This document provides information on concrete mix design using different methods like the American Concrete Institute (ACI) method, Indian Standard (IS) method, and an example calculation using the IS method. It discusses variables in proportioning concrete mixes like water-cement ratio, cement-aggregate ratio, aggregate gradation, and consistency. For the ACI method, it outlines the steps to determine the quantities of ingredients including collecting material data, selecting water-cement ratio and workability, determining water content, and calculating cement, aggregate, and sand quantities. For the IS method, it describes the 7 steps including selecting water-cement ratio, estimating air content, selecting water and sand contents, and calculating cement and aggregate quantities. An
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to select ingredients and determine their proportions to produce concrete of a certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The key steps involve determining the target mean strength based on site conditions, selecting a water-cement ratio based on strength and durability requirements, choosing the maximum aggregate size and desired workability, and then calculating the cement content, coarse aggregate weight, fine aggregate weight, and final mix proportions. Field conditions like surface moisture must also be accounted for in the final design.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
This document discusses concrete mix proportioning and design. It provides information on:
1. The different types of mix proportioning including nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix uses fixed proportions while design mix determines proportions based on fresh and hardened concrete properties.
2. The procedure for mix design according to IS 10262:2009 including determining target mean strength, selecting water-cement ratio, calculating cement and aggregate contents.
3. An example of designing an M30 concrete mix according to the code. The mix had a water-cement ratio of 0.45, cement content of 413kg/m3, fine aggregate content of 724kg/m3 and coarse aggregate content of 1098kg
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete that is mixed in a pugmill and placed with dump trucks and spread with bulldozers. It is compacted in lifts of 100-250mm thick using vibratory steel drum rollers. RCC does not require internal vibration and can be used for port, rail, highway, and industrial facilities. Some advantages are reduced cement, no formwork, and ability to maintain traffic flow during placement. Limitations include a rougher surface and difficulty compacting near edges.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to select ingredients and determine their proportions to produce concrete of a certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The key steps involve determining the target mean strength based on site conditions, selecting a water-cement ratio based on strength and durability requirements, choosing the maximum aggregate size and desired workability, and then calculating the cement content, coarse aggregate weight, fine aggregate weight, and final mix proportions. Field conditions like surface moisture must also be accounted for in the final design.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
This document discusses concrete mix proportioning and design. It provides information on:
1. The different types of mix proportioning including nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix uses fixed proportions while design mix determines proportions based on fresh and hardened concrete properties.
2. The procedure for mix design according to IS 10262:2009 including determining target mean strength, selecting water-cement ratio, calculating cement and aggregate contents.
3. An example of designing an M30 concrete mix according to the code. The mix had a water-cement ratio of 0.45, cement content of 413kg/m3, fine aggregate content of 724kg/m3 and coarse aggregate content of 1098kg
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete that is mixed in a pugmill and placed with dump trucks and spread with bulldozers. It is compacted in lifts of 100-250mm thick using vibratory steel drum rollers. RCC does not require internal vibration and can be used for port, rail, highway, and industrial facilities. Some advantages are reduced cement, no formwork, and ability to maintain traffic flow during placement. Limitations include a rougher surface and difficulty compacting near edges.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
This document discusses the components, classification, properties, workability, and strength testing of concrete. Concrete is made up of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, air, and water. It can be classified as hardened or fresh concrete. The properties of fresh concrete include workability, segregation, and bleeding, while hardened concrete properties include strength, impermeability, durability, and dimensional variations. Workability is tested using slump, compaction factor, and Vebe tests. Compressive strength of hardened concrete is tested using cube or cylinder tests.
This document provides details on concrete mix design according to Indian Standard IS 10262:2009. It discusses determining proportions of cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate to produce concrete with specified properties like strength and durability at lowest cost. The key steps in mix design include: selecting water-cement ratio based on strength requirements; determining water content based on workability and aggregate type; calculating cement quantity based on water-cement ratio; estimating coarse and fine aggregate proportions; and conducting trial mixes to verify mix meets requirements. The end of document shows an example mix design calculation and results.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
Durability is the ability of concrete to resist weathering actions, chemical attacks, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. A durable concrete structure withstands deterioration over its design life through exposure to the environment. Factors that influence durability include the water-cement ratio, cement content, cover thickness, type of aggregates used, and curing of the concrete. Permeability is an important indicator of durability, with lower permeability reducing susceptibility to chemical attacks. Proper compaction and curing help reduce the permeability of concrete.
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
Special concrete is used when special properties are more important than normal concrete properties. It is produced using chemical and mineral admixtures added to conventional concrete mixes. There are several types of special concrete including lightweight concrete, high strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, and others. Each type has specific properties and uses in construction where standard concrete is not suitable.
A presentation on concrete-Concrete TechnologyAbdul Majid
Concrete is a composite material made from cement, sand, gravel and water. It is one of the most commonly used building materials due to its advantages like durability, fire resistance and ability to be easily formed. Fresh concrete must be properly mixed, placed, consolidated and cured. Mixing ensures uniform distribution of ingredients while consolidation removes air pockets. Curing keeps concrete saturated to allow continued hydration and improve strength over time. Proper mixing, placing and curing are necessary to achieve the desired properties of hardened concrete.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to produce concrete with the required strength, durability and workability at the lowest cost. It describes the factors that must be considered such as minimum strength, workability, water-cement ratio and aggregate size and grading. The different types of mixes are described as nominal, standard or design mixes. The key steps of mix design are outlined, including selecting the target strength, water-cement ratio, water content, cement content and aggregate volumes. Durability, aggregate properties and mix calculations are also summarized.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
1. The document discusses mix design procedures for concrete.
2. Key steps include selecting a water-cement ratio of 0.5 based on the target compressive strength of 26.6 MPa, and choosing a water content of 191.6 kg/m3 and fine aggregate content of 31.5% of total aggregate based on tables.
3. Cement content is calculated as 383 kg/m3 based on the selected water-cement ratio of 0.5.
The document discusses various aspects of concrete mix design including:
1. Materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
2. Types of concrete mixes including nominal and design mixes.
3. Trial mixes are conducted to verify the design mix proportions before use.
4. Mix design is defined as determining relative proportions of ingredients to achieve desired properties economically. Factors like strength, workability, and durability must be considered.
5. Methods for concrete mix design discussed include ACI, BIS, and Road Note No. 4 methods. Proportions are adjusted based on aggregate properties and desired concrete performance.
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
This document discusses the components, classification, properties, workability, and strength testing of concrete. Concrete is made up of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, air, and water. It can be classified as hardened or fresh concrete. The properties of fresh concrete include workability, segregation, and bleeding, while hardened concrete properties include strength, impermeability, durability, and dimensional variations. Workability is tested using slump, compaction factor, and Vebe tests. Compressive strength of hardened concrete is tested using cube or cylinder tests.
This document provides details on concrete mix design according to Indian Standard IS 10262:2009. It discusses determining proportions of cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate to produce concrete with specified properties like strength and durability at lowest cost. The key steps in mix design include: selecting water-cement ratio based on strength requirements; determining water content based on workability and aggregate type; calculating cement quantity based on water-cement ratio; estimating coarse and fine aggregate proportions; and conducting trial mixes to verify mix meets requirements. The end of document shows an example mix design calculation and results.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
Durability is the ability of concrete to resist weathering actions, chemical attacks, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. A durable concrete structure withstands deterioration over its design life through exposure to the environment. Factors that influence durability include the water-cement ratio, cement content, cover thickness, type of aggregates used, and curing of the concrete. Permeability is an important indicator of durability, with lower permeability reducing susceptibility to chemical attacks. Proper compaction and curing help reduce the permeability of concrete.
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
Special concrete is used when special properties are more important than normal concrete properties. It is produced using chemical and mineral admixtures added to conventional concrete mixes. There are several types of special concrete including lightweight concrete, high strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, and others. Each type has specific properties and uses in construction where standard concrete is not suitable.
A presentation on concrete-Concrete TechnologyAbdul Majid
Concrete is a composite material made from cement, sand, gravel and water. It is one of the most commonly used building materials due to its advantages like durability, fire resistance and ability to be easily formed. Fresh concrete must be properly mixed, placed, consolidated and cured. Mixing ensures uniform distribution of ingredients while consolidation removes air pockets. Curing keeps concrete saturated to allow continued hydration and improve strength over time. Proper mixing, placing and curing are necessary to achieve the desired properties of hardened concrete.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to produce concrete with the required strength, durability and workability at the lowest cost. It describes the factors that must be considered such as minimum strength, workability, water-cement ratio and aggregate size and grading. The different types of mixes are described as nominal, standard or design mixes. The key steps of mix design are outlined, including selecting the target strength, water-cement ratio, water content, cement content and aggregate volumes. Durability, aggregate properties and mix calculations are also summarized.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
1. The document discusses mix design procedures for concrete.
2. Key steps include selecting a water-cement ratio of 0.5 based on the target compressive strength of 26.6 MPa, and choosing a water content of 191.6 kg/m3 and fine aggregate content of 31.5% of total aggregate based on tables.
3. Cement content is calculated as 383 kg/m3 based on the selected water-cement ratio of 0.5.
The document discusses various aspects of concrete mix design including:
1. Materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
2. Types of concrete mixes including nominal and design mixes.
3. Trial mixes are conducted to verify the design mix proportions before use.
4. Mix design is defined as determining relative proportions of ingredients to achieve desired properties economically. Factors like strength, workability, and durability must be considered.
5. Methods for concrete mix design discussed include ACI, BIS, and Road Note No. 4 methods. Proportions are adjusted based on aggregate properties and desired concrete performance.
The document discusses mix proportioning for M25 grade concrete according to IS 10262:2019. It provides the stipulations and test data for materials used. The target strength is calculated as 31.6 N/mm2. The water-cement ratio is selected as 0.46. The proportions are calculated as 418 kg/m3 cement, 192 kg/m3 water, 657 kg/m3 fine aggregate, and 1127 kg/m3 coarse aggregate. Adjustments are made to account for moisture in dry aggregates. The presentation emphasizes using supplementary cementitious materials and admixtures to improve strength and durability.
Mix design by Indian standard method for M20patiltushar941
The document summarizes the steps to design a nominal mix concrete with a target mean strength of M20. It includes determining the water-cement ratio, selecting the water content, calculating the cement content, estimating coarse and fine aggregate volumes, calculating mix proportions, and making site corrections for aggregate absorption. The resulting nominal mix proportion is 1 bag of cement to 1.73 times fine aggregate by weight to 2.94 times coarse aggregate by weight, with a water-cement ratio of 0.47.
a presentation on Concrete Mix Design1.pptRudraBasugade
The document discusses concrete mix design. It defines concrete mix design as determining the proportions of ingredients like cement, fine and coarse aggregates to produce concrete with required strength, durability and workability at minimum cost. It discusses factors to consider in mix design like compressive strength, workability, water-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size. It also describes different types of mixes and methods of mix design. An example is given of designing a M40 concrete mix with fly ash suitable for pumping.
The document provides details on designing a concrete mix using the ACI method. It includes 8 steps: 1) choosing slump, 2) maximum aggregate size, 3) estimating water content and air content, 4) selecting water-cement ratio, 5) calculating cement content, 6) estimating coarse aggregate content, 7) estimating fine aggregate content, and 8) adjusting for moisture. An example is provided where the target is a 35 MPa compressive strength concrete with 50 mm slump. The method results in a mix with 190 kg of water, 395 kg of cement, 1020 kg of coarse aggregate, and 690 kg of fine aggregate per cubic meter of concrete.
This document outlines an experimental investigation on producing high-performance concrete using copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The methodology involves studying the material properties, developing mix proportions, and conducting tests on fresh and hardened concrete containing different percentages of copper slag. The results show that replacing fine aggregate with up to 50% copper slag can increase the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the hardened concrete compared to a normal mix without copper slag. The document concludes that utilizing waste copper slag in concrete is an effective way to improve mechanical properties while reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the cement industry.
This document discusses concrete mix design, including classifications, factors affecting design, and the step-by-step process for mix design as outlined in IS 10262-2009. It covers selecting a water-cement ratio based on strength and exposure requirements, estimating water content based on aggregate size and slump, calculating cementitious material content, and determining aggregate proportions to achieve the target mix. The final section notes that trial mixes should be tested to validate workability and strength before use in the field.
This document discusses concrete mix design methods according to Indian standards. It describes the key steps in mix design as outlined in IS 10262:2009, including determining the target mean strength, selecting the water-cement ratio, calculating water and cement contents, selecting the coarse aggregate volume proportion, and reporting the final mix ratios. The example mix design provided has a water-cement ratio of 0.38, 518 kg of cement and 197 kg of water per cubic meter of concrete, with coarse and fine aggregate volumes of 0.664 m3 and 0.336 m3 respectively.
A Study on Strength Properties of Concrete Made with Waste Ready-Mix Concrete...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the strength properties of concrete made with waste ready-mix concrete as coarse aggregate and partial replacement of cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Various mixes were designed to replace natural coarse aggregate with recycled coarse aggregate at percentages of 20%, 40%, and 60%. Cubes and cylinders were cast and tested to determine the compressive and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 28 days. The results showed that concrete with recycled coarse aggregate and GGBS replacement achieved comparable strength to conventional concrete. Finite element analysis was also conducted to validate the experimental results. The study concludes that waste ready-mix concrete can effectively be used as coarse aggregate in concrete production.
1. The document outlines the steps of the ACI standard concrete mix design method, which includes selecting slump, maximum aggregate size, water-cement ratio, cement content, coarse aggregate content, fine aggregate content, and adjusting for aggregate moisture.
2. An example mix design is provided for a 10-inch thick unreinforced pavement slab, following the 8 steps of the ACI method. This includes determining batch weights of 191.75 lbs of water, 625 lbs of cement, 1,936.2 lbs of coarse aggregate, and 1,188.3 lbs of fine aggregate.
3. The British Standard method of mix design is also briefly outlined, with steps including selecting target mean strength, water
This document provides details on the steps involved in cement concrete mix design. It begins by defining cement concrete mix design as determining the proportions of cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate to produce concrete with specified properties like workability, strength, and durability at minimum cost. It then outlines 14 steps to conduct a mix design including determining material properties, selecting trial water-cement ratios, casting test cubes, and selecting the final mix based on compressive strength results. An example mix design is then shown for M30 grade concrete with 20mm maximum aggregate size and moderate exposure achieving a compressive strength of 390 kg/cm2.
The document provides an overview of the ACI method for concrete mix design, which is based on estimating the weight of concrete per unit volume. It considers requirements for consistency, workability, strength and durability. The method requires aggregate data and water-cement ratios. It involves choosing a slump, aggregate size, estimating water and air content, selecting a water-cement ratio, calculating cement content, estimating coarse and fine aggregate contents, and making adjustments for aggregate moisture and in a trial batch.
This document discusses concrete mix design and provides definitions, considerations for placeability and design purposes. It outlines several methods for proportioning mixes, including the DOE method. An example is given to demonstrate the DOE method, showing steps to determine water-cement ratio, cement and aggregate contents based on given design criteria like strength, slump and aggregate properties. Tables and figures provide additional data on compressive strengths, water needs for workability, durability requirements and aggregate proportions.
This document discusses concrete mix design and proportioning according to Indian standards. It begins by defining concrete as a mixture of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It then covers the materials used - cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures - and how they are classified. The document explains the importance of mix design and proportioning and describes nominal and design mix methods. It provides details on the principles, factors, and procedures for concrete mix design according to IS 10262:2009, including determining the target mean strength, selecting the water-cement ratio, calculating cement and aggregate contents, and specifying the final mix proportions. An example of designing an M30 concrete mix is also given.
Engineered cementatious composite, mix design of normal concrete, mix design ...Azaan Ahmad
This presentation contains details related to the literature of ECC, Mix design of ECC as well as mix design of conventional concrete and an example solved on that
This document discusses mix design methods for concrete. It provides details on various factors that influence concrete mix design, including water-cement ratio, cement content, aggregate gradation and consistency. It describes different mix design methods such as the arbitrary method, fineness modulus method, maximum density method, and ACI and IRC recommended methods. The document also gives terminology and formulas used in statistical quality control for concrete mix design. It provides an example of designing a concrete mix for a reinforced concrete structure as per Indian standards.
This study explores using cockle shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. Using cockle shells could help reduce the cost of construction materials. Concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacement of coarse aggregate with cockle shells. Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that strength generally increased up to 20% shell replacement, then decreased with higher replacement. The 20% replacement mix achieved the highest strength. In conclusion, cockle shells can partially replace coarse aggregate at up to 20% without reducing concrete strength, offering a potential low-cost building material.
Design & construction of secure waste landfillKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses the design and construction of secured landfills for disposing of various types of solid waste. It addresses municipal solid waste, industrial hazardous waste, e-waste, and biomedical waste. Key elements of landfill design include waste characterization, impervious liners to prevent leachate contamination, leachate collection systems, gas collection systems, and environmental monitoring. The document provides details on the multi-layer landfill lining system using clay and HDPE sheets, leachate wells and piping, gas venting systems, and other infrastructure needed to properly dispose of waste in an environmentally safe manner.
Transportation of Concrete - Notes for Civil engineering StudentsKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses various methods for transporting concrete, including their advantages and limitations. It describes 10 common transportation methods: mortar pan, wheelbarrow, truck mixer and dumpers, crane and bucket, belt conveyors, chutes, skip and hoist, transit mixer, pumps and pipelines, and helicopter. Pumps and pipelines are highlighted as a popular method for transporting concrete over long distances up to 400 meters in height and 2000 meters horizontally. Key factors in ensuring concrete maintains its homogeneity during transportation include minimizing vibration, exposure to sun/air, and segregation of aggregates.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
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1. 1
Concrete Mix Design
By K.Shah
B.E.(Civil Engg) NIT Rourkela,India
M.Sc. (Environment), University of Leeds, UK
Ex-GM(Civil & Environment) – MNC
Currently Guest faculty-College of Technology &
Engineering
2. 2
Concrete Mix Design
Mix design is defined as the process of
selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determine their relative proportions
with the object of producing concrete of
certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.
3. 3
• Variables in Proportioning :4 varaible
factors to be considered:
1. Water – cement Ratio
2. Cement –aggregate ratio
3. Gradation of the aggregates
4. Consistency
4. 4
• In design mix ,generally 2-3 factors are specified
& others are adjusted.
• To use minimum amount of cement paste that
can lubricate the mass and will bind the
aggregates together and fill the space between
them.
• Excess paste involves more cost, shrinkage,
impermeability etc.
• Good gradation of aggregates to minimize voids.
5. 5
Methods of Proportioning
1. Indian Standards Recommended method IS 10262-82
2. American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design (ACI 211)
3. DOE method
4. Mix design for pumpable concrete
5. Indian Road Congress , IRC 44 method
6. Road note no.4 (Grading curve method)
7. Mix design based on flexural strength
8. Arbitrary proportion
9. Fineness modulus methods
10. Maximum density method
11. Surface area method
6. 6
American Concrete Institute
Method of Mix Design (ACI)
Data to be collected:
a) Fineness modulus of fine aggregates
b) Sp gravity of coarse & fine aggregates
c) Absorption characteristics of coarse &
fine aggregates
d) Sp gravity of cement
7. 7
STEPS IN ACI METHOD
1. From minimum strength specified, estimate average design
strength using standard deviation method
2. Find w/c ratio from table 2. Find water cement ratio for durability
from table 3. adopt lower value.
3. Decide maximum size of aggregate (generally 20 mm for RCC)
4. Decide workability in terms of slump for the type of job in hand.
Table 4.
5. Total water in kg/m3 is read from table 5 entering the table with
selected slump & selected maximum size of aggregate.
6. Cement content is computed by dividing total water content by w/c
ratio.
8. 8
7. From table 4 the bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate / unit
volume of concrete is selected, for particular maximum size of
coarse aggregate & fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
8. The weight of CA /M3 of concrete is calculated by multiplying the
bulk volume with bulk density.
9. The solid volume of coarse aggregate in one M3 of concrete is
calculated by knowing the sp. Gravity of CA
10. Solid volume of cement, water & volume of air is calculated in one
m3 of concrete
11. Solid volume of sand is calculated by substracting soild volume of
cement, CA,water, & air from total volume of concrete.
12. Weight of fine aggregate is calculated by multiplying the solid
volume of fine aggregate by sp gr of FA.
9. 9
(1) Dry Bulk Volume of coarse aggregate/ unit volume of
concrete as per ACI 211.1-91
Maximum
size of
aggregate
Bulk volume of dry rodded CA /unit volume of concrete for
fineness modulus of sand of
FM 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.OO
10 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5, 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
20
(25,40,50,70)
0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
150 .87 0.85 0.83 0.81
10. 10
(2) Relation between water/cement ratio & average
compressive strength of concrete, as per ACI211.1-91
Average compressive
strength at 28 days
Effective water/cement ratio (by mass)
MPa Non air entrained
concrete
Air entrained concrete
45 0.38 -
40 0.43 -
35 (30,25,20) 0.48 0.4
15 0.8 0.71
11. 11
(3) Requirements of ACI-318-89 for w/c ratio &
strength for special exposure conditions
Exposure condition Maximum w/c ratio,
normal density
aggregate concrete
Minimum design
strength, low density
aggregate concrete
MPa
Concrete intended to be
watertight
(a) Exposed to fresh water
(b) Exposed to sea water
0.5
0.45
25
30
Concrete exposed to
freezing in a moist condition
0.45 30
For corrosion protection of
reinforced concrete exposed
to de icing salts, sea water
0.4 33
12. 12
(4) Recommended value of slump for various
types of construction as per ACI 211.1-91
Type of construction Range of slump (mm)
Reinforces foundation walls & footings 20-80
Plain footings,substructure wall 20-80
Beams & reinforced walls 20-100
Building columns 20-100
Pavements & slabs 20-80
Mass concrete 20-80
13. 13
(5) Approximate requirements for mixing water & air content for
different workabilities & nominal maximum size of aggregates as per
ACI211.1-91
Non air entrained concrete
Workability
or air
content
(Slump)
Water content, kg/m3 of concrete for indicted maximum
aggregate size
10 mm 12.5 mm 20 mm 150 mm
( 25, 40,50,70)
30 -50 mm 205 200 185 125
80-100 mm 225 215 200 140
150-180 mm 240 230 210 -
Approx
entrapped
air (%)
3 2.5 2 0.2
14. 14
(6) First estimate of density of fresh concrete as
per ACI 211.1-91
Maximum size of
aggregate (mm)
First estimate of density of fresh concrete
Non air entrained kg/m3 Air entrained kg/m3
10 2285 2190
12.5 (20,25,40,50) 2315 2235
20 2355 2280
150 2505 2435
15. 15
(7) Required increase in strength (mean strength) for
specified design strength when no tests records are
available as per ACI 318-89
Specified design
strength (MPa)
Required increase in
strength (MPa)
Less than 21 7
21-35 8.5
35 or more 10
16. 16
Example –ACI method
Design a concrete mix for construction of elevated water tank.
a) Specified design strength = 30 MPa
b) Standard deviation = 4 MPa
c) Sp gr. FA & CA = 2.65 & 2.7
d) Dry rodded bulk density of CA = 1600 kg/m3
e) FM of FA = 2.8
f) Slump = 50 mm
g) CA is absorptive up to = 1 %
h) Free surface moisture in sand = 2 %
17. 17
Calculation
• Mean Strength fm = fmin+ks (k =1.64)
• fm = 30+1.64x4 = 36.56 say 36.5
• From table 2 w/c = 0.47
• From exposure condition w/c = .5
• Minimum of 0.47 & 0.5 = 0.47
• From table 5 for slump 50 mm, 20 mm maximum aggregate & non air
entrained condition Mixing water is 185 kg/m3
• Required cement content = 185/0.47 = 394 kg/m3
• From table 1, for 20 mm CA, FA 2.8, the dry rodded bulk vol of CA = 0.62
• Weight of CA = 0.62x1600 = 992 kg/m3
• From table 6,the first estimate of density of fresh concrete for 20 mm CA &
non air entrained concrete is 2355 kg/m3
•
18. 18
• Weight of all ingredient :
• Weight of water = 185 kg/m3
• Weight of cement =394 kg/m3
• Weight of CA = 992 kg/m3
• Weight of sand = 2355 –(185+394+992) = 784 kg/m3
19. 19
ingredients Weight kg/m3 Absolute volume cm3
cement 394 394/3.15x103 = 125x 103
Water 185 185/1 x103 = 185x 103
CA 992 992/2.7 x103 = 367 x 103
air 2/100 x103 = 20 x 103
Total abs vol 697 x 103 cm3
20. 20
• Therefore absolute vol of FA =(1000 -697) X 103 = 303 103 cm3
• Weight of FA = 303 x 2.65 = 803 kg/m3
• Estimated qty of ingredients;
a) Weight of water = 185 kg/m3
b) Weight of cement =394 kg/m3
c) Weight of CA = 992 kg/m3
d) Weight of sand = 803 kg/m3
• Proportion
• C : FA : CA ; WATER
• 394: 803 : 992 : 185
• 1 : 2.04 : 2.52 : 0.47
• For one bag of cement 50 kg Ratio in kg is = 50:102:126:23.5
22. 22
IS Method - Step 1
Target mean strength of concrete
fck =fck1+tS
Refer table 1 & 2 for t & S
fck = strength at 28 days
fck1 = characteristics strength at 28 days
t = 1.65 = statistical value; (depends on
expected proportion of low results( risk factor)
S = standard deviation
23. 23
IS Method – Step 2
Selection of water cement ratio:
• From graph 1 ,w/c ration corresponding to
target strength is determined.
24. 24
IS Method – Step 3
• If 28 days strength of cement is known
then w/c ratio can also be calculated from
graph 2.
25. 25
IS Method – Step 4
Estimation of entrapped air:
• Air content is estimated from table 3 for
maximum size of CA
26. 26
IS Method – Step 5
Selection of water content & Fine to Total
aggregate ratio:
a) water content & % of sand in total aggregate is
determined from table 4 & 5
b) w/c ratio in table 4 is 0.6 & in table 5 it is 0.35
c) For any departure from above values,
corrections are made as per table 6 for w/c
ratio & sand in total aggregate.
27. 27
IS Method – Step 6
Calculation of cement content:
Cement content = water content from step
5 divided by w/c ratio
Cement content = Water content /w/c
28. 28
IS Method – Step 7
Calculation of aggregate content:
1. V = [ W+C/Sc + Fa/PSfa] x 1/1000
0.98 = [191.6 + 383/3.15 + Fa/ 0.315 x2.6]/1000 Fa = 546 kg/m3
1. Ca = (1-P)/P X fa x Sca/Sfa = (1-0.315)/0.315 x 546 x2.6/2.6 = 1188
kg/m3
V = absolute volume =gross vol – entrapped air
W = mass of water (kg)/m3 of concrete
C= mass of cement (kg)/m3 of concrete
Sc= sp gr of cement
P= ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa, Ca Total masses of FA & CA kg/m3 of concrete
Sca , Sfa Sp Gr of saturated, surface dry FA & CA
29. 29
Example – IS method
Given:
a) Characteristic compressive strength : 20 Mpa
b) Maximum size aggregate : 20 mm (angular)
c) Degree of workability : 0.9 compacting factor
d) Degree of quality control : good
e) Type of exposure : mild
Test data for materials :
a) Sp gr of cement : 3.15
b) Comp strength of cement at 7 days : satisfies requirement of IS 269
c) Sp gr of CA : 2.6
d) Sp gr of FA : 2.6
e) Water absorption CA ; 0.5 %
f) Water absorption FA : 1.0 %
g) Free moisture CA : nil
h) Free moisture CA : 2 %
30. 30
sieve analysis-CA
• IS
Sieve
size
Analysis of CA
fractions(%
passing)
I II
Analysis of CA fractions(%
passing)
I II combined
60% 40% 100%
remark
20 100 100 60 40 10 Conform
ing to
table 2
of IS 383
10 0 71.2 0 28.5 28.5
4.75 9.4 3.7 3.7
2.36 - - - -
31. 31
sieve analysis -FA
• IS Sieve size Fine aggregate (% passing) remark
4.75 mm 100 Conforming to
grading zone III of
table 4 IS 385-1970
2.36 mm 100
1.18 mm 93
600 μ 60
300 μ 12
150 μ 2
32. 32
Answer –IS Method
step 1
Target mean strength of concrete
fck =fck1+tS = 20+1.65x4=26.6 MPa
Refer table 1 & 2 for t & S
fck = strength at 28 days
fck1 = characteristics strength at 28 days
t = 1.65 = statistical value; (depends on
expected proportion of low results( risk factor)
S = standard deviation
33. 33
Table 1-Values of tolerance factor(f)(risk factor)
Toleran
ce level
No. of
sample
s
1 in 10 1 in 15 1 in 20 1 in 40 1 in
100
10 1.37 1.65 1.81 2.23 2.76
20 1.32 1.58 1.72 2.09 2.53
30 1.31 1.54 1.7 2.04 2.46
Infinite 1.28 1.5 1.64 1.96 2.33
34. 34
Table 2- assumed standard deviation as per IS
456-2000
Grade of concrete Assumed standard deviation N/mm2
M 10
M 15 3.5
M 20
M 25 4
M 30
M 35
M40 5
M45
M50
35. 35
Step 2
• Selection of w/c ratio
• From graph 1, w/c ratio for target mean
strength 26.6 MPa is 0.50
• Refer table 4 of IS 456: maxmimum w/c
ratio for “Mild exposure” is 0.55.
• Adopt lower value from above 2 options i.e
0.50
37. 37
Table 3 – approximate entrapped air content
Maximum size of aggregate (mm) Entrapped air, as % of volume of
concrete
10 3
20 2
30 1
38. 38
Table 4- approx sand,watercontent / m3 of conc. ;
w/c=0.6, workability 0.8 C.F.(slump 30 mm approx)
(Applicable for grade up to M 35)
Max size
aggregate(mm)
Water content/ m3 of
conc. (kg)
Sand as % of total
aggregate by absolute
volume
10 200 40
20 186 35
40 165 30
39. 39
STEP 3
Selection of water & sand content:
From table 4, for 20 mm maximum size aggregate,
sand conforming to grading zone II, water content kg/ M3
of concrete = 186 kg & sand as % of total aggregate by
absolute volume = 35 %.
40. 40
Step 3
Change in condition (see table ) % adjustment required
water content sand in total
aggregate
For decrease in
water –cement ratio by (0.60 – 0.50) i.e. 0.10
0 - 2.0
For increase in compacting factor (0.9-0.8) , i.e.
0.10
+3 0
For sand conforming to zone III of table 4 , IS
383
0 - 1.5
Total + 3 - 3.5
From Table 6 For change in value in water in w/c ratio, compaction factor, for
sand belonging to zone III, following adjustment is required :
Therefore required sand content as % of total aggregate by absolute volume
= 35 – 3.5 = 31.5 %
Required water content = 186 + 5.58 = 191.6 kg/m3
41. 41
Table 6- Adjustment of values in water content & sand % for other
conditions
Change in conditions
stipulated for tables
Adjustment required in
Water content % sand in total
aggregate
Sand conforming to
grading zone III or IV of
table IS 383-1979
0 +1.5 % for zone I
-1.5 % for zone III
-3% for zone IV
Increase or decrease in
value of compacting
factor by 0.1
+/- 3% O
Each 0.05 increase or
decrease in water
cement ratio
0 +/- 1 %
For rounded aggregate -15 kg -7 %
42. 42
Table 5- approx sand,watercontent / m3 of conc. ;
w/c=0.35, workability 0.8 C.F.(slump 30 mm approx)
(Applicable for grade above M 35)
Max size
aggregate(mm)
Water content/ m3 of
conc. (kg)
Sand as % of total
aggregate by absolute
volume
10 200 28
20 180 25
43. 43
Step 4
Determination of cement content :
w/c ratio = 0.5
Water = 191.6
Cement = 191.6/0.5 = 383 kg/m3
44. 44
Step 5
Determination of CA & FA :
From table 3, for 20 mm CA, amount of entrapped air is 2 %. Taking this into account &
applying equations 1 & 2 we get:
I. V = [ W+C/Sc + Fa/PSfa] x 1/1000
II. 0.98 = [191.6 + 383/3.15 + Fa/ 0.315 x2.6]/1000 Fa = 546 kg/m3
III. Ca = (1-P)/P X fa x Sca/Sfa = (1-0.315)/0.315 x 546 x2.6/2.6 = 1188 kg/m3
V = absolute volume =gross vol – entrapped air = 100-2=98 %
W = mass of water (kg)/m3 of concrete = (191.6 from step 3)
C= mass of cement (kg)/m3 of concrete
Sc= sp gr of cement =3.15 (given in question)
P= ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume = (31.5% from step 3.)
Fa, Ca Total masses of FA & CA kg/m3 of concrete =546 calculated above @ II
Sca , Sfa Sp Gr of saturated, surface dry FA & CA = 2.6 (given in question)
45. 45
RESULT
• Estimated qty of ingredients;
a) Weight of water = 191.6 kg/m3
b) Weight of cement =383 kg/m3
c) Weight of CA = 1188 kg/m3
d) Weight of sand = 546 kg/m3
• Proportion
• C : FA : CA ; WATER
• 383: 546 : 1188 : 191.6
• 1 : 1.425 : 3.1 : 0.5
• For one bag of cement 50 kg Ratio in kg is =
50:71:155:25
46. 46
• Extra qty of water for absorption in CA = 0.5 % by mass = 0.77 liters
• Qty of water to be deducted for 2 % moisture in sand =1.42 liters
• Actual qty of water required = 25+.77-1.42 =24.35 liters
• Actual qty of sand = 71+1.42 =72.42
• CA : fraction I =93-0.46=92.54 kg
• Fraction II : 62-0.31=61.69 kg
• Actual qty :
• C : FA : CA ; WATER
• 50: 72.42 : 92.54 & 61.69 : 24.35