Activity diagrams show the flow and sequence of activities in a system by depicting actions, decisions, and parallel processes through graphical symbols like activities, transitions, decisions, and swimlanes. They are used to model workflows, use cases, and complex methods by defining activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and connections between elements. Guidelines are provided for creating activity diagrams, such as identifying the workflow objective, pre/post-conditions, activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and evaluating for concurrency.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their components. A sequence diagram models the behavior of a use case by showing the sequence of messages passed between objects over time. It contains active objects along the top representing actors and classes, connected by messages that illustrate communication. Other elements include lifelines, activation boxes to indicate focus of control, and control information like conditions and iterations. The document provides examples and steps for constructing a sequence diagram based on a use case.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
A class diagram describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with common properties. Attributes and operations are included within classes. Relationships between classes such as associations, generalizations, and dependencies are also shown graphically. The class diagram provides an overview of the system design and structure.
CRC cards are index cards used to represent classes, their responsibilities, and interactions during object-oriented design. Each CRC card lists the class name at the top, responsibilities along the left side, and collaborators on the right side. The iterative CRC modeling process involves finding key classes, identifying their responsibilities, defining collaborator classes, and arranging the cards based on collaboration. CRC cards have advantages such as being portable, involving, and useful throughout the software development lifecycle.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their components. A sequence diagram models the behavior of a use case by showing the sequence of messages passed between objects over time. It contains active objects along the top representing actors and classes, connected by messages that illustrate communication. Other elements include lifelines, activation boxes to indicate focus of control, and control information like conditions and iterations. The document provides examples and steps for constructing a sequence diagram based on a use case.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
A class diagram describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with common properties. Attributes and operations are included within classes. Relationships between classes such as associations, generalizations, and dependencies are also shown graphically. The class diagram provides an overview of the system design and structure.
CRC cards are index cards used to represent classes, their responsibilities, and interactions during object-oriented design. Each CRC card lists the class name at the top, responsibilities along the left side, and collaborators on the right side. The iterative CRC modeling process involves finding key classes, identifying their responsibilities, defining collaborator classes, and arranging the cards based on collaboration. CRC cards have advantages such as being portable, involving, and useful throughout the software development lifecycle.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
User stories go through three phases in their lifecycle:
1. Creation - when a new idea is captured by the product owner and expressed as a user story in the product backlog. Acceptance criteria and estimates are added.
2. Sizing - the team assigns story points to size the effort required. The story is then prioritized for sprints.
3. Implementation - the story is developed during a sprint, demonstrated, and accepted or returned to the backlog if criteria are not met.
The document discusses the prototype model for software development. It begins with building a prototype to get early feedback from customers. This allows refining requirements before full development. The process then involves designing, implementing, and testing the prototype before getting customer evaluation and further refining requirements. The full development includes designing, implementing, integrating, testing and maintaining the final software based on the prototype model.
Activity diagrams can model the dynamic aspects of a system by showing the flow of control from one activity to the next. They are essentially flowcharts that can model business workflows and operations. Activity diagrams contain activity states, action states, transitions, objects, branches, forks, joins, and swimlanes. Action states are atomic while activity states can be decomposed into further detail. Transitions show the flow of control between states. Branches specify alternate paths. Forks allow concurrent flows while joins synchronize them. Swimlanes group activities by actor or thread.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
The document discusses software review methods and optimal review practices. It describes different review methods from walkthroughs to inspections and their goals and attributes. Inspections are highlighted as the most formal review method, involving preparation, an orientation, planning, a review meeting, rework, and verification stages. The goals of technical reviews are also outlined, including improving quality and knowledge while minimizing costs.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
1. The document discusses different types of software testing including manual testing, automation testing, black-box testing, white-box testing, grey-box testing, and different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, regression testing, and acceptance testing.
2. It provides details on when each type of testing is used and their objectives such as finding defects, ensuring quality, and meeting requirements.
3. The key types of testing covered include functional testing, which has sub-types like unit, integration, system, regression, and acceptance testing, and non-functional testing.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is used for object-oriented modeling and consists of 14 diagram types used to model the structure, behavior, and business processes of an application. The most commonly used diagram is the class diagram, which shows classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. Other diagram types include component diagrams, deployment diagrams, object diagrams, package diagrams, use case diagrams, activity diagrams, state machine diagrams, sequence diagrams, and communication diagrams. An example of modeling an online shopping system is provided using user case diagrams, domain models, activity diagrams, and component diagrams.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a general-purpose modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct, and document software systems. It captures decisions and understanding about systems that must be constructed. The goals of UML included developing a modeling language that could be used across different domains and development methods. UML has three main building blocks - things, relationships, and diagrams. Things represent elements in a model like classes, components, and use cases. Relationships connect things and show dependencies, generalizations, and associations. Diagrams provide different views of UML models, including structural diagrams and behavioral diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects and the sequence of messages exchanged in order to achieve a particular task. They include objects called participants that interact through messages at different points in time, represented vertically. Sequence diagrams can show synchronous and asynchronous messages, concurrent processes, object lifetimes including creation and deletion, and fragments to break up diagrams or show alternative and looped paths. Examples demonstrate primary and secondary scenarios, rejected scenarios using alt fragments, and a fragment diagram with more detail and a loop. Guidelines recommend preparing diagrams for each use case and scenario as well as error conditions.
Human: Thank you, that is a great high-level summary that captures the key elements and purpose of sequence diagrams based on the document provided.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
The document discusses activity diagrams, including their purpose, elements, notation, guidelines for creation, and an example. Activity diagrams can model tasks, system functions, and life cycles. Key elements include activities, transitions, decisions, and parallel paths. Notation includes rectangles for activities, arrows for transitions, diamonds for decisions, and bars for parallelism. Guidelines recommend setting context, identifying activities and flows, decisions, and parallelism. The example models scheduling appointments in a dentist office.
The document discusses software architecture documentation. It provides goals for architecture documentation, including presenting common views, defining stakeholders, identifying their concerns, and defining what and how to document. It also discusses the scope of the documentation. Finally, it discusses different approaches to software architecture documentation, including the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and Software Engineering Institute (SEI) methods. The document aims to provide guidance on effective software architecture documentation.
The document discusses object oriented methodologies and software quality assurance. It provides an overview of object oriented analysis and design, including object oriented methodologies like Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), the Booch methodology, and Jacobson's methodologies. It also discusses software quality assurance activities and processes, object oriented metrics, quality costs, and formal technical reviews. The key aspects covered are modeling techniques in OMT, phases of development in various methodologies, and ensuring quality through activities like reviews, audits, and metrics.
The document discusses Object Oriented Design and Analysis using the Rational Unified Process (RUP). RUP is an iterative software development process framework for building object-oriented systems. It is comprised of four phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition. Within each phase are iterative cycles of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing and feedback. The goal is to produce high-quality software that meets user needs within schedule and budget.
The document provides an overview of activity diagrams, including what they are, their purpose, how to draw them, where to use them, and how they differ from flowchart diagrams. Activity diagrams illustrate the flow of activities from one to another and can show parallel, branched, and concurrent flows. They are used to model workflow, business requirements, and the functionalities and systems within an application. Key elements of activity diagrams include activities, flows, decisions, forks, and swimlanes.
This document discusses nested state diagrams and interaction modeling techniques. It addresses:
1. The use of submachine states and composite states to model nested states within a state diagram.
2. Interaction modeling approaches including use cases, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams.
3. Guidelines for developing use cases, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams to fully capture system behavior.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
User stories go through three phases in their lifecycle:
1. Creation - when a new idea is captured by the product owner and expressed as a user story in the product backlog. Acceptance criteria and estimates are added.
2. Sizing - the team assigns story points to size the effort required. The story is then prioritized for sprints.
3. Implementation - the story is developed during a sprint, demonstrated, and accepted or returned to the backlog if criteria are not met.
The document discusses the prototype model for software development. It begins with building a prototype to get early feedback from customers. This allows refining requirements before full development. The process then involves designing, implementing, and testing the prototype before getting customer evaluation and further refining requirements. The full development includes designing, implementing, integrating, testing and maintaining the final software based on the prototype model.
Activity diagrams can model the dynamic aspects of a system by showing the flow of control from one activity to the next. They are essentially flowcharts that can model business workflows and operations. Activity diagrams contain activity states, action states, transitions, objects, branches, forks, joins, and swimlanes. Action states are atomic while activity states can be decomposed into further detail. Transitions show the flow of control between states. Branches specify alternate paths. Forks allow concurrent flows while joins synchronize them. Swimlanes group activities by actor or thread.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
The document discusses software review methods and optimal review practices. It describes different review methods from walkthroughs to inspections and their goals and attributes. Inspections are highlighted as the most formal review method, involving preparation, an orientation, planning, a review meeting, rework, and verification stages. The goals of technical reviews are also outlined, including improving quality and knowledge while minimizing costs.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
1. The document discusses different types of software testing including manual testing, automation testing, black-box testing, white-box testing, grey-box testing, and different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, regression testing, and acceptance testing.
2. It provides details on when each type of testing is used and their objectives such as finding defects, ensuring quality, and meeting requirements.
3. The key types of testing covered include functional testing, which has sub-types like unit, integration, system, regression, and acceptance testing, and non-functional testing.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is used for object-oriented modeling and consists of 14 diagram types used to model the structure, behavior, and business processes of an application. The most commonly used diagram is the class diagram, which shows classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. Other diagram types include component diagrams, deployment diagrams, object diagrams, package diagrams, use case diagrams, activity diagrams, state machine diagrams, sequence diagrams, and communication diagrams. An example of modeling an online shopping system is provided using user case diagrams, domain models, activity diagrams, and component diagrams.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a general-purpose modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct, and document software systems. It captures decisions and understanding about systems that must be constructed. The goals of UML included developing a modeling language that could be used across different domains and development methods. UML has three main building blocks - things, relationships, and diagrams. Things represent elements in a model like classes, components, and use cases. Relationships connect things and show dependencies, generalizations, and associations. Diagrams provide different views of UML models, including structural diagrams and behavioral diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects and the sequence of messages exchanged in order to achieve a particular task. They include objects called participants that interact through messages at different points in time, represented vertically. Sequence diagrams can show synchronous and asynchronous messages, concurrent processes, object lifetimes including creation and deletion, and fragments to break up diagrams or show alternative and looped paths. Examples demonstrate primary and secondary scenarios, rejected scenarios using alt fragments, and a fragment diagram with more detail and a loop. Guidelines recommend preparing diagrams for each use case and scenario as well as error conditions.
Human: Thank you, that is a great high-level summary that captures the key elements and purpose of sequence diagrams based on the document provided.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
The document discusses activity diagrams, including their purpose, elements, notation, guidelines for creation, and an example. Activity diagrams can model tasks, system functions, and life cycles. Key elements include activities, transitions, decisions, and parallel paths. Notation includes rectangles for activities, arrows for transitions, diamonds for decisions, and bars for parallelism. Guidelines recommend setting context, identifying activities and flows, decisions, and parallelism. The example models scheduling appointments in a dentist office.
The document discusses software architecture documentation. It provides goals for architecture documentation, including presenting common views, defining stakeholders, identifying their concerns, and defining what and how to document. It also discusses the scope of the documentation. Finally, it discusses different approaches to software architecture documentation, including the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and Software Engineering Institute (SEI) methods. The document aims to provide guidance on effective software architecture documentation.
The document discusses object oriented methodologies and software quality assurance. It provides an overview of object oriented analysis and design, including object oriented methodologies like Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), the Booch methodology, and Jacobson's methodologies. It also discusses software quality assurance activities and processes, object oriented metrics, quality costs, and formal technical reviews. The key aspects covered are modeling techniques in OMT, phases of development in various methodologies, and ensuring quality through activities like reviews, audits, and metrics.
The document discusses Object Oriented Design and Analysis using the Rational Unified Process (RUP). RUP is an iterative software development process framework for building object-oriented systems. It is comprised of four phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition. Within each phase are iterative cycles of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing and feedback. The goal is to produce high-quality software that meets user needs within schedule and budget.
The document provides an overview of activity diagrams, including what they are, their purpose, how to draw them, where to use them, and how they differ from flowchart diagrams. Activity diagrams illustrate the flow of activities from one to another and can show parallel, branched, and concurrent flows. They are used to model workflow, business requirements, and the functionalities and systems within an application. Key elements of activity diagrams include activities, flows, decisions, forks, and swimlanes.
This document discusses nested state diagrams and interaction modeling techniques. It addresses:
1. The use of submachine states and composite states to model nested states within a state diagram.
2. Interaction modeling approaches including use cases, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams.
3. Guidelines for developing use cases, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams to fully capture system behavior.
The document provides information on modeling business processes using activity diagrams. It discusses the key elements and notation of activity diagrams including activities, transitions, start/final states, decisions, swimlanes, and parallel activities. Guidelines are provided for creating activity diagrams such as setting the context, identifying activities and organizing them in order, adding decisions, object flows, prospects for parallelism, and swimlanes. An example activity diagram for a dentist office system is described and guidelines are given for developing the diagram and associated use case descriptions.
The document discusses various interaction diagrams used in modeling systems, including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state charts. It provides examples and definitions for each type of diagram. For use case diagrams, it explains actors, scenarios, and different notations. Sequence diagrams show the sequence and timing of messages between objects to illustrate object interactions. Activity diagrams model business processes and workflows showing the flow of activities. State chart diagrams use states and transitions to model an object's behavior in response to events. The document also includes exercises to create interaction diagrams for various example systems and processes.
Production and Quality Tools: The 7 Basic Quality ToolsDr. John V. Padua
This document summarizes the 7 basic quality tools including histograms, Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, it provides the definition, steps for constructing the tool, and an example of how the tool can be used. The overall summary is that the 7 basic quality tools are simple and effective methods for analyzing data, identifying problems and their causes, monitoring processes over time, and improving quality.
This presentation provided an overview of Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, the presentation defined the tool, explained how to construct it, and provided an example of how the tool can be used. The tools are designed to be simple visual aids to help analyze data, identify relationships and causes, improve processes, and monitor quality.
Seven Quality Tools - Presentation Material Sample 1.pptssusere6db8e
This presentation provided an overview of Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, the presentation defined the tool, explained how to construct it, and provided an example of how the tool can be used. The tools are designed to be simple visual aids to help analyze data, identify relationships and causes, improve processes, and monitor quality.
Seven quality-tools-1233776598291857-2Mahmood Alam
This presentation provided learning material on Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, definitions were given along with step-by-step processes for constructing them and examples of how each could be used. The tools were shown to be rather simple and effective for analyzing and interpreting data to identify and solve quality-related problems.
This presentation provided learning material on Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. Each tool was defined and explained with examples of how it is constructed and how it can be used. The tools are simple and effective ways to analyze data, identify problems and prioritize solutions, discover causes of problems, study relationships between variables, map processes, and monitor quality control.
Software Engineering :Behavioral Modelling - II State diagramAjit Nayak
This document discusses software engineering principles related to behavioral modeling using state diagrams and activity diagrams. It provides examples and explanations of key concepts in behavioral modeling including states, events, conditions, transitions, activities, actions, concurrency, and swimlanes. It also discusses implementing classes based on interaction and state diagrams and provides an example state diagram for the states of a CourseSection class.
The document discusses the seven quality tools developed by Kaoru Ishikawa: histograms, Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. It provides descriptions and examples of how to construct and use each tool, including slides explaining histograms, Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, scatter diagrams, run charts, flow charts, and control charts. The tools are visual aids to analyze processes, identify problems, determine relationships between variables, and monitor quality.
UML Activity Diagrams show the flow of activities and processes within a system. They represent activities as rectangles and can depict conditional or parallel flows. Activity diagrams are used to model the workflow or business process perspective of a system by showing the sequence and flow from one activity to another. Key elements include initial and final activities, decisions, concurrency, and fork/join nodes. Activity diagrams differ from sequence diagrams in that they model activity flow rather than object interactions.
UML Activity Diagrams show the flow of activities and processes within a system. They depict sequences, parallelism, conditional flows, and other key properties of workflows and business processes. The diagrams use common elements like initial/final activities, decisions, concurrency, and control nodes. Activity diagrams are used to model system behavior at a high level, unlike sequence diagrams which show message flows for specific use cases.
Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing.pptxRivenBarquilla
The document provides information on preparing and interpreting technical drawings. It discusses basic symbols used in flow charting such as terminators, inputs/outputs, processes, decisions, and arrows. It also covers selecting the appropriate type of technical drawing according to job requirements, such as basic, cross-functional, and data flow diagrams. Finally, it outlines steps for interpreting symbols in a flow chart, such as examining each step and decision point to identify bottlenecks and rework loops.
8.Unified Process Modelling.ppt of software enggSukhmanSingh91
The Unified Process (UP) is a framework for software development that uses iterative development. It breaks projects into short iterations of 2-6 weeks to develop executable subsets of the system. Each iteration includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. This allows for early feedback and risk mitigation. The UP also structures work into four phases - Inception focuses on feasibility, Elaboration builds the core architecture, Construction implements remaining elements, and Transition handles deployment. Iterations are time-boxed to keep projects on schedule.
The document describes an online shopping cart system. It includes sections on scope, requirements, functional modeling with data flow diagrams, use case diagrams, and interaction diagrams including sequence and collaboration diagrams. The functional models show the data flows between customers, administrators, and the shopping cart system for key processes like online shopping, product listing, and administration. The use case diagram defines actors like customers and administrators and key use cases such as searching for products, purchasing items, and updating product information. Sequence and collaboration diagrams provide examples of interactions during user registration, item registration by sellers, customer ordering, and administrator functions.
The document describes an online shopping cart system. It includes sections on the system scope, software requirements specification, functional model using data flow diagrams, activity diagrams showing the customer workflow, and a use case diagram showing actors and use cases. The functional model section includes data flow diagrams for the overall system, product listing, administrator, and secure gateway provider. The activity diagram shows the customer's shopping, checkout, and order cancellation processes. The use case diagram identifies the customer and purchased item as actors and use cases for viewing products, purchasing an item, and cancelling an order.
An activity rule consists of a sequence of
steps executed procedurally.
• Flow Automation shapes use
parameterized Activity rules
• Custom activity rules are created when
no other rule configuration is sufficient
• Typical use cases for using activities are:
– Integration
– Writing to Log file
– Creating a case
Unit 3(advanced state modeling & interaction meodelling)Manoj Reddy
The document provides an overview of advanced state modeling and interaction modeling techniques in UML. It discusses nested state diagrams and concurrent state diagrams for controlling complexity in state diagrams. It also covers activity models, use case models, and sequence models for interaction modeling. The relationships between class models, state models, and interaction models are also briefly described.
The document discusses several topics related to process planning and analysis:
1. It outlines the key steps in process planning including requirement gathering, team building, planning and implementation, auditing, and end of life planning.
2. It describes different types of production processes and how they are classified based on factors like continuity and standardization.
3. It provides an overview of how to perform an economic analysis of a farm including defining the situation, calculating depreciation and production data, determining farm profit and cash flows, conducting scenario analysis.
4. It discusses process and material flow concepts like operation symbols, process charts, material, equipment and two-handed charts, and charts using a time scale like multiple
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
UML component diagrams describe software components and their dependencies. A component represents a modular and replaceable unit with well-defined interfaces. Component diagrams show the organization and dependencies between components using interfaces, dependencies, ports, and connectors. They can show both the external view of a component's interfaces as well as its internal structure by nesting other components or classes.
Object diagrams represent a snapshot of a system at a particular moment, showing the concrete instances of classes and their relationships. They capture the static view of a system to show object behaviors and relationships from a practical perspective. Unlike class diagrams which show abstract representations, object diagrams depict real-world objects and their unlimited possible instances. They are used for forward and reverse engineering, modeling object relationships and interactions, and understanding system behavior.
Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects over time by depicting object lifelines and messages exchanged. They emphasize the time ordering of messages. To create a sequence diagram, identify participating objects and messages, lay out object lifelines across the top, and draw messages between lifelines from top to bottom based on timing. Activation boxes on lifelines indicate when objects are active. Sequence diagrams help document and understand the logical flow of a system.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
This document discusses software quality and metrics. It defines software quality as conformance to requirements, standards, and implicit expectations. It outlines ISO 9126 quality factors like functionality, reliability, usability, and maintainability. It describes five views of quality: transcendental, user, manufacturing, product, and value-based. It also discusses types of metrics like product, process, and project metrics. Product metrics measure characteristics like size, complexity, and quality level. The document provides guidelines for developing, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting software metrics.
This document discusses key concepts in software design engineering including analysis models, design models, the programmer's approach versus best practices, purposes of design, quality guidelines, design principles, fundamental concepts like abstraction and architecture, and specific design concepts like patterns, modularity, and information hiding. It emphasizes that design is important for translating requirements into a quality software solution before implementation begins.
The document provides an overview of architectural design in software engineering. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between them, and properties. The key steps in architectural design are creating data design, representing structure, analyzing styles, and elaborating chosen style. It emphasizes software components and their focus. Examples of architectural styles discussed include data flow, call-and-return, data-centered, and virtual machine.
Object oriented concepts can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Objects have state, behavior, and identity. State represents the properties and values of an object, behavior is defined by the operations or methods that can be performed on an object, and identity uniquely distinguishes one object from all others. Key concepts in object orientation include abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, hierarchy, polymorphism, and life span of objects. These concepts help organize programs through the definition and use of classes and objects.
Unit 7 performing user interface designPreeti Mishra
The document discusses user interface design principles and models. It provides three key principles for user interface design:
1. Place users in control of the interface and allow for flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2. Reduce users' memory load by minimizing what they need to remember, establishing defaults, and progressively disclosing information.
3. Make the interface consistent across screens, applications, and interaction models to maintain user expectations.
It also describes four models involved in interface design: the user profile model, design model, implementation model, and user's mental model. The role of designers is to reconcile differences across these models.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
Design process interaction design basicsPreeti Mishra
This document provides an introduction to interaction design basics and terms. It discusses that interaction design involves creating technology-based interventions to achieve goals within constraints. The design process has several stages and is iterative. Interaction design starts with understanding users through methods like talking to and observing them. Scenarios are rich stories used throughout design to illustrate user interactions. Basic terms in interaction design include goals, constraints, trade-offs, and the design process. Usability and user-centered design are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of design process and factors that affect user experience in interface design. It discusses various principles and heuristics to support usability, including learnability, flexibility, and robustness. The document outlines principles that affect these factors, such as predictability, consistency and dialog initiative. It also discusses guidelines for improving usability through user testing and iterative design. The document emphasizes the importance of usability and provides several heuristics and guidelines to measure and improve usability in interface design.
Design process evaluating interactive_designsPreeti Mishra
The document discusses various methods for evaluating interactive systems, including expert analysis methods like heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough, as well as user-based evaluation techniques like observational methods, query techniques, and physiological monitoring. It provides details on the process for each method and considerations for when each may be most appropriate. Evaluation aims to determine a system's usability, identify design issues, compare alternatives, and observe user effects. The criteria discussed include expert analysis, user-based, and model-based approaches.
Foundations understanding users and interactionsPreeti Mishra
This document discusses qualitative user research methods. It explains that qualitative research helps understand user behavior, which is too complex to understand solely through quantitative data. Qualitative research methods include interviews, observation, and persona creation. Personas are fictional user archetypes created from interview data to represent different types of users. They are useful for product design by providing empathy for users and guiding decisions. The document provides details on creating personas and using scenarios to represent how personas would interact with a product.
This document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as a discipline concerned with studying, designing, building, and implementing interactive computing systems for human use, with a focus on usability. The document outlines various perspectives in HCI including sociology, anthropology, ergonomics, psychology, and linguistics. It also defines HCI and lists 8 guidelines for creating good HCI, such as consistency, informative feedback, and reducing memory load. The importance of good interfaces is discussed, noting they can make or break a product's acceptance. Finally, some principles and theories of user-centered design are introduced.
This document discusses the Think Pair Share activity and principles of cohesion and coupling in software design. It provides definitions and examples of different types of coupling (data, stamp, control, etc.) and levels of cohesion (functional, sequential, communicational, etc.). The key goals are to minimize coupling between modules to reduce dependencies, and maximize cohesion so elements within a module are strongly related and focused on a single task. High cohesion and low coupling lead to components that are more independent, flexible, and maintainable.
The document provides an overview of system development methodologies, with a focus on structured analysis and design versus object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses the analysis, design, and implementation phases of an object-oriented systems development life cycle. In the analysis phase, it describes how use case diagrams and class diagrams are used to model object-oriented analysis using the Unified Modeling Language. It also provides guidance on identifying domain classes from problem statements by looking for noun phrases and applying subject matter expertise.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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2. Definition
– Activity diagrams represent the dynamics of
the system.
– They are flow charts that are used to show
the workflow of a system.
– They show.
• The flow of control from activity to activity in the
system,
• What activities can be done in parallel.
• Alternate paths through the flow.
– They can show the flow across use cases or
within a use case.
3. Activity Diagram
• Core symbol is an activity.
• An activity is some task which
needs to be done.
• Each activity can be followed by
another activity (sequencing).
• Triggers from the activity may be
guarded as in state diagrams.
4. Decision Activities
• Diamond.
• Each trigger coming from it has a guard.
• Synchronisation bar.
• All triggers from this attach to activities
that can occur in parallel, with no specific
sequence, or concurrently.
• The next synchronisation bar closes the
concurrency.
• Iteration is represented by a * on the
trigger.
or
5. Activity Diagrams for
Use Cases
• They can be used for describing
either
– Use cases or
– Complicated methods
6. Find
Beverage
Put coffee
in filter
Add water
to reservoir
Drink
Beverage
Pour
coffee
Brew
coffee
Turn on
machine
Put filter
in machine
Get can
of cola
Get
cups
[found coffee]
[no coffee] [no cola]
9. Drawback
• Activity diagrams tell you what is
happening, but not who does what.
• In domain modeling, this diagram type
does not convey which people or
departments are responsible for each
activity.
• In programming, it does not convey
which class is responsible for each
activity.
10. Swimlanes
• Arrange activity diagrams into vertical
zones separated by dashed lines.
• Each zone represents the
responsibilities of a particular class or
department.
11. When to Use Activity
Diagrams
• Do use them for
– Analysing Use Cases.
– Understanding workflow across many Use
Cases.
– Dealing with multi-threaded applications.
• Don’t use them
– to see how objects collaborate.
– to see how an object behaves over its
lifetime.
12. Assign
to Order
Check line
item
Cancel
Order
Authorise
Payment
Choose
outstanding
order items
Assign goods
to order
Reorder
item
Add remainder
to stock
Dispatch
Order
Receive
Supply
Receive
order
Financ
e
Order
Processing
Stock
Manager
* for each
line
item on
order
[faile
d][succee
ded]
* for each
chosen order
item
[in
stock]
[need
to
reorde
r]
[stock
assigned
to all line
items
and payment
authorised]
[all
outstanding
order items
filled]With
Swimlanes
13. Placing an Activity
diagram
• Where?
– You can attach activity diagrams to most
model elements in the use case or logical
views.
– Activity diagrams cannot reside within the
component view.
• Why?
– Very effective in illustrating the workflow of
various events in a use-case diagram.
– You can use activity diagrams to specify
and define each event in a use-case
diagram.
14. Creating an activity
diagram
• Modelling a workflow in an activity
diagram
– Identify a workflow objective.
– Decide the pre and post-conditions of the
workflow.
– Define all activities and states.
– Define any objects that are created or
modified.
– Decide on responsibility for performing the
activities.
– Connect all elements on the diagram with
transitions.
– Place decisions on the diagram.
– Evaluate your diagram for concurrent
15. Identify a workflow
objective.
– "What needs to take place or happen
by the end of the workflow? What
needs to be accomplished?“
– For example, if your activity diagram
models the workflow of ordering a
book from an online bookstore, the
goal of the entire workflow could be
getting the book to the customer.
– What is the goal in the claims
system?
– What are the goals in the tennis club?
16. 2. Workflow pre and
post-conditions
– Define pre and post conditions of the
workflow through a start state and an end
state.
– In most cases, activity diagrams have a
flowchart structure so start and end states
are used to designate the beginning and
ending of the workflow.
– Start and end states clarify the perimeter of
the workflow.
– What is the pre-condition of the main
workflow in
• The claims system?
• The tennis club?
17. Define activities and
states
• Define and recognize all activities
and states that must take place to
meet your objective. Place and
name them on the activity
diagram in a logical order.
• Are there intermediate states in
the claims / tennis club systems?
18. Identify persistent
object operations
• Define and diagram any objects
that are created or modified within
your activity diagram.
• Connect the objects and activities
with object flows.
19. Add swimlanes
• Decide who or what is responsible for
performing the activities and states
through swimlanes.
• Name each swimlane and place the
appropriate activities and states within
each swimlane.
• Identify swimlanes for
– The tennis club workflow
– The claims workflow
20. Finish diagram
• Connect all elements on the diagram with
transitions.
• Place decisions on the diagram where the
workflow may split into an alternate flow.
– E.g. based on a Boolean expression, the workflow
could branch to a different workflow.
• Evaluate your diagram and see if you have
any concurrent workflows. If so, use
synchronizations to represent forking and
joining.
• Set all actions, triggers and guard conditions
in the specifications of each model element.
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