A column is a vertical structural member subjected to compression and bending forces. Short columns fail through crushing or splitting, while slender columns fail through buckling. The document provides examples of calculating required reinforcement area and diameter for a short reinforced concrete column. It also provides examples of calculating the critical buckling load of a rod and determining a suitable universal column section for a given load based on its effective length and slenderness ratio.
1) The document discusses design considerations for columns according to ACI code, including requirements for different types of columns like tied, spirally reinforced, and composite columns.
2) It provides details on failure modes of tied and spiral columns and code requirements for minimum reinforcement ratios, number of bars, clear spacing, cover, and cross sectional dimensions.
3) Lateral reinforcement requirements are discussed, noting ties help restrain longitudinal bars from buckling while spirals provide additional confinement at ultimate load.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
Design for Short Axially Loaded Columns ACI318Abdullah Khair
This document discusses the design of columns. It begins by defining columns and classifying them as short or long based on their slenderness ratio. Columns can be reinforced with ties or a spiral. Equations are provided for calculating the nominal axial capacity of columns based on the concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement area. Minimum requirements are specified for reinforcement ratios, number of bars, concrete cover, and lateral tie or spiral spacing. Spirally reinforced columns can develop higher strength due to concrete confinement by the spiral. Design of the spiral pitch is discussed based on providing equivalent confining pressure.
The document discusses the behavior and design of beam-columns, which are structural elements that experience both axial loads and bending moments. It covers topics such as moment connections for columns, eccentric loads on columns, interaction of axial and bending forces, and moment amplification due to axial loads. Design considerations discussed include checking for adequate strength, using interaction formulas, and verifying sufficient resistance to local buckling. The document appears to be lecture materials on structural steel beam-column design based on Canadian standards.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
Lec09 Shear in RC Beams (Reinforced Concrete Design I & Prof. Abdelhamid Charif)Hossam Shafiq II
This document discusses shear in reinforced concrete beams. It covers shear stress and failure modes, shear strength provided by concrete and steel stirrups, design according to code provisions, and critical shear sections. Key points include: transverse loads induce shear stress perpendicular to bending stresses; shear failure is brittle and must be designed to exceed flexural strength; nominal shear strength comes from concrete and steel stirrups according to code equations; design requires checking section adequacy and providing minimum steel area and maximum stirrup spacing. Critical shear sections for design are located a distance d from supports.
Yield line theory is an analysis approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs. It was pioneered in the 1940s and is closely related to plastic collapse analysis of steel frames. It assumes ductile behavior where yield lines form that allow further rotation without additional moment. Yield line analysis is allowed by some codes if the ratio of crack spacing to depth is low. Advantages are it is simpler than elastic analysis and gives ultimate capacity rather than just yield load, while disadvantages are it requires understanding likely failure mechanisms and may allow dangerous designs without further checking.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
1) The document discusses design considerations for columns according to ACI code, including requirements for different types of columns like tied, spirally reinforced, and composite columns.
2) It provides details on failure modes of tied and spiral columns and code requirements for minimum reinforcement ratios, number of bars, clear spacing, cover, and cross sectional dimensions.
3) Lateral reinforcement requirements are discussed, noting ties help restrain longitudinal bars from buckling while spirals provide additional confinement at ultimate load.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
Design for Short Axially Loaded Columns ACI318Abdullah Khair
This document discusses the design of columns. It begins by defining columns and classifying them as short or long based on their slenderness ratio. Columns can be reinforced with ties or a spiral. Equations are provided for calculating the nominal axial capacity of columns based on the concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement area. Minimum requirements are specified for reinforcement ratios, number of bars, concrete cover, and lateral tie or spiral spacing. Spirally reinforced columns can develop higher strength due to concrete confinement by the spiral. Design of the spiral pitch is discussed based on providing equivalent confining pressure.
The document discusses the behavior and design of beam-columns, which are structural elements that experience both axial loads and bending moments. It covers topics such as moment connections for columns, eccentric loads on columns, interaction of axial and bending forces, and moment amplification due to axial loads. Design considerations discussed include checking for adequate strength, using interaction formulas, and verifying sufficient resistance to local buckling. The document appears to be lecture materials on structural steel beam-column design based on Canadian standards.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
Lec09 Shear in RC Beams (Reinforced Concrete Design I & Prof. Abdelhamid Charif)Hossam Shafiq II
This document discusses shear in reinforced concrete beams. It covers shear stress and failure modes, shear strength provided by concrete and steel stirrups, design according to code provisions, and critical shear sections. Key points include: transverse loads induce shear stress perpendicular to bending stresses; shear failure is brittle and must be designed to exceed flexural strength; nominal shear strength comes from concrete and steel stirrups according to code equations; design requires checking section adequacy and providing minimum steel area and maximum stirrup spacing. Critical shear sections for design are located a distance d from supports.
Yield line theory is an analysis approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs. It was pioneered in the 1940s and is closely related to plastic collapse analysis of steel frames. It assumes ductile behavior where yield lines form that allow further rotation without additional moment. Yield line analysis is allowed by some codes if the ratio of crack spacing to depth is low. Advantages are it is simpler than elastic analysis and gives ultimate capacity rather than just yield load, while disadvantages are it requires understanding likely failure mechanisms and may allow dangerous designs without further checking.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldingsHamdija Velagic
This document provides information about formwork, scaffolding, shoring, and underpinning. It defines each construction technique and describes the typical components and uses. Formwork supports wet concrete until it cures and is used for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. Scaffolding provides temporary work platforms at different heights using standards, ledgers, and boards. Shoring supports unsafe structures using horizontal, vertical, or inclined bracing. Underpinning strengthens foundations by installing supports beneath them.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
The discussion on rehabilitation of foundations were discussed. The types used for rehabilitation were explained with the procedure. in addition, the case study under each type were also discussed for better understanding of the subject.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
The document discusses shear design of beams. It covers shear strength, which depends on the web thickness and h/t ratio to prevent shear buckling. Shear strength is calculated as 60% of the tensile yield stress. Block shear failure is also discussed, where the strength is governed by the shear and net tension areas. An example calculates the maximum reaction based on block shear for a coped beam connection.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses the design and erection of column base plates. It covers types of base plates for different load cases including axial compression, tension, and combined axial and moment loads. Key topics covered include base plate and anchor rod materials, design for concrete crushing and bending, anchor rod design, and erection procedures. Diagrams illustrate critical sections and design equations for different limit states. Construction tolerances and OSHA standards for base plate design are also summarized.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
Footings transfer structural loads from a building to the ground. This document discusses various types of footings and their design procedures. Spread footings are the most common type and are proportioned to have an area large enough that soil and building settlement will be minimized. The general design process involves checking that factored loads are less than the soil's allowable bearing capacity and footing thickness is sufficient to resist punching and beam shear. Reinforcement is calculated and placed to resist bending stresses. Combined and strap footings are also discussed along with their unique design considerations. Brick footings can be used for small residential loads.
This document provides an overview of the design of compression members (columns) in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses various types of columns based on reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. It describes the classification of columns as short or slender. The document also covers effective length, braced vs unbraced columns, codal provisions for reinforcement, and functions of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Key points include types of column reinforcement, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover requirements, and assumptions for the limit state of collapse under compression.
The document summarizes the design of a steel exhibition building with a circular plan. It describes the architectural features of the building including the dimensions of the exhibition hall and stalls. It then discusses the structural analysis conducted using STAAD Pro software and consideration of various loads. Next, it details the design of key structural elements like curved beams, trusses, bracings, columns, and base plates. Design calculations are provided for the curved beams. Finally, it provides a bill of materials and concluding remarks on the benefits of the tubular structural design.
Introduction & under ground water tank problemdhineshkumar002
The document discusses the design of an underground rectangular reinforced concrete water tank. It provides steps for calculating earth pressure, determining member thicknesses, and designing reinforcement for the long walls, short walls, and roof slab. The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers and the short walls as continuous slabs. Reinforcement is checked for bending and cracking stresses. The example shows calculating load intensities, bending moments, required depths and areas of steel for the tank walls and slab according to code specifications.
This document summarizes key concepts about columns and struts. It defines struts as structural members under axial compression, while columns are vertical struts. Columns can be short or long depending on their length-to-minimum radius of gyration ratio. Euler's formula and Rankine's formula provide methods to calculate the buckling/crippling load of columns based on factors like the modulus of elasticity, moment of inertia, and effective length. The document also discusses radius of gyration, slenderness ratio, crushing load, and how eccentric loading affects column stresses.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Thai architecture reflects the challenges of the climate and importance of religion, and has developed over seven periods, from early brick and stone structures to designs intended to display wealth and power. Traditional Thai houses are built on stilts to prevent flooding, using wood or bamboo, arranged around a central terrace, while religious buildings called wats consist of prayer halls and monk residences with multiple tiers of tapering roofs. The kuti is a small wooden structure built on stilts to house individual monks and discourage material possessions.
The oldest form of architecture in Brunei is domestic wooden stilt houses, which were common since the country is located on water. While some modern amenities have replaced this style, the Kampong Ayer district still contains many such houses. Architecture slowly incorporated Indian and Chinese influences starting around the 1400s with the introduction of Islam. The greatest change during this period was the construction of mosques and other Islamic buildings. Since then, architecture has changed little, though the British introduced new building techniques and materials still used today. The Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque and Royal Palace are two of the most prominent architectural examples that represent traditional local styles.
Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldingsHamdija Velagic
This document provides information about formwork, scaffolding, shoring, and underpinning. It defines each construction technique and describes the typical components and uses. Formwork supports wet concrete until it cures and is used for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. Scaffolding provides temporary work platforms at different heights using standards, ledgers, and boards. Shoring supports unsafe structures using horizontal, vertical, or inclined bracing. Underpinning strengthens foundations by installing supports beneath them.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
The discussion on rehabilitation of foundations were discussed. The types used for rehabilitation were explained with the procedure. in addition, the case study under each type were also discussed for better understanding of the subject.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
The document discusses shear design of beams. It covers shear strength, which depends on the web thickness and h/t ratio to prevent shear buckling. Shear strength is calculated as 60% of the tensile yield stress. Block shear failure is also discussed, where the strength is governed by the shear and net tension areas. An example calculates the maximum reaction based on block shear for a coped beam connection.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses the design and erection of column base plates. It covers types of base plates for different load cases including axial compression, tension, and combined axial and moment loads. Key topics covered include base plate and anchor rod materials, design for concrete crushing and bending, anchor rod design, and erection procedures. Diagrams illustrate critical sections and design equations for different limit states. Construction tolerances and OSHA standards for base plate design are also summarized.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
Footings transfer structural loads from a building to the ground. This document discusses various types of footings and their design procedures. Spread footings are the most common type and are proportioned to have an area large enough that soil and building settlement will be minimized. The general design process involves checking that factored loads are less than the soil's allowable bearing capacity and footing thickness is sufficient to resist punching and beam shear. Reinforcement is calculated and placed to resist bending stresses. Combined and strap footings are also discussed along with their unique design considerations. Brick footings can be used for small residential loads.
This document provides an overview of the design of compression members (columns) in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses various types of columns based on reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. It describes the classification of columns as short or slender. The document also covers effective length, braced vs unbraced columns, codal provisions for reinforcement, and functions of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Key points include types of column reinforcement, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover requirements, and assumptions for the limit state of collapse under compression.
The document summarizes the design of a steel exhibition building with a circular plan. It describes the architectural features of the building including the dimensions of the exhibition hall and stalls. It then discusses the structural analysis conducted using STAAD Pro software and consideration of various loads. Next, it details the design of key structural elements like curved beams, trusses, bracings, columns, and base plates. Design calculations are provided for the curved beams. Finally, it provides a bill of materials and concluding remarks on the benefits of the tubular structural design.
Introduction & under ground water tank problemdhineshkumar002
The document discusses the design of an underground rectangular reinforced concrete water tank. It provides steps for calculating earth pressure, determining member thicknesses, and designing reinforcement for the long walls, short walls, and roof slab. The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers and the short walls as continuous slabs. Reinforcement is checked for bending and cracking stresses. The example shows calculating load intensities, bending moments, required depths and areas of steel for the tank walls and slab according to code specifications.
This document summarizes key concepts about columns and struts. It defines struts as structural members under axial compression, while columns are vertical struts. Columns can be short or long depending on their length-to-minimum radius of gyration ratio. Euler's formula and Rankine's formula provide methods to calculate the buckling/crippling load of columns based on factors like the modulus of elasticity, moment of inertia, and effective length. The document also discusses radius of gyration, slenderness ratio, crushing load, and how eccentric loading affects column stresses.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Thai architecture reflects the challenges of the climate and importance of religion, and has developed over seven periods, from early brick and stone structures to designs intended to display wealth and power. Traditional Thai houses are built on stilts to prevent flooding, using wood or bamboo, arranged around a central terrace, while religious buildings called wats consist of prayer halls and monk residences with multiple tiers of tapering roofs. The kuti is a small wooden structure built on stilts to house individual monks and discourage material possessions.
The oldest form of architecture in Brunei is domestic wooden stilt houses, which were common since the country is located on water. While some modern amenities have replaced this style, the Kampong Ayer district still contains many such houses. Architecture slowly incorporated Indian and Chinese influences starting around the 1400s with the introduction of Islam. The greatest change during this period was the construction of mosques and other Islamic buildings. Since then, architecture has changed little, though the British introduced new building techniques and materials still used today. The Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque and Royal Palace are two of the most prominent architectural examples that represent traditional local styles.
Indonesian architecture reflects diverse cultural influences that have shaped the country. The most significant foreign influences were Indian, Chinese, Arab and European. Traditional houses, known as rumah adat, were commonly built on stilts with steeply pitched roofs to withstand heavy rains. Natural materials like wood, bamboo and thatch were used. Religious architecture was also widespread, with Hindu-Buddhist candi temples blending styles and Islamic architecture initially based on Hindu, Buddhist and Chinese influences before developing unique designs.
The document provides details on measuring quantities for the construction of a guard house for Panicsonic Sdn Bhd. It includes assumptions on the total land area and outlines 13 construction methods. It then provides specific examples and calculations for measuring quantities for site clearance, various foundation elements like piling and pile caps, and column stumps below the lowest floor finish. Diagrams and notes are included to clarify the measurement of quantities.
IRJET- Buckling Analysis of Corrugated Hollow Columns using Trapezoidal and S...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on the buckling behavior of corrugated hollow steel columns under axial loading using trapezoidal and sinusoidal corrugations. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS to analyze rectangular hollow columns with and without ultra high strength steel tubes. Columns with trapezoidal corrugations and ultra high strength tubes exhibited the highest buckling load of 1269.04 kN, indicating greater load carrying capacity compared to other column designs. The study concluded that corrugated columns can carry double the load of conventional columns, are lighter and more efficient due to their hollow structure, and that ultra high strength tubular columns allow for even higher load capacities in a very thin cross-section.
The document discusses buckling of columns under axial compression. It describes:
1) Different buckling theories including elastic buckling, inelastic buckling using tangent modulus theory and reduced modulus theory. Shanley's theory accounts for the effect of transverse displacement.
2) Factors affecting buckling strength including end conditions, initial crookedness, and residual stresses. Effective length accounts for end restraint.
3) Local buckling of thin plate elements can reduce the column's strength before its calculated buckling strength is reached. Flange and web buckling must be prevented.
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
The origin of the word 'Glulam' comes from the words 'glue' and 'laminated'. Glulam is manufactured by gluing together layers of dimensional lumber or timber boards with structural adhesives to form a structural laminated beam or column. One structural advantage Glulam has over conventional solid timber is that it allows for the manufacture of larger and longer structural members than what could be produced from a single piece of solid timber. An example of a type of structural form that can be constructed from Glulam in buildings is glulam arches.
This document discusses the analysis of singly and doubly reinforced concrete beam sections. It provides definitions and design approaches for singly reinforced, doubly reinforced, and flanged beam sections. The key steps in the design process are outlined, including calculating loads and moments, checking for section type, sizing tension and compression reinforcement, and designing shear reinforcement. Design examples are provided for a singly reinforced and a doubly reinforced concrete beam according to BS 8110 design code standards.
This document discusses the analysis of singly and doubly reinforced concrete beam sections. It begins by defining singly reinforced sections as having tension reinforcement only, while doubly reinforced sections have reinforcement in both tension and compression zones. Design steps are provided for both section types, including calculating loads, moments, reinforcement areas, and shear reinforcement. Formulas and assumptions used in the design process are also outlined. The goal is for students to learn to properly design reinforced concrete beam sections based on given structural loads and material properties.
The document discusses design considerations for machine elements subjected to fluctuating loads. It covers topics such as stress concentration, fatigue failure, endurance limit, factors affecting fatigue strength, and methods to reduce stress concentration and improve fatigue life. Stress concentration occurs due to discontinuities and can be reduced by avoiding abrupt changes in cross-section and providing fillets. Fatigue failure is caused by fluctuating stresses and depends on factors like the number of cycles and mean stress. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude a material can withstand without failure under completely reversed loading. Surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit.
This document summarizes the classification and design of columns. Columns can be classified as braced or unbraced, and slender or non-slender depending on their slenderness ratio (λ). The effective length (lo) of a column, which considers boundary conditions, is used to calculate λ. An example column is analyzed and found to be non-slender based on its λ being less than the limiting slenderness ratio (λlim).
This document discusses the analysis of continuous spans in post-tensioned concrete structures. It provides an overview of the analysis procedure for a typical two-span beam, including:
1) Calculating applied loads and beam properties
2) Determining balanced forces from post-tensioning to offset a portion of the dead load
3) Calculating support moments, midspan moments, and flexural stresses based on the net loads
4) Explaining the concept of secondary moments created by the post-tensioning profile and restraint at supports.
The example analyzes a typical parking structure beam with simple assumptions to illustrate key aspects of analyzing continuous post-tensioned spans, including the benefits of draping
The document summarizes the analysis and design of various foundation types for a seven story building in Nablus city. It describes isolated footings, combined footings, wall footings, mat foundations, and pile foundations. Laboratory test results of soil samples are presented. Loads on each column are calculated. Dimensions, reinforcement details and settlement calculations are provided for each foundation type. Based on the analysis of material quantities, construction costs, and settlement calculations, isolated footings with combined, wall and elevator footings are recommended as the most economical foundation solution.
The document is a past exam paper for a Civil Engineering course assessing design of reinforced concrete elements. It contains multiple choice and long answer questions testing concepts like assumptions in elastic reinforced concrete theory, types of shear failures, purposes of corner reinforcements, definitions of terms like torsional shear and development length, and differences between short and long columns. It also provides design problems for a reinforced concrete beam and one-way slab requiring calculation of reinforcement areas, spacing, shear checks, and live and dead loads.
The beam section was designed with 42 prestressing strands located 130mm from the soffit. Section properties were calculated. Stress checks were performed at three stages to ensure stresses did not exceed allowable limits. A Magnel diagram showed the section satisfied design criteria with prestressing. Stirrup spacing of 150mm was chosen to resist shear. Total prestress losses were estimated at 26.67%. Deflections were calculated at various stages. A concrete slab was designed with reinforcement to span between beams.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
This document discusses the selection and design of standard steel beams and columns. It provides information on:
1) How to select standard steel sections from reference tables that list section properties like elastic section modulus.
2) How to calculate required section modulus based on maximum bending moment and allowable stress.
3) Guidelines for selecting sections, including choosing sections that minimize weight for beams and have slenderness ratios below 180 for columns.
4) An example of designing a simply supported beam by calculating bending moment, allowable stress, and required section modulus.
Analysis and Design of Rectangular and L-Shaped Columns Subjected to Axial Lo...Nitin Dahiya
Next to rectangular and circular columns, L-shaped columns may be the most frequently encountered reinforced concrete columns, since they can be used as a corner column in framed structures. The behaviour of irregular shaped reinforced concrete columns has been a constant concern for a structural engineer, to design a safe and economic structure in modern buildings and bridge piers. L-shaped reinforced concrete column subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression is a common design problem. Axial load capacity and Moment capacity of rectangular and L-shaped reinforced concrete columns have been done in this work. A computer program has been developed to obtain the axial load capacity and moment capacity of reinforced concrete columns of rectangular and L-shaped.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
This document provides a summary of steel columns, including:
1. It defines steel columns and their key characteristics such as shape, load bearing capacity, and connections.
2. It classifies columns based on cross-sectional shape, loading type, reinforcement, and slenderness ratio.
3. It discusses effective length, slenderness ratio, column bases, and provides examples of calculating load capacity.
The document discusses various types of compression members including columns, pedestals, walls, and struts. It describes design considerations for compression members including strength and buckling resistance. It defines effective length as the vertical distance between points of inflection when the member buckles. Various classifications of columns are discussed based on loadings, slenderness ratio, and reinforcement type. Code requirements for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as well as detailing are provided. Two examples of column design are included, one with axial load only and one with spiral reinforcement.
The document discusses four major movements in architecture from the late 20th century: Postmodernism, Deconstructivism, High-Tech, and Contextualism. Postmodernism rejected the minimalism of Modernism in favor of ornamentation and references to historical styles. Deconstructivism used fragmented and non-rectilinear shapes influenced by Cubism. High-Tech architecture prominently displayed the building's technical components and structure. Contextualism emphasized responding to a building's site through vernacularism, regionalism, and critical regionalism.
Lecture11 late modernism heavy masonry ; brutalismSimon Foo
The document provides an overview of Brutalist architecture. It begins with a quote from Louis Kahn in 1955 discussing the need for architecture to evolve with new societal tasks. It then defines Brutalist architecture as flourishing from the 1950s-1970s, taking its name from the French word for "raw." Key characteristics included exposed concrete, modular forms representing functional zones, and an emphasis on materials' inherent qualities. The document discusses several prominent Brutalist buildings from around the world and their designers, highlighting their massive scale, fortress-like designs, and expression of structure through materials like concrete.
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The document discusses the rise of suburbs and modern houses in North America. It defines suburbs as inhabited districts located near but outside a city's limits, with lower density than inner city areas. The growth of suburbs was facilitated by zoning laws and improved transportation like trains and later cars. As cities became more congested and polluted due to commuters, many people moved to suburbs, bringing jobs and businesses with them. Planned communities like Garden Cities aimed to blend the benefits of cities and nature. Thinkers like Frank Lloyd Wright also envisioned planned suburban developments, and Wright's Usonian houses provided an affordable modern home design for Americans.
The document discusses totalitarian architecture in the 1930s, specifically under Nazi Germany. It describes how totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Stalinist Soviet Union demanded architecture be used for propaganda to promote the state's power and ideology. The regimes suppressed modern architecture in favor of styles like neoclassicism that evoked strength and tradition. In Germany, the Nazis rejected modernism and used architecture and art as weapons to unify the Aryan race and spread their message. Buildings like the House of German Art and Zeppelin Field were designed as stages to host Nazi events and embody their principles through symbolic neoclassical styles.
The document provides information on several influential modern architects and their works:
- The International Style emerged in the 1920s-1930s with characteristics of rectilinear forms, light planes stripped of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete.
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed over 1000 structures in his philosophy of organic architecture that blended with nature, like Fallingwater. Mies van der Rohe pioneered modern architecture using steel and glass like his Farnsworth House.
- Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture used in works like the Villa Savoye. Gropius founded the Bauhaus School and designed the Fagus Factory using modern materials.
Expressionist architecture emerged in parallel with expressionist art and performance in the early 20th century. It was characterized by novel materials, formal innovation, and unusual massing inspired by natural forms. Many projects remained on paper due to economic conditions. Expressionist architecture emphasized distortion of form for emotional effect and subordinated realism to symbolic expression of inner experience. It featured sculptural and organic designs using experimental materials.
The early stages of modern architecture developed from 1850-1900 with the rise of iron and steel frame construction. This allowed for taller, wider buildings like the Eiffel Tower and Crystal Palace. In Chicago, architects pioneered the steel-framed skyscraper like Louis Sullivan, who coined the phrase "form follows function." The Chicago School emphasized plain designs with reduced ornamentation that accelerated the modern aesthetic. Sullivan was influential in developing the modern style through his organic yet geometric designs.
Art Nouveau was an artistic style popular from 1890-1910 that featured organic, flowing, and curving forms inspired by nature. It aimed to modernize design and move away from historical eclectic styles. Key ideas included establishing modernism, responding to a belief in natural forms, and considering architecture, graphics, interior design, jewelry, furniture and more as a "total" art style. In Catalonia, Modernisme had similar characteristics and represented Catalan identity and independence, led by architects like Antoni Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner, and Josep Puig i Cadafalch.
The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in late 19th century Britain as a reaction against the effects of industrialization. It valued traditional craftsmanship and design and sought to improve quality of life. Inspired by thinkers like John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement emphasized manual skill and craft, natural materials, and honest structure over mechanization and mass production. It spread internationally with variations, aiming to raise the status of craftspeople and influence design standards through workshops and architectural examples like the Red House and Gamble House. While its ideals outlasted its style, the movement ultimately failed to make handmade goods affordable for the masses.
The Victorian era saw the rise of eclectic design through the integration of various historic styles. Eclecticism allowed designers freedom of choice and represented a more open society. Key factors like industrialization, exploration, and travel exposed Victorians to diverse global influences. Distinct Victorian architectural styles emerged including Gothic Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Stick/Eastlake, Shingle, Queen Anne, and Folk Victorian. These styles incorporated elements like steep roofs, decorative woodwork, asymmetrical forms, and colorful textures. Notable examples are Osborne House exemplifying Italianate style and Carson Mansion representing American Queen Anne.
The cable produces a total pull of 220 kN at the top of the anchorage. Let's break this problem down step-by-step:
1) Resolve the 220 kN force into horizontal (RAH) and vertical (RAV) components:
RAH = 220 cos 30° = 191 kN
RAV = 220 sin 30° = -196 kN (note the negative sign indicates downward direction)
2) The horizontal and vertical equilibrium equations are satisfied:
ΣH = RAH - 0 = 0
ΣV = RAV - (-196) = 0
Therefore, the support reactions are:
RAH = 191 kN
RAV = -196 kN
This document discusses structural theory related to simple beams. It defines different types of beams like simply supported beams, cantilever beams, and continuous beams. It explains failure of beams due to bending, shear, and deflection. It discusses bending moments, shear forces, and laws of bending. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw bending moment and shear force diagrams for beams under different loading conditions. Exercises are included for the reader to practice drawing bending moment and shear force diagrams.
This document introduces some key concepts of structural behavior and design. It discusses the functions of structures to carry loads and transfer them from one place to another through load paths. It also describes common structural elements like roofs, beams, columns, and foundations, and the forces they experience, such as compression, tension, shear, torque and bending. Additionally, it addresses structural stability concerns like settlement, differential settlement, and ensuring structural elements are not too slender based on applied loads and stresses.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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1. 1
6.0 Column
6.1 Introduction
Is usually refers to the structural member that placed
vertically.
Is normally subject to compression and bending forces.
A small compression member, such as that in a framed
structure, is known as a strut.
A larger member, such as the main support for a beam in a
building, is known as a column, or more traditionally a
stanchion.
Jan-May 2017
3. 3
Axially loaded compression members can fail in two
principal ways:
• Short fat members fail by crushing or splitting of the
material. This is a strength criterion.
Load subjected to a column and the possible failure mode
Jan-May 2017
4. 4
Axially loaded compression members can fail in two
principal ways:
• Long thin members fail by sideways buckling. This is
stiffness criterion.
Figure 6-1: Load subjected to a column and the possible failure mode
Jan-May 2017
5. 5
6.2 Basis of Design
i) Short axially loaded columns
When its height to minimum width ratio is less than 15 if the
top restrained against lateral movement and less than 10 if
unrestrained.
In practice it is usually only reinforced concrete or brickwork
columns fall into this category.
The ultimate compressive load capacity, N, to be the sum of
the strength of both the concrete and steel components.
N= 0.4 fcu Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Jan-May 2017
6. 6
Where
fcu = characteristic concrete cube crushing strength
Ac = area of concrete
fy = characteristic yield stress of steel
Asc = area of steel
The cross-section
of a reinforced
concrete column
Ac
Jan-May 2016
7. 7
Example 1
A short reinforced concrete column is to support the
following axial loads:
Characteristic dead load = 758 kN
Characteristic imposed load = 630 kN
If the column is to measure 325 mm x 325 mm and the
concrete characteristic strength is 30 N/mm2, determine
the required size of high yield reinforcing bar, and specify
suitable links.
Jan-May 2016
8. 8
Example 1
Solution:
Design load = 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk
= 1.4 x758 + 1.6 x 630
= 2069 kN
Using N= 0.4 fcu Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
2069 x 103 = 0.4 x 30 x (325 x 325) + 0.75 x 460 x Asc
Asc = 2323 mm2
Using 4 bars areas/bar = 581 mm2
From Table 6.1
Area of 32 mm dia. bar = 804 mm2
Jan-May 2016
10. 10
Example 1
Solution:
Steel percentage = 4 x 804 x 100%
(325 x 325)
= 3.04 %
This is between 0.4 % and 6% and therefore satisfactory
Minimum diameter of links = 32/4 = 8 mm
Maximum spacing of links = 32 x 12 = 384 mm
Answer : Use four 32 mm diameter bars with 8 mm
diameter links at 350 mm spacing
Jan-May 2016
11. 11
6.2 Basis of Design
ii) Slender Columns
A slender column fails by side-ways buckling and the
length of column makes a significant difference.
The load at which a slender column buckles is known as
its critical buckling load, Pcrit .
The value of the critical buckling load for a slender
column is given by the Euler buckling formula.
Pcrit = 2EI
L2
Where E = modulus of elasticity
I = second moment of area
L = length between pins
Jan-May 2016
12. 12
Real strut tend to be design using design chart which take
into account imperfections in the member. The strength pc is
based on the slenderness ratio of the member.
- λ, LE/r, the slenderness
where LE is the effective length of the strut
r is the radius .of gyration of the cross-section about
the axis of buckling (r = √(I/A))
Jan-May 2016
13. 13
The pc is determined based on Perry strut formula.
This is based on elastic analysis of pin ended centrally
loaded strut which has an initial lateral deflection.
Perry assumed that failure would occur when the
maximum stress was equal to the yield (py in limit state
design).
To simplify the calculation of pc including consideration
on the member's imperfection (e.g. out-of-straightness,
particularly for residual stresses arising from rolling or
welding) could be summarized in the strut curve (see
Figure 6-2).
In BS, the pc is presented in tabulated form in Table 23
and Table 24.
Part of the Table 23 is shown in Table 5-1 below.
Jan-May 2016
15. 15
Type of section
Maximum
thickness
Axis of buckling
x-x y-y
Rolled I-section
<40mm
≥40mm
a)
b)
b)
c)
Rolled H-section
<40mm
≥40mm
b)
c)
c)
d)
Welded I- or H-section (see not 2 and
4.7.5)
<40mm
≥40mm
b)
b)
c)
d)
NOTE 2 For welded I- or H-section with their flanges thermally cut by machine without
subsequent edge grinding or machining, for buckling about the y-y axis, strut curve b)
may be used for flange up to 40mm thick and strut curve c) for flange over 40mm thick
Allocation of strut curve
Jan-May 2016
16. 16
Effective Length, LE
It is representing the length of the part of column
which is susceptible to flexural deformation ( see
Figure 6-3). The effective length of column without
pin ends must be adjusted before the slenderness ratio
is evaluated.
Figure 6-3: Effective length of various end connection
Jan-May 2016
18. 18
a) non-sway mode
Restraint ( in the plane under consideration) by other pats of
the structure
LE
Effective held in
position at both
ends
Effectively restrained in direction at both
ends
0.7L
Partially restrained in direction at both ends 0.85L
Restrained in direction at one end 0.85L
Not restrained in direction at either ends 1.0L
b) Sway mode
One end Other end LE
Effectively held
in position and
restrained in
direction
Not held in
position
Effectively restrained in
direction
1.2L
Partially restrained in direction 1.5L
Not restrained in direction 2.0L
Excluding angle, channel or T-section struts designed in accordance with 4.7.10.
Nominal effective length LE for a compression member.
Table 22 (pg 79) – BS5950
Jan-May 2016
19. 19
6.3 Design Procedure for Columns in Simple Constructions
6.3.1General
The simple construction is refers to the structural form in which
the joints assumed not to develop moments (pin jointed).
For a column in simple construction design, it is not necessary to
consider the effects on column of pattern loading.
All beams supported by a column at any level of the structure
should be assumed to be fully loaded.
The considerations taken in a column design for simple
construction include:
- the axial compressive resistance of the column
- moment due to eccentricity
- moment distribution in multi-storey continuous columns
- the effects due to interaction of axial load and nominal moments
- buckling resistance of the columnJan-May 2016
20. 20
Example 2
Determine the critical Euler buckling load of a solid
aluminium rod of diameter l2 mm if it has a length of l.0
m between pin- ended supports.
Solution :
Pcrit = 2EI where E = 70 000 N/mm2
L2 I = r4/4 = x 64/4 =1018 mm2
= 2 x 70 000 x 1018 = 703 N
10002
Answer : Critical Euler buckling load = 703 N
Jan-May 2016
21. 21
Example 3
A pin-ended column in a building is 4 m long and is subjected
to the following axial loads :
Characteristic dead load = 350 kN
Characteristic imposed load = 300 kN
Determine the dimension of a suitable standard universal
column section.
Solution :
Step 1
Design load = 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk
= 1.4 x350 + 1.6 x 300
= 970 kN
Jan-May 2016
22. 22
Solution :
Step 2
Approximate area = design load
estimated stress
= 970 x 103 = 9 700 mm2 = 97 cm2
100
Step 3 (Trial 1)
Try 254 x 254 x 89 kg/m universal column
(A = 114 cm2 , r min = 6.52 cm)
Step 4
Slenderness ratio = LE = 4000 = 61.3
r min 65.2Jan-May 2016
23. 23
Solution :
From figure given
Compressive strength, pc = 189 N/mm2
Actual stress = Design load = 970 x 103
Area 114 x 102
= 85 N/mm2
Step 5
The above column would be safe but not very economic
as the loads produce a stress which is less than half the
compressive strength of the member. It is worth trying a
smaller section in this case.
Jan-May 2016
26. 26
Solution :
Step 6 (Trial 2)
Try 203 x 203 x 52 kg/m universal column
(A = 66.4 cm2 , r min = 5.16 cm)
Step 7
Slenderness ratio = LE = 4000 = 77.5
r min 51.6
From figure 8.6
Compressive strength, pc = 165 N/mm2
Actual stress = Design load = 970 x 103
Area 66.4 x 102
= 146 N/mm2Jan-May 2016
27. 27
Solution :
As 146 N/mm2 is less than 165 N/mm2 this section is
satisfactory.
Answer : Use 203 x 203 x 52 kg/m universal column.
Jan-May 2016
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