide implementation. Requirements engineering involves elicitation, analysis, and specification, with the output being a Software Requirements Specification document. The document outlines key aspects that should be included in an SRS, such as functional requirements, data requirements, performance requirements, design constraints, and guidelines. It also discusses techniques for requirements analysis like use case modeling and data flow diagrams.
Here are some common ways activities are organized in projects:
- By project phase (e.g. requirements, design, development, testing)
- By deliverable (e.g. requirements document, design specs, code)
- By work package (e.g. user interface design, database development)
- By component or subsystem (e.g. billing module, reporting features)
- By task type (e.g. coding, documentation, testing)
Organizing activities around milestones helps ensure the project stays on track to complete key checkpoints by certain dates. This provides regular opportunities for oversight and redirection if needed.
This document provides instructions for students to complete practical projects related to project management. It outlines 4 practical assignments:
1. Create a System Requirement Study (SRS) for a sample inventory management project using UML diagrams.
2. Use the waterfall model to prepare a flow chart and Gantt chart for a student project.
3. Estimate the cost of a project using Function Point Analysis (FPA), which involves counting types of system functions and weighing them based on complexity.
4. Estimate the cost of a project using the COCOMO model, which is a regression model that uses parameters from historical data and current project characteristics in a basic formula.
The document discusses requirements engineering for software systems. It introduces concepts like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements and non-functional requirements. It explains the process of requirements analysis and specification. Requirements can be organized in a requirements document and must be specified precisely to avoid ambiguity. Both functional and non-functional requirements are important to define the key aspects of the system.
In this advanced business analysis training session, you will learn Requirement Verification and Validation. Topics covered in this session are:
• Requirements Negotiation And Prioritization
• Requirements Management
• Requirements Traceability
• Requirements Variability and Software/System Product Lines
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The document discusses software requirement analysis and specification. It describes determining user and stakeholder needs, defining functional and non-functional requirements, and requirement types like performance and quality attributes. Requirements must be testable and related to business needs. The analysis process involves defining user and stakeholder profiles, environments, and use cases. Common techniques for organizing requirements include functional hierarchies, data flow diagrams, and use case diagrams. The software requirements specification fully defines system behavior.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification. It describes how requirements gathering involves determining user needs through various techniques like interviews, surveys, prototyping and observation. The requirements analysis phase aims to fully understand requirements, remove inconsistencies and document them clearly. The specification phase defines the requirements in a Software Requirements Specification document, which serves as a contract between developers and customers. The SRS should describe functionality without specifying solutions and have properties like consistency, traceability and verifiability.
Similar to Software Engineering : Requirement Analysis & Specification (20)
1) Software testing techniques like unit testing, white-box testing, and path testing were discussed. Unit testing involves equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. White-box testing requires knowledge of internal structure and aims for statement, branch, and path coverage.
2) Equivalence partitioning divides inputs into classes and one test per class is sufficient. Boundary value analysis tests boundaries of classes. Path coverage requires designing test cases to execute all linearly independent paths in a program.
3) Cyclomatic complexity provides a lower bound on number of test cases needed for path coverage. It is computed based on number of edges and nodes in a control flow graph. Automated testing tools can help with regression and UI testing.
This document provides an overview of various software engineering process models, including:
- Waterfall model which divides the software development life cycle into sequential phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- Iterative waterfall model which allows for feedback loops between phases to catch errors earlier.
- Prototyping model which involves building prototypes to refine requirements before development.
- Incremental/evolutionary model which develops the system in modules through successive versions.
- Spiral model which represents the software process as iterative loops to progressively develop and test the product.
- Agile models like Scrum and XP which emphasize adaptive planning, evolutionary development, team collaboration and frequent delivery of working software.
This document provides an introduction to databases and SQL. It discusses the relational model and how data is stored in tables with rows and columns. It also describes the different languages used in SQL - DDL for data definition, DML for data manipulation, and DCL for data control. Examples are provided of creating tables, inserting data, and using select statements to query and retrieve data. Group functions like COUNT, AVG, MAX etc. are also introduced. The document emphasizes the importance of transactions and using COMMIT to save changes permanently to the database.
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This document provides an introduction to the network simulator NS-2 and its scripting language OTcl. It discusses basics of OTcl like classes, objects, and methods. It provides examples of creating classes and objects in OTcl. It also explains the structure of an NS-2 simulation including creating the event scheduler, topology, sending data using UDP/TCP, and tracing outputs. Suggested readings on OTcl and NS-2 tutorials are provided at the end.
This document provides an introduction to the scripting languages AWK and GNUPlot. It discusses basics of AWK including its structure and examples of using AWK to parse text files and extract fields. It also covers basics of GNUPlot including how to generate different plot types from data files and customize plots. Finally, it provides examples of using AWK to analyze network simulation trace files generated by NS-2 to calculate packet statistics and average delay.
This document provides an introduction to socket programming in C on Linux. Some key points:
- Sockets allow communication between processes over a network and act as an interface between applications and the network. They are represented by file descriptors.
- There are two main types of sockets - stream sockets (TCP) which provide reliable, ordered data transmission and datagram sockets (UDP) which are unreliable but do not require a connection.
- The socket API includes functions like socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), recv(), send(), etc. to create and manage sockets and network communication.
- Data structures like sockaddr_in are used to store socket addresses containing IP and port. Byte ordering functions like
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The document discusses parallel programming using MPI (Message Passing Interface). It introduces MPI as a standard for message passing between processes. It describes how to set up a basic parallel computing environment using a cluster of networked computers. It provides examples of using MPI functions to implement parallel algorithms, including point-to-point and collective communication like broadcast, gather, and scatter.
Operating Systems Part III-Memory ManagementAjit Nayak
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The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The goals of an operating system are to execute user programs, make the computer system convenient to use, and efficiently use computer hardware resources. A computer system consists of hardware, an operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware resources among applications and users.
Operating Systems Part II-Process Scheduling, Synchronisation & DeadlockAjit Nayak
This document discusses interprocess communication and CPU scheduling in operating systems. It covers two models of interprocess communication: shared memory and message passing. It also describes different CPU scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), priority scheduling, and round-robin. The key aspects of process synchronization, producer-consumer problem, and implementation of message passing are explained.
Introduction to database-Transaction Concurrency and RecoveryAjit Nayak
Three key points about transactions from the document:
1. A transaction is a unit of program execution that accesses and possibly updates data items in a database. It must have ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability - to preserve data integrity.
2. Concurrency control schemes allow multiple transactions to run concurrently for better performance, but they must enforce transaction isolation to prevent inconsistent outcomes.
3. A concurrent schedule is considered serializable, and thus preserves isolation, if it is equivalent to some serial schedule where transactions execute one after another. This can be determined using precedence graphs.
Introduction to database-Formal Query language and Relational calculusAjit Nayak
The document provides an introduction to relational databases and formal relational query languages. It discusses relational algebra and relational calculus as the two formal query languages that form the mathematical foundation for commercial relational query languages. Relational algebra is a procedural query language that supports operations like select, project, union, set difference, cartesian product and rename. Example queries are provided for each operation to demonstrate their usage. Relational calculus is described as a non-procedural query language with examples of queries written using its syntax.
This document provides an introduction to relational database design and normalization. The goal of normalization is to avoid data redundancy and anomalies. Examples of anomalies include insertion anomalies where new data cannot be added without existing data, and deletion anomalies where deleting data also deletes other related data. The document discusses functional dependencies and normal forms to help guide the decomposition of relations into multiple normalized relations while preserving data integrity and dependencies.
This document provides an introduction to Entity-Relationship (ER) data modeling. It describes the basic concepts of entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. It explains how ER diagrams can be used to graphically represent these concepts and the structure of a database. The document also covers entity types, relationship types, participation constraints, mapping cardinalities, weak entities, and how to represent these concepts in an ER diagram.
Error detection and correction
Data link control and protocols
Point-to-Point access (PPP)
Multiple Access
Local Area Networks: Ethernet
Wireless LANS
Virtual Circuit Switching: Frame Relay and ATM
Data Communication
Networks & Internet
Protocols & Standards
Layered Tasks
Internet Model
OSI Model
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Circuit switching and Telephone Network
Signals
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IIIAjit Nayak
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a technique where a new subclass inherits attributes and behaviors from an existing superclass without needing to redefine them. This allows code reuse and reduces development costs. The document provides examples of single inheritance with classes like Employee and Manager, and multi-level inheritance with Student, Test, and Result classes. It also discusses polymorphism through method overriding and different types of inheritance like public, private and protected.
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
3. Why Study Software Engineering?
• Many projects have failed because
– they started to develop without adequately
determining whether they are building what the
customer really wanted.
• Customer Requirement
5. Requirements
• A Requirement is a capability or condition required
from the system.
• What is involved in RAS?
– Determine what is expected by the client from the
system. (Gather and Analyze)
– Document those in a form that is clear to the client
as well as to the development team members.
(Document)
7. Requirements engineering
• The process of establishing the services that
– the customer requires from a system and
– the constraints under which it operates and is
developed.
• The requirements themselves are the descriptions of
– the system services and
– constraints that are generated during the
requirements engineering process.
8. Requirements Analysis and
Specification
Requirements Gathering:
Fully understand the user requirements.
Requirements Analysis:
Remove inconsistencies, anomalies, etc. from
requirements.
Requirements Specification:
Document requirements properly in an SRS document.
9. Need for SRS…
• Good SRS reduces development cost
– Req. errors are expensive to fix later
– Req. changes cost a lot (typically 40% changes)
– Good SRS can minimize changes and errors
– Substantial savings --- effort spent during req. saves
multiple times that effort
• An Example:
– Cost of fixing errors in req., design, coding,
acceptance testing and operation are 2, 5, 15, 50,
150 person-months
10. Uses of SRS Document
• Establishes the basis for agreement between the
customers and the suppliers
• Forms the starting point for development.
• Provide a basis for estimating costs and schedules.
• Provide a baseline for validation and verification.
• Facilitates transfer.
• Serves as a basis for enhancement.
• The SRS can serve as the basis for writing User Manual for
the software:
– User Manual: Describes the functionality from the
perspective of a user --- An important document for
users.
– Typically also describes how to carry out the required
tasks with examples.
11. SRS Document: Stakeholders
• SRS intended for a diverse audience:
– Customers and users for validation, contract, ...
– Systems (requirements) analysts
– Developers, programmers to implement the system
– Testers to check that the requirements have been
met
– Project Managers to measure and control the
project
• Different levels of detail and formality is needed for
each audience
• Different templates for requirements specifications:
– Often variations of IEEE 830
12. Types of Requirements
• Functional requirements
– Statements of services the system should provide,
how the system should react to particular inputs and
how the system should behave in particular
situations.
– May state what the system should not do.
• Non-functional requirements
– Constraints on the services or functions offered by
the system such as timing constraints, constraints on
the development process, standards, etc.
– Often apply to the system as a whole rather than
individual features or services.
13. Functional Requirements
• Descriptions of data to be entered into the system
• Descriptions of operations performed by each screen
• Descriptions of work-flows performed by the system
• Descriptions of system reports or other outputs
• Who can enter the data into the system?
• How the system meets applicable regulatory
requirements
14. Functional Requirements contd.
• The functional requirements discusses the
functionalities required from the system.
• The system is considered to perform a set of high-
level functions {fi }
• Each function f i of the system can be considered as a
transformation of a set of input data (Ii) to the
corresponding set of output data (Oi)
• The user can get some meaningful piece of work done
using a high-level function.
fi
Input
Data
Output
Data
I1
I2
I3
O1
O2
O3
15. Example Functional Requirements - I
• Interface requirements
– Field 1 accepts numeric data entry.
– Field 2 only accepts dates before the current date.
– Screen 1 can print on-screen data to the printer.
• Business Requirements
– Data must be entered before a request can be approved.
– Clicking the Approve button moves the request to the
Approval Work flow
– All personnel using the system will be trained according to
internal SOP AA-101.
• Regulatory/Compliance Requirements
– The database will have a functional audit trail.
– The system will limit access to authorized users.
– The spreadsheet can secure data with electronic signatures.
16. Example Functional Requirements - II
• Library system - F1: Search Book function
– Input: an author’s name
– Output: details of the author’s books and the location of
these books in the library
• ATM (Cash Withdraw)- R1: withdraw cash
– Description: The withdraw cash function determines the
type of account that the user has and the account
number from which the user wishes to withdraw cash.
– It checks the balance to determine whether the
requested amount is available in the account.
– If enough balance is available, it outputs the required
cash, otherwise it generates an error message.
17. Example Functional Requirements - III
• ATM (Cash Withdraw)- R1: withdraw cash
– R1.1: select withdraw amount option
• Input: “withdraw amount” option,
• Output: user prompted to enter the account type
– R1.2: select account type
• Input: user option,
• Output: prompt to enter amount
– R1.3: get required amount
• Input: amount to be withdrawn in integer values greater than 100
and less than10,000 in multiples of 100.
• Output: The requested cash and printed transaction statement.
18. Non-functional Requirements - I
• Characteristics of the system which can not be
expressed as functions
– Maintainability, Portability, Usability, Security, Safety,
Reliability, Performance, etc.
• Example: How fast can the system produce results?
– So that it does not overload another system to
which it supplies data, etc.
– Needs to be measurable (verifiability)
• e.g. response time should be less than 1sec, 90% of the time
20. Non-functional Requirements III
• Constraints are NFR
– Hardware to be used,
– Operating system
– DBMS to be used
– Capabilities of I/O devices
– Standards compliance
– Data representations by the interfaced system
• Project management issues (costs, time, schedule) are
often considered as non-functional requirements
• External Interface Requirements
– User Interface, Hardware Interface, Software Interface,
Communication Interface, File export format
21. Importance of Nonfunctional Req.
• Non-functional (product) requirements play an important
role for critical systems.
– Systems whose ‘failure’ causes significant economic,
physical or human damage to organizations or people.
• There are three principal types of critical system
– Business critical systems : Failure leads to significant
economic damage.
• customer accounting system in a bank
– Mission critical systems : Failure leads to the abortion of a
mission.
• navigational system for a spacecraft
– Safety critical systems: Failure endangers human life.
• a controller of a nuclear plant
22. Requirements for critical systems - I
• The principal non-functional constraints which are
relevant to critical systems
– Reliability ‹
• the ability of a system to perform its required functions under stated
conditions for a specific period of time.
• Can be considered under two separate headings:
• Availability - is the system available for service when requested by
end-users.
• Failure rate - how often does the system fail to deliver the service as
expected by end-users.
– Performance
• Response requirements (how quickly the system reacts to a user
input)
• Throughput requirements (how much the system can accomplish
within a specified amount of time)
• Availability requirements (is the system available for service when
requested by end-users)
23. Requirements for critical systems-II
• Security
– to ensure un authorised access to the system and its data is
not allowed ‹
– Ensure the integrity of the system from accidental or malicious
damage. ‹
• Safety ‹
– ‘shall not’ requirements which exclude unsafe situations from
the possible solution space of the system
• Usabilityis
– the ease with which a user can learn to operate, prepare
inputs for, and interpret outputs of system or component.
– Usability requirements include:
• Well-structured user manuals ‹
• Informative error messages ‹
• Help facilities ‹
• Well-formed graphical user interfaces
24. Examples-I
• The System service X shall have an availability of 999/1000
or 99%.
– Reliability requirement which means that out of every
1000 requests for this service, 999 must be satisfied.
• System Y shall process a minimum of 8 transactions per
second.
– Performance requirement.
• The access permissions for system data may only be
changed by the system’s data administrator.
• All system data must be backed up every 24 hours and the
backup copies stored in a secure location which is not in
the same building as the system.
– Security requirements
25. Examples-II
• The violated system shall not permit any further
operation unless the operator guard is in place.
• The system shall not operate if the external
temperature is below 4 degrees Celsius.
• The system should not longer operate in case of fire
(e.g. an elevator)
– Safety requirements
26. Summary - NFR
User’s need User’s concern Non-functional
requirement
Function 1.Ease of use
2. Unauthorised access
3.Likelihood of failure
1.Usability
2. Security
3. Reliability
Performance 1. Resource utilization
2.Performance verification
3.Ease of interfacing
1.Efficiency
2.Verifiability
3. Interoperability
Change 1.Ease of repair
2.Ease of change
3.Ease of transport
4.Ease of expanding or
upgrading capacity or
performance ?
1.Maintainability
2. Flexibility
3. Portability
4.Expandability
27. Measurable metrics for NFR
Property Metric
Performance 1.Processed transactions per second
2.Response time to user input
Reliability 1.MTTF, MTTR, MTBF
2.Rate of occurrence of failure
Availability 1.Probability of failure on demand
Size 1.Kbytes, Mbytes
Usability 1.Time taken to learn the software
2.Number of errors made by user
Robustness 1.Time to restart the system after failure
28. Software efficiency
• It refers to the level of use of computational
resources, such as CPU cycles, memory, disk space,
buffers and communications channels.
• Efficiency can be characterized as follows:
– Capacity - maximum number of users/terminals/
transactions/... the system can handle without
performance degradation
– Degradation of service -- what happens when a
system with capacity X widgets per time-unit
receives X+1 widgets?
• We don't want the system to simply crash! Rather, we may want
to stipulate that the system should handle the load, perhaps with
degraded performance.
29. NFR: Trigger Questions - I
• Performance characteristics
– Are there any speed, throughput, or response time
constraints on the system? ‹
– Are there size or capacity constraints on the data to
be processed by the system?
• Quality issues:
– What are the requirements for reliability? ‹‹
– What is the maximum time for restarting the system
after a failure? ‹
– What is the acceptable system downtime per 24-
hour period?
30. NFR: Trigger Questions - II
• Resources and Management Issues:
– How often will the system be backed up?
– Who will be responsible for the back up?
– Who is responsible for system installation?
– Who will be responsible for system maintenance?
31. Domain requirements
• The system’s operational domain imposes
requirements on the system.
• Example:
– a train control system has to take into account the
braking characteristics in different weather
conditions.
• Domain requirements be new functional
requirements, constraints on existing requirements or
define specific computations.
• If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system
may be unworkable.
32. e.g. Train protection system
• Domain requirement for a train protection system is
given as
• The deceleration of the train shall be computed as:
– Dtrain = Dcontrol + Dgradient
• where Dgradient is 9.81 ms2 * compensated gradient/alpha and
where the values of 9.81 ms2 /alpha are known for different types
of train.
• It is difficult for a non-specialist to understand the
implications of this and how it interacts with other
requirements.
33. IEEE 830-1998 Standard for SRS - I
• Title
• Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Overall Description
• 3. Specific Requirements
• 4.Change Management Process
• 5. Document Approval
• Appendices
• Index
34. IEEE 830-1998 Standard: Introduction
• 1.1 Purpose
– Describe purpose of this SRS
– Describe intended audience
• 1.2 Scope
– Identify the software product
– Enumerate what the system will and will not do
– Describe user classes and benefits for each
• 1.3 Definitions. Acronyms, and Abbreviations
– Define the vocabulary of the SRS (may reference appendix)
• 1.4 References
– List all referenced documents including sources
(e.g., Use Case Model and Problem Statement; Experts in the
field)
• 1.5 Overview
– Describe the content of the rest of the SRS
– Describe how the SRS is organized
35. IEEE 830-1998 : Overall Description
• 2.1 Product Perspective
– Present the business case and operational concept of the system
– Describe how the proposed system fits into the business context
– Describe external interfaces: system, user, hardware, software,
communication
– Describe constraints: memory, operational, site adaptation
• 2.2 Product Functions
– Summarize the major functional capabilities
– Include the Use Case Diagram and supporting narrative
(identify actors and use cases)
– Include Data Flow Diagram if appropriate
• 2.3 User Characteristics
– Describe and justify technical skills and capabilities of each user
class
• 2.4 Constraints
– Describe other constraints that will limit developer’s options; e.g.,
regulatory policies; target platform, database, network software
and protocols, development standards requirements
• 2.5 Assumptions and Dependencies
36. IEEE 830-1998 : Overall Description
• 2.1 Product Perspective
– Present the business case and operational concept of the system
– Describe how the proposed system fits into the business context
– Describe external interfaces: system, user, hardware, software,
communication
– Describe constraints: memory, operational, site adaptation
• 2.2 Product Functions
– Summarize the major functional capabilities
– Include the Use Case Diagram and supporting narrative
(identify actors and use cases)
– Include Data Flow Diagram if appropriate
• 2.3 User Characteristics
– Describe and justify technical skills and capabilities of each user
class
• 2.4 Constraints
– Describe other constraints that will limit developer’s options; e.g.,
regulatory policies; target platform, database, network software
and protocols, development standards requirements
• 2.5 Assumptions and Dependencies
37. IEEE 830-1998 : Specific Requirements
• 3.1 External Interfaces
– Detail all inputs and outputs
– Examples: GUI screens, file formats
• 3.2 Functional Requirements
– Include detailed specifications of all the functional
requirements
• 2.3 Non-Functional Requirements
– Describes all non-functional requirements that can’t
be expressed as a function.
• Characteristics of the system which can not be expressed as
functions.
• e.g. performance requirements, database requirements, design
constraints, quality attributes, . . .
38. Properties of a good SRS document
• Concise.
• Structured.
• Black-box view.
• Conceptual integrity.
• Response to undesired events.
• Verifiable.