This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
The software process involves specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution activities. It can be modeled using plan-driven approaches like the waterfall model or agile approaches. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities. Reuse-oriented processes focus on assembling systems from existing components. Real processes combine elements of different models. Specification defines system requirements through requirements engineering. Design translates requirements into a software structure and implementation creates an executable program. Validation verifies the system meets requirements through testing. Evolution maintains and changes the system in response to changing needs.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their components. A sequence diagram models the behavior of a use case by showing the sequence of messages passed between objects over time. It contains active objects along the top representing actors and classes, connected by messages that illustrate communication. Other elements include lifelines, activation boxes to indicate focus of control, and control information like conditions and iterations. The document provides examples and steps for constructing a sequence diagram based on a use case.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document software systems. The document outlines the basics of UML including common diagram types like use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams. It also discusses modeling tools that support working with UML diagrams.
The document discusses different approaches for identifying classes during object analysis, including the noun phrase approach, common class patterns approach, use case driven approach, and Classes, Responsibilities, and Collaborators (CRC) approach. It provides guidelines for selecting classes, naming classes, identifying attributes versus classes, and an example of applying the noun phrase approach to identify initial classes for a bank ATM system.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Activity diagrams show the flow and sequence of activities in a system by depicting actions, decisions, and parallel processes through graphical symbols like activities, transitions, decisions, and swimlanes. They are used to model workflows, use cases, and complex methods by defining activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and connections between elements. Guidelines are provided for creating activity diagrams, such as identifying the workflow objective, pre/post-conditions, activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and evaluating for concurrency.
Use case diagrams depict the functionality of a system from a user perspective by showing actors, use cases, and relationships between them. Actors represent roles that interact with the system, while use cases represent system functions. Relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. Each use case contains details like preconditions, postconditions, normal and alternative flows, and exceptions. Use cases are identified through actor-based and event-based methods by determining actor tasks and system responses to external events.
The document discusses use case diagrams and their components. It defines key terms like actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases. It explains that use case diagrams model interactions between actors and a system, and capture the system's functional requirements. Diagrams show actors outside the system boundary and use cases inside it. Relationships like "include", "extend", and "generalization" define relationships between use cases. The document provides examples and guidelines for creating use case specifications that describe use case scenarios in detail.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
The software process involves specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution activities. It can be modeled using plan-driven approaches like the waterfall model or agile approaches. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities. Reuse-oriented processes focus on assembling systems from existing components. Real processes combine elements of different models. Specification defines system requirements through requirements engineering. Design translates requirements into a software structure and implementation creates an executable program. Validation verifies the system meets requirements through testing. Evolution maintains and changes the system in response to changing needs.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their components. A sequence diagram models the behavior of a use case by showing the sequence of messages passed between objects over time. It contains active objects along the top representing actors and classes, connected by messages that illustrate communication. Other elements include lifelines, activation boxes to indicate focus of control, and control information like conditions and iterations. The document provides examples and steps for constructing a sequence diagram based on a use case.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document software systems. The document outlines the basics of UML including common diagram types like use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams. It also discusses modeling tools that support working with UML diagrams.
The document discusses different approaches for identifying classes during object analysis, including the noun phrase approach, common class patterns approach, use case driven approach, and Classes, Responsibilities, and Collaborators (CRC) approach. It provides guidelines for selecting classes, naming classes, identifying attributes versus classes, and an example of applying the noun phrase approach to identify initial classes for a bank ATM system.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
UML deployment diagrams show the physical deployment of software components across hardware infrastructure. They depict the hardware elements like processors and devices, the software installed on each processor, and how the components connect. Deployment diagrams are created during system implementation to layout the physical architecture and are useful for embedded, client-server, and distributed systems to distinguish interfaces from data and host multiple software versions across servers.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Activity diagrams show the flow and sequence of activities in a system by depicting actions, decisions, and parallel processes through graphical symbols like activities, transitions, decisions, and swimlanes. They are used to model workflows, use cases, and complex methods by defining activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and connections between elements. Guidelines are provided for creating activity diagrams, such as identifying the workflow objective, pre/post-conditions, activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and evaluating for concurrency.
Use case diagrams depict the functionality of a system from a user perspective by showing actors, use cases, and relationships between them. Actors represent roles that interact with the system, while use cases represent system functions. Relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. Each use case contains details like preconditions, postconditions, normal and alternative flows, and exceptions. Use cases are identified through actor-based and event-based methods by determining actor tasks and system responses to external events.
The document discusses use case diagrams and their components. It defines key terms like actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases. It explains that use case diagrams model interactions between actors and a system, and capture the system's functional requirements. Diagrams show actors outside the system boundary and use cases inside it. Relationships like "include", "extend", and "generalization" define relationships between use cases. The document provides examples and guidelines for creating use case specifications that describe use case scenarios in detail.
A use case models the interactions between external actors and a system to achieve goals. It captures functional requirements from the user's perspective and involves users in requirements gathering. A use case consists of actors and use cases, which describe a sequence of steps in the interaction. Scenarios provide specific examples of a use case. Use cases help test and communicate system functionality.
The document provides an overview of elements that make up an analysis model, including:
- Use case text, diagrams, activity diagrams, swim lane diagrams, and other modeling techniques.
- The overall objectives of the analysis model are to describe customer requirements, establish a basis for software design, and define requirements that can be validated.
- Scenario-based modeling represents the system from the user's perspective using use case text and diagrams. Elements of use cases and examples of use case diagrams are also described.
The document discusses use case modeling and UML diagrams. It provides an overview of commonly used UML diagrams such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It then describes use cases, use case diagrams, and relationships between use cases including include, extend, and generalize relationships.
The document provides guidance on developing use case models for a system. It defines key concepts like actors, use cases, include and extend relationships. It explains that use cases describe interactions between actors and the system to achieve goals. The document also provides examples of use case diagrams and descriptions to illustrate how to identify actors and use cases, and describe typical and alternative flows and exceptions. It emphasizes that use cases specify expected behavior from the user's perspective without detailing implementation.
Lecture no 8 use case modeling and use case diagramsnaveed428
The document discusses use case modeling and diagrams. It provides examples of use cases, actors, and relationships between them. Some key points:
- A use case represents a goal of an actor and the interactions needed to achieve that goal. Actors can be people or other systems.
- Use case diagrams show use cases, actors, and their relationships to understand system requirements and functionality.
- Common relationships include generalization, extension, and inclusion to model optional/exceptional behavior or reuse of common interactions.
- Well-defined use cases with descriptions help validate requirements, guide testing, and communicate with stakeholders.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
The document discusses use case modeling and provides information on key concepts:
- A use case describes interactions between a system and external users (actors) to achieve a goal. It specifies system behavior but not implementation.
- Key components of use case modeling include actors, use cases, relationships between use cases like inclusion and extension, and use case descriptions.
- Use cases capture functional requirements while use case descriptions elaborate different scenarios through structured text or pseudocode. Organizing use cases into packages supports generalization and specialization.
This document discusses use case modeling and analysis. It provides an overview of use cases, actors, relationships between use cases, and how to develop a use case model. Key steps include identifying actors and use cases, creating a use case diagram, describing use cases, and prioritizing use cases. The document uses examples of an ATM system and hotel information system to illustrate use case concepts.
This document discusses requirements engineering processes and techniques. It introduces common activities in requirements engineering like elicitation, analysis, validation and management. Specific techniques covered include feasibility studies, interviews, scenarios and viewpoints to understand requirements from different stakeholders. The overall goal is to gather, analyze and specify system requirements through an iterative process.
The document discusses use case modeling. It defines use cases as narrative descriptions of domain processes in a structured prose format. It describes key concepts like actors, scenarios, and the relationships between use cases such as include and extend. It provides guidelines for writing use cases, including identifying the system boundary, primary actors, and their goals to derive use cases. It also describes different styles and levels of detail for writing use cases.
The document discusses use case analysis in software engineering. It defines what a use case is, including that it specifies system requirements and describes scenarios of how actors will use the system. It also defines actors, scenarios, different use case formats (brief, casual, fully dressed), and relationships between use cases like include and extend. The document then provides examples of identifying actors and writing use cases for a ridesharing and library management system.
The document discusses refining a system definition through use case modeling. It explains how to detail use cases by structuring the basic and alternative flows of events. Guidelines are provided for writing use case reports and flows of events to clearly communicate system behavior to various audiences like users, designers, and testers.
SE_Lec 03_Requirements Analysis and SpecificationAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses requirements engineering and defines what requirements are. It explains that requirements include functional and non-functional requirements. Functional requirements define what a system should do, while non-functional requirements define properties like usability, performance and reliability. The document also describes the requirements engineering process, which involves gathering, analyzing, documenting and managing requirements.
Presentation Use Case Diagram and Use Case Specification.pptxazida3
The use case diagram models the interactions between a Customer and an ATM machine. The Customer can perform the use cases of Logging In, Making a Withdrawal, Checking Balance, and Depositing Funds. The ATM machine facilitates these use cases.
The document discusses elements of an analysis model for software engineering requirements, including use case diagrams. It provides information on use cases, actors, relationships between use cases and actors, and how to describe use cases using user stories, diagrams, and textual descriptions. An example use case diagram is also included to illustrate these concepts.
Use Case Diagram on real world scenaios.pptxnomi29kitchloo
Use Case Diagram. Role of use cases. Explain the process used to create use cases. Create use cases on real-world scenarios. Define process models of the basic concepts and constructs of a data flow diagram.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
UML component diagrams describe software components and their dependencies. A component represents a modular and replaceable unit with well-defined interfaces. Component diagrams show the organization and dependencies between components using interfaces, dependencies, ports, and connectors. They can show both the external view of a component's interfaces as well as its internal structure by nesting other components or classes.
Object diagrams represent a snapshot of a system at a particular moment, showing the concrete instances of classes and their relationships. They capture the static view of a system to show object behaviors and relationships from a practical perspective. Unlike class diagrams which show abstract representations, object diagrams depict real-world objects and their unlimited possible instances. They are used for forward and reverse engineering, modeling object relationships and interactions, and understanding system behavior.
Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects over time by depicting object lifelines and messages exchanged. They emphasize the time ordering of messages. To create a sequence diagram, identify participating objects and messages, lay out object lifelines across the top, and draw messages between lifelines from top to bottom based on timing. Activation boxes on lifelines indicate when objects are active. Sequence diagrams help document and understand the logical flow of a system.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
This document discusses software quality and metrics. It defines software quality as conformance to requirements, standards, and implicit expectations. It outlines ISO 9126 quality factors like functionality, reliability, usability, and maintainability. It describes five views of quality: transcendental, user, manufacturing, product, and value-based. It also discusses types of metrics like product, process, and project metrics. Product metrics measure characteristics like size, complexity, and quality level. The document provides guidelines for developing, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting software metrics.
This document discusses key concepts in software design engineering including analysis models, design models, the programmer's approach versus best practices, purposes of design, quality guidelines, design principles, fundamental concepts like abstraction and architecture, and specific design concepts like patterns, modularity, and information hiding. It emphasizes that design is important for translating requirements into a quality software solution before implementation begins.
The document provides an overview of architectural design in software engineering. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between them, and properties. The key steps in architectural design are creating data design, representing structure, analyzing styles, and elaborating chosen style. It emphasizes software components and their focus. Examples of architectural styles discussed include data flow, call-and-return, data-centered, and virtual machine.
Object oriented concepts can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Objects have state, behavior, and identity. State represents the properties and values of an object, behavior is defined by the operations or methods that can be performed on an object, and identity uniquely distinguishes one object from all others. Key concepts in object orientation include abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, hierarchy, polymorphism, and life span of objects. These concepts help organize programs through the definition and use of classes and objects.
Unit 7 performing user interface designPreeti Mishra
The document discusses user interface design principles and models. It provides three key principles for user interface design:
1. Place users in control of the interface and allow for flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2. Reduce users' memory load by minimizing what they need to remember, establishing defaults, and progressively disclosing information.
3. Make the interface consistent across screens, applications, and interaction models to maintain user expectations.
It also describes four models involved in interface design: the user profile model, design model, implementation model, and user's mental model. The role of designers is to reconcile differences across these models.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
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The document provides an overview of design process and factors that affect user experience in interface design. It discusses various principles and heuristics to support usability, including learnability, flexibility, and robustness. The document outlines principles that affect these factors, such as predictability, consistency and dialog initiative. It also discusses guidelines for improving usability through user testing and iterative design. The document emphasizes the importance of usability and provides several heuristics and guidelines to measure and improve usability in interface design.
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This document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as a discipline concerned with studying, designing, building, and implementing interactive computing systems for human use, with a focus on usability. The document outlines various perspectives in HCI including sociology, anthropology, ergonomics, psychology, and linguistics. It also defines HCI and lists 8 guidelines for creating good HCI, such as consistency, informative feedback, and reducing memory load. The importance of good interfaces is discussed, noting they can make or break a product's acceptance. Finally, some principles and theories of user-centered design are introduced.
This document discusses the Think Pair Share activity and principles of cohesion and coupling in software design. It provides definitions and examples of different types of coupling (data, stamp, control, etc.) and levels of cohesion (functional, sequential, communicational, etc.). The key goals are to minimize coupling between modules to reduce dependencies, and maximize cohesion so elements within a module are strongly related and focused on a single task. High cohesion and low coupling lead to components that are more independent, flexible, and maintainable.
The document provides an overview of system development methodologies, with a focus on structured analysis and design versus object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses the analysis, design, and implementation phases of an object-oriented systems development life cycle. In the analysis phase, it describes how use case diagrams and class diagrams are used to model object-oriented analysis using the Unified Modeling Language. It also provides guidance on identifying domain classes from problem statements by looking for noun phrases and applying subject matter expertise.
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CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
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Use case Diagram
1. UML Diagrams- Use CaseUML Diagrams- Use Case
Preeti Mishra
Course Incharge
2. Course will cover..
• What is a use-case
– Use-case versus user interaction
• Use-Case diagrams
– The constructs in the use-case diagrams
• Capturing the use-case
– High-level use-case
– Extended use-case
– Difference between use case and scenario
3. What is a Use Case
– A use-case captures some user visible function
– simplest is a representation of a user's interaction with the system
and depicting the specifications of a use case.
– A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a
system and the various ways that they interact with the system
– help provide a higher-level view of the system.
4. An Example
• Consider the following when formatting a document
• Define a style
• Change a style
• Copy a style from one document to the next
– versus
• Format a document
• Ensure consistent formatting of two documents
• The latter is a user goal
– Something the user wants to achieve
• The former are user interactions
– Things the user does to the system to achieve the goal
5. 5 05-Use-Cases
Goals and Interactions
• There is a place for both goals and interactions
• Understand what the system shall do
– Capture the user goals
• Understand how the user will achieve the goals
– Capture user interactions
– Sequences of user interactions
• Thus, start with the user goals and then refine the
user goals into several (many) user interactions
6. 6
Actors
– An actor represents a set of roles that users
of use case play when interacting with these
use cases.
– Actors can be human or automated systems.
– Actors are entities which require help from
the system to perform their task or are
needed to execute the system’s functions.
– Actors are not part of the system.
name
7. 7
Use Cases and Actors
– From the perspective of a given actor, a use case
does something that is of value to the actor,
such as calculate a result or change the state of
an object.
– The Actors define the environments in which the
system lives
Work
8.
9.
10. 10
Relationships between
Use Cases
– Generalization - use cases that are specialized
versions of other use cases.
– Include - use cases that are included as parts of
other use cases. Enable to factor common
behavior.
– Extend - use cases that extend the behavior of
other core use cases. Enable to factor variants.
11. 11
Generalization
– The child use case inherits the
behavior and meaning of the
parent use case.
– The child may add to or
override the behavior of its parent.
parent
child
13. 13
Include
– The base use case explicitly
incorporates the behavior of another
use case at a location specified in the
base.
– The included use case never stands
alone. It only occurs as a part of some
larger base that includes it.
base included<<include>>
14. 14
More about Include
– Enables to avoid describing the same
flow of events several times by putting
the common behavior in a use case of its
own.
updating
grades
output
generating
verifying
student id
<<include>>
<<include>>
15. 15
Extend
• The base use case implicitly
incorporates the behavior of another
use case at certain points called
extension points.
• The base use case may stand alone,
but under certain conditions its
behavior may be extended by the
behavior of another use case.
base extending<<extend>>
16. 16
More about Extend
• Enables to model optional behavior or
branching under conditions.
Exam copy
request
Exam-grade
appeal
<<extend>>
18. 18
Relationships between Use Cases
and Actors
– Actors may be connected to use cases
by associations, indicating that the
actor and the use case communicate
with one another using messages.
updating
grades
faculty
20. 20
Update Items
Bookshop
Worker
Ship Order
Bookshop
Manager
Update Staff Details
Register Details
Customer
1
System Login
Update Customer Details
Add Items to ShoppingCart
Handle Order
<<include>>
<<extend>>
<<include>>
Make Order
<<include>>
A More Complicate Example
21. 21
Each use case may include all or part of:
Title or Reference Name - meaningful name of the UC
Author/Date - the author and creation date
Modification/Date - last modification and its date
Purpose - specifies the goal to be achieved
Overview - short description of the processes
Cross References - requirements references
Actors - agents participating
Pre Conditions - must be true to allow execution
Post Conditions - will be set when completes normally
Normal flow of events - regular flow of activities
Alternative flow of events - other flow of activities
Exceptional flow of events - unusual situations
Implementation issues - foreseen implementation problems
Use Case Description
22. 22
Example- Money Withdraw
(cont.)
• Actors: Customer
• Pre Condition:
– The ATM must be in a state ready to accept
transactions
– The ATM must have at least some cash on hand that it
can dispense
– The ATM must have enough paper to print a receipt for
at least one transaction
• Post Condition:
– The current amount of cash in the user account is the
amount before the withdraw minus the withdraw amount
– A receipt was printed on the withdraw amount
– The withdraw transaction was audit in the System log
file
23. 23
Example- Money Withdraw
(cont.)
Typical Course of events:
Actor ActionsActor Actions System ActionsSystem Actions
1. Begins when a Customer arrives at ATM1. Begins when a Customer arrives at ATM
2. Customer inserts a Credit card into ATM2. Customer inserts a Credit card into ATM 3. System verifies the customer ID and status3. System verifies the customer ID and status
5. Customer chooses “Withdraw” operation5. Customer chooses “Withdraw” operation 4. System asks for an operation type4. System asks for an operation type
7. Customer enters the cash amount7. Customer enters the cash amount 6. System asks for the withdraw amount6. System asks for the withdraw amount
8. System checks if withdraw amount is legal8. System checks if withdraw amount is legal
9. System dispenses the cash9. System dispenses the cash
10. System deduces the withdraw amount from10. System deduces the withdraw amount from
accountaccount
11. System prints a receipt11. System prints a receipt
13. Customer takes the cash and the receipt13. Customer takes the cash and the receipt 12. System ejects the cash card12. System ejects the cash card
24. 24
Example- Money Withdraw
(cont.)
• Alternative flow of events:
– Step 3: Customer authorization failed. Display
an error message, cancel the transaction and
eject the card.
– Step 8: Customer has insufficient funds in its
account. Display an error message, and go to
step 6.
– Step 8: Customer exceeds its legal amount.
Display an error message, and go to step 6.
• Exceptional flow of events:
– Power failure in the process of the transaction
before step 9, cancel the transaction and eject
the card
25. 25
Example- Money Withdraw
(cont.)
One method to identify use cases is actor-based:
- Identify the actors related to a system or organization.
- For each actor, identify the processes they initiate or participate in.
A second method to identify use cases is event-based:
- Identify the external events that a system must respond to.
- Relate the events to actors and use cases.
The following questions may be used to help identify the use
cases for a system:
- What are tasks of each actor ?
- Will any actor create, store, change, remove, or read information in
the system ?
- What use cases will create, store, change, remove, or read this
information ?
- Will any actor need to inform the system about sudden, external
changes ?
- Does any actor need to be informed about certain occurrences in the
system ?
- Can all functional requirements be performed by the use cases ?
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