Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and can be classified by source, size, shape, and other properties. Their properties affect the workability, strength, and economics of concrete. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are common sources. Aggregate size, shape, texture, strength, and durability all impact the performance of concrete. Tests are used to evaluate aggregate crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion characteristics important for different concreting applications. Proper aggregate selection and testing are essential for producing high quality concrete.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and can be classified by source, size, shape, and other properties. Their properties affect the workability, strength, and economics of concrete. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are common sources. Aggregate size, shape, texture, strength, and durability all impact the performance of concrete. Tests are used to evaluate aggregate crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion characteristics important for different concreting applications. Proper aggregate selection and testing are essential for producing high quality concrete.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
A presentation on concrete-Concrete TechnologyAbdul Majid
Concrete is a composite material made from cement, sand, gravel and water. It is one of the most commonly used building materials due to its advantages like durability, fire resistance and ability to be easily formed. Fresh concrete must be properly mixed, placed, consolidated and cured. Mixing ensures uniform distribution of ingredients while consolidation removes air pockets. Curing keeps concrete saturated to allow continued hydration and improve strength over time. Proper mixing, placing and curing are necessary to achieve the desired properties of hardened concrete.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and water. It has many applications and can be molded into various shapes. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added. The key components of concrete are cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, and water. Cement acts as the binding agent when mixed with water. Aggregates make up 60-80% of the volume and provide strength. Steel reinforcement improves tensile strength. Water is needed for the cement hydration reaction but too much water weakens the concrete. Proper mixing is required to produce a uniform, workable concrete.
Special concrete is used when special properties are more important than normal concrete properties. It is produced using chemical and mineral admixtures added to conventional concrete mixes. There are several types of special concrete including lightweight concrete, high strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, and others. Each type has specific properties and uses in construction where standard concrete is not suitable.
Water plays a key role in cement concrete as it acts as a reactant in the chemical process of hydration that provides concrete its strength over time. The water-cement ratio is an important factor, with lower ratios producing higher strength concrete. Water used for mixing must meet requirements for quality and impurities. Admixtures can be used to improve workability or reduce the water content. Proper curing is also important for achieving design strength and durability of the concrete. Sprayed concrete has advantages over poured concrete such as lower permeability and faster strength gain.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document defines and describes lightweight concrete. It discusses three main types of lightweight concrete: porous concrete, concrete without fine aggregate, and lightweight aggregate concrete.
Porous concrete contains air bubbles that make it lightweight. Concrete without fine aggregate uses only cement, water, and coarse aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete uses lightweight aggregates like pumice or expanded clay instead of regular aggregates.
The document outlines the characteristics and advantages of lightweight concrete, including better thermal and fire insulation, durability in various environments, lower water absorption, and acoustic properties. It also notes some disadvantages like increased sensitivity to water content and difficulty in placement and finishing.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
- Cement is tested in the field to check for lumps, consistency, and ability to float in water.
- Laboratory tests include setting time, soundness, fineness, and strength. Setting time tests use a Vicat apparatus to check initial and final set. Soundness tests use a Le Chatelier apparatus to check for expansion. Fineness is measured by the Blaine air permeability test. Strength is measured through compressive testing of cement mortar cubes.
- Common cement types include ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, and Portland pozzolana cement made by intergrinding clinker with fly ash or calcined clay.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Lime is an important cementing material used in construction. It is classified as quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime based on its composition and properties. Quicklime has a high calcium oxide content and must be slaked before use. Hydrated lime is pre-slaked at the manufacturing stage. Hydraulic lime contains clay, which gives it the ability to set under water. Lime is manufactured by burning limestone in kilns or temporary clamps. The properties and tests of lime determine its suitability for use in buildings.
This document discusses concepts for green and sustainable urban planning. It describes how overpopulation, pollution and climate change will impact cities, requiring new approaches. It then defines and compares concepts like new urbanism, bio-urbanism, eco-cities, smart cities, and green cities which aim to make settlements more sustainable and nature-oriented. The key elements that make a city green are identified as green and blue areas for oxygen production, green-blue corridors along waterways, green belts around cities, urban forests, farms and green buildings that use resources efficiently.
A presentation on concrete-Concrete TechnologyAbdul Majid
Concrete is a composite material made from cement, sand, gravel and water. It is one of the most commonly used building materials due to its advantages like durability, fire resistance and ability to be easily formed. Fresh concrete must be properly mixed, placed, consolidated and cured. Mixing ensures uniform distribution of ingredients while consolidation removes air pockets. Curing keeps concrete saturated to allow continued hydration and improve strength over time. Proper mixing, placing and curing are necessary to achieve the desired properties of hardened concrete.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and water. It has many applications and can be molded into various shapes. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added. The key components of concrete are cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, and water. Cement acts as the binding agent when mixed with water. Aggregates make up 60-80% of the volume and provide strength. Steel reinforcement improves tensile strength. Water is needed for the cement hydration reaction but too much water weakens the concrete. Proper mixing is required to produce a uniform, workable concrete.
Special concrete is used when special properties are more important than normal concrete properties. It is produced using chemical and mineral admixtures added to conventional concrete mixes. There are several types of special concrete including lightweight concrete, high strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, and others. Each type has specific properties and uses in construction where standard concrete is not suitable.
Water plays a key role in cement concrete as it acts as a reactant in the chemical process of hydration that provides concrete its strength over time. The water-cement ratio is an important factor, with lower ratios producing higher strength concrete. Water used for mixing must meet requirements for quality and impurities. Admixtures can be used to improve workability or reduce the water content. Proper curing is also important for achieving design strength and durability of the concrete. Sprayed concrete has advantages over poured concrete such as lower permeability and faster strength gain.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document defines and describes lightweight concrete. It discusses three main types of lightweight concrete: porous concrete, concrete without fine aggregate, and lightweight aggregate concrete.
Porous concrete contains air bubbles that make it lightweight. Concrete without fine aggregate uses only cement, water, and coarse aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete uses lightweight aggregates like pumice or expanded clay instead of regular aggregates.
The document outlines the characteristics and advantages of lightweight concrete, including better thermal and fire insulation, durability in various environments, lower water absorption, and acoustic properties. It also notes some disadvantages like increased sensitivity to water content and difficulty in placement and finishing.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
- Cement is tested in the field to check for lumps, consistency, and ability to float in water.
- Laboratory tests include setting time, soundness, fineness, and strength. Setting time tests use a Vicat apparatus to check initial and final set. Soundness tests use a Le Chatelier apparatus to check for expansion. Fineness is measured by the Blaine air permeability test. Strength is measured through compressive testing of cement mortar cubes.
- Common cement types include ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, and Portland pozzolana cement made by intergrinding clinker with fly ash or calcined clay.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Lime is an important cementing material used in construction. It is classified as quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime based on its composition and properties. Quicklime has a high calcium oxide content and must be slaked before use. Hydrated lime is pre-slaked at the manufacturing stage. Hydraulic lime contains clay, which gives it the ability to set under water. Lime is manufactured by burning limestone in kilns or temporary clamps. The properties and tests of lime determine its suitability for use in buildings.
This document discusses concepts for green and sustainable urban planning. It describes how overpopulation, pollution and climate change will impact cities, requiring new approaches. It then defines and compares concepts like new urbanism, bio-urbanism, eco-cities, smart cities, and green cities which aim to make settlements more sustainable and nature-oriented. The key elements that make a city green are identified as green and blue areas for oxygen production, green-blue corridors along waterways, green belts around cities, urban forests, farms and green buildings that use resources efficiently.
This document discusses various types of admixtures used in concrete, including their functions, compositions, and advantages. It defines admixtures as materials other than water, aggregates, cement, and fiber that are added to concrete mixtures to modify properties. The main types of admixtures discussed are air-entraining, water-reducing, superplasticizers, and set-retarding admixtures. Air-entrainers introduce tiny air bubbles that increase durability. Water-reducers and superplasticizers increase workability without increasing water content. Set-retarders delay the initial setting of concrete. The document provides details on the chemical compositions and functioning of different admixture types.
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
The document discusses slums and their characteristics, causes, effects, and strategies for improvement and prevention. It notes that slums are overcrowded, unsanitary areas lacking basic amenities. They are associated with high poverty, disease, and crime rates. The growth of slums is caused by factors like lack of affordable housing and employment opportunities. Slums negatively impact public health and the environment. Improvement strategies include clearance and rehabilitation and upgrading living conditions in situ. Prevention relies on providing affordable housing options and enforcing building standards. Major Indian cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata face severe slum problems due to rapid urbanization and migration.
This document discusses different types of costs in engineering economics. It defines real costs, economic costs, and opportunity costs. Real costs include labor and capital sacrifices, but cannot be measured precisely. Economic costs refer to all expenses incurred in production, including explicit costs, implicit costs, and normal profit. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when making a choice. The document also discusses short-run costs including fixed costs, variable costs, total fixed cost, and total variable cost. Total fixed costs remain constant while total variable costs increase with output.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
This document provides an overview of demand and supply concepts in economics. It defines demand as both the willingness and ability to purchase a commodity at a given price. Demand is determined by factors like price, income, tastes, prices of substitutes and complements, expectations, and population. The law of demand states that, all else equal, quantity demanded is negatively related to price - as price increases, demand decreases. The demand curve graphs this relationship, sloping downward to show an inverse price-quantity demanded relationship.
Varnishes are liquid coatings containing a resin dissolved in an oil or solvent that form a protective film. They are used as decorative and protective coatings on wood and painted surfaces. The key ingredients are a resin such as rosin, copal or shellac dissolved in a solvent like linseed oil, turpentine or spirits. Different types of varnishes are used depending on the solvent - oil varnishes dry slowly but are durable, turpentine varnishes dry quickly but are less durable, and spirit varnishes containing shellac are commonly used for furniture. Japans contain asphalt and are applied to metal surfaces. Varnishes protect surfaces from moisture damage and weathering while enhancing the natural
Plastics are polymeric materials that are lightweight, durable, and resistant to corrosion. They can be molded into various shapes and are used widely in engineering applications. Plastics are classified as thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics are made from polymers of materials like vinyl, polyester, and urethane. Plastics have properties like low weight and resistance to heat and electricity that make them useful for applications in industries like construction, automotive, and electronics manufacturing.
The document discusses how certain plants can help purify indoor air by removing pollutants. It begins by outlining sources of indoor air pollution and health issues related to poor indoor air quality. It then discusses NASA research from the 1980s that found plants can significantly reduce indoor air pollutants like formaldehyde. The document lists the 50 most effective plants according to NASA's research and provides details on the top-ranking plants like the Areca Palm, Lady Palm, Rubber Plant, and Peace Lily. It explains how these plants absorb pollutants through their leaves and roots.
This document discusses standby power, also called vampire power, which refers to the electricity consumed by electronic devices and appliances even when they are switched off or in standby mode. It notes that standby power consumption adds to household energy costs over time and can amount to 8-10% of total residential electricity use. The document outlines efforts like the One Watt Initiative to limit standby power consumption to 1 watt or less through efficiency standards and regulations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
Smart villages aim to provide rural areas with urban-like amenities to reduce migration to cities. The key aspects of smart villages include access to electricity, clean water, sanitation, healthcare, education, skills training, entrepreneurship opportunities, and internet connectivity. Implementing smart technologies can help rural areas have smart infrastructure, service delivery, institutions, and resource utilization. This allows villages to become self-sufficient while offering high standards of living. Government programs promote smart villages through improving agriculture, employment, nutrition, and developing model villages through programs like Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojna. Critical services needed include food security, healthcare, education, economic development, transportation, and use of renewable energy. The idea of internet of things can
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
This document discusses various factors that affect the choice of building construction materials. It describes key properties that materials must have for different applications, including strength, resistance to water, acids, fire, weathering, frost, and durability. The document emphasizes that understanding materials' properties allows choosing the optimal material for a given service condition or climate. Standardization is also important to ensure materials meet minimum quality levels and drive industry improvement.
This document summarizes several common building stones used in construction. It describes the composition, structure, texture, and properties of granite, basalt, limestone, marble, sandstone, gneiss, laterite, and slate. Key points include that granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar; basalt is a fine-grained volcanic rock used for construction due to its durability; limestone is a sedimentary rock varying widely in porosity; and slate has a unique cleavage that allows it to be split into thin sheets for uses like roofing. The document also discusses required qualities for building stones like compressive, transverse, and shear strength.
The document discusses green buildings and provides information on their objectives, features, and benefits. Some key points include:
- Green buildings aim to minimize environmental impact and maximize energy and resource efficiency throughout a building's lifecycle.
- Objectives include reducing energy and water usage, promoting occupant health, and minimizing waste and pollution.
- Features that make buildings green include efficient designs, use of renewable energy, water conservation, green materials, and waste reduction.
- Rating systems evaluate green building performance in areas like site planning, materials used, and energy efficiency.
The document discusses low-cost sanitation systems, specifically septic tanks. It describes how septic tanks work and the situations where they are suitable. Septic tanks are underground structures that use anaerobic bacteria to treat wastewater and are used where sewer systems are not available. The document outlines the components, design considerations, and disposal methods for effluent from septic tanks, including soak pits and dispersion trenches which allow the liquid to absorb into the soil. Design examples are provided to demonstrate how to size a septic tank and calculate the area required for effluent disposal trenches.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
This document discusses different types and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates can be classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Coarse aggregates are larger than 4.75mm while fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve. Key properties of aggregates that influence concrete include water absorption, bulk density, specific gravity, surface texture, and size/shape distribution. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
REPORT-AGGREGATE and TYPES OF AGGREGATE (1).pptxlordperez2
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and come in two sizes: fine aggregates (passed through a 4.75mm sieve) and coarse aggregates (retained on a 4.75mm sieve). Aggregates can be natural, originating from weathered rock, or artificial, produced by heating materials like clay or shale. Aggregates are also classified by shape, including rounded, irregular, angular, flaky, and elongated. Proper handling and storage of aggregates is important to prevent contamination or changes in grading.
This document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete based on their source, size, shape, and unit weight. It describes natural aggregates obtained from various rock types as well as artificial aggregates produced through chemical reactions or processing of natural aggregates. It also categorizes aggregates as fine, coarse, or all-in based on their size and discusses how aggregate properties like shape, surface texture, specific gravity, and shrinkage influence the properties of concrete.
Aggregates Physical Properties and Mechanical Properties.pptxADCET, Ashta
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete by volume and come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm (such as sand) and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm (such as gravel). The physical properties of aggregates like shape, texture and grading impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability and other physical properties. Proper aggregate selection and testing of properties like flakiness index, elongation index and bulk density are important to achieve high quality concrete.
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
The document summarizes the key properties and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It discusses that aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete. It classifies aggregates based on their geological origin, size, shape, grading, and unit weight. The summary properties of fine and coarse aggregates are also provided, including requirements for good aggregates.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
Concrete aggregates make up 70-75% of concrete by volume and influence its properties like strength, durability, and economy. Aggregates are classified based on source, petrological characteristics, unit weight, and size. Their shape, surface texture, grading, and mineral composition affect workability and bonding. Aggregates provide mass to resist loads, act as a filler, and reduce volume changes during curing. Proper sampling and testing ensures aggregates meet specifications for use in concrete.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Common types include natural and crushed coarse and fine aggregates. Aggregates must be hard, durable, and free of organic matter or other impurities. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the particle size distribution and grading of aggregates.
This document discusses the key materials used in concrete - cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures. It describes what concrete is, its types and uses. The main ingredients are described in detail, including their properties and how they affect the strength and performance of concrete. Aggregates make up the largest portion by volume and come in various sizes and grades. Proper mix design and material selection are important to produce durable concrete.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Fine aggregates are less than 5mm while coarse aggregates are greater than 5mm. Natural aggregates come from sources like rivers while manufactured aggregates are crushed. Normal weight aggregates have densities from 1520-1680kg/m3 while lightweight aggregates are less than 1120kg/m3. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, durability and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the grading and ensures a range of aggregate sizes are present.
This document discusses concrete, one of the most commonly used building materials. Concrete is a composite material made from readily available constituents like aggregates, sand, cement, and water. It is versatile and can be easily mixed to meet different needs. The document covers the properties of fresh concrete, including workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, and setting time. It discusses factors that affect these properties and different tests used to measure consistency, such as slump tests. The document also covers mixing, placing, and consolidating concrete.
Briefly describe about Construction Aggregates. How to manufractured how sampling its uses application all thing are described here. To understand about aggregate read this slide.
The document discusses the types, properties, and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It describes how aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete while reducing shrinkage. Various tests are used to evaluate the size, shape, strength, density and other physical properties of aggregates to ensure they will perform well when used to manufacture durable concrete.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
A presentation about Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate on Civil Engineering subject. Due to privacy concern, only the group members names are kept where the student ID's are removed.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and influence its properties. Coarse aggregates are retained on a 4.75mm sieve while fine aggregates pass through. Concrete is made through batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, and curing its ingredients which include cement, water, sand, gravel, and sometimes admixtures. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for properties like strength, durability, and grading. Recycled aggregates can also be used from construction debris.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
The document discusses the importance of premarital screening or testing before marriage. It explains that premarital screening involves testing prospective spouses for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and compatibility to help ensure a healthy marriage and family. Compatibility is assessed through both traditional Indian kundli matching of astrological charts as well as modern medical testing. While kundli matching provides useful information, medical screening can detect diseases and identify health risks that could impact a couple's well-being and ability to have children. The document recommends couples undergo premarital screening through blood tests, physical exams, and counseling to aid in informed decision making.
A polymath is defined as a person with expertise in various fields of science, humanities, and the arts. Historically, polymaths included great Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Benjamin Franklin who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines. Nowadays, it is difficult to find true polymaths due to the ever-increasing specialization of knowledge. However, the document outlines characteristics of polymaths such as cultivating curiosity, multiple passions and interests, and not worrying about perfection in order to bring back the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded thinker.
Godfather-like figures organize complex crash for cash schemes involving staged, induced, and ghost crashes to fraudulently obtain insurance payouts. They recruit drivers, passengers, and professional enablers like doctors and repair shops to carry out the schemes, which can net up to £30,000 per crash. The schemes cost insurers millions each year and ultimately increase premiums for all policyholders.
The document discusses arguments for and against lowering the minimum voting age. It notes that while most countries have the age set at 18, some have it as low as 16. Advocates argue that 16-year-olds have adult responsibilities and should have a say, and research shows lower ages increase youth participation without lowering vote quality. However, others argue younger people lack maturity. Countries experimenting with lower ages often do so incrementally. Overall it is a complex debate that intersects with issues of children's rights.
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Urban Heat Island Effect occurs when urban areas become significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure that replace open land and vegetation. Impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt absorb and re-emit more solar radiation than natural landscapes, causing surface and ambient air temperatures to increase in cities. Additional factors like reduced evapotranspiration from plants, waste heat from energy usage, and decreased wind speed between buildings exacerbate the higher temperatures. As temperatures rise, greater air conditioning usage produces more waste heat in a self-perpetuating cycle of increasing the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. It involves five main steps - ideation, encoding, transmission, decoding and response. Communication can occur through different levels like interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication. Effective communication requires good command over language and follows certain characteristics. Technical communication is more formal in style and involves technical vocabulary or graphics. It plays a pivotal role in organizations and their success depends on quality information flow. Some important books and Ted talks on developing strong communication skills are also mentioned.
The unethical practice of gift giving to doctors by pharma companiesGAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses the unethical practice of pharmaceutical companies giving gifts to doctors in various countries. It notes that while informing doctors about new drugs is acceptable, gifts can influence prescribing behaviors and create conflicts of interest. Regulations in countries like Bangladesh, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam prohibit or limit such gifts. The document calls for India's government to implement uniform marketing codes for pharmaceutical companies to restrict unethical practices like bribing doctors with foreign trips, phones, or other incentives.
The document discusses the concepts of compassionate cities and urban loneliness. It defines compassion and describes how living alone in cities can cause loneliness, especially among the elderly. It suggests ways for urban planners to address this issue, such as creating more green spaces for social interaction and improving transportation infrastructure to encourage community. The goal is to make cities places where compassion for all residents is a priority and people care for one another's well-being. The Charter for Compassion aims to promote compassion as a core value globally.
Copper has natural antimicrobial properties that have been exploited for centuries. It kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi through mechanisms like oxidative stress and damage to cell membranes and proteins. Recent clinical studies show copper alloys reduce bacterial contamination on high-touch surfaces in hospitals by 90-100% compared to other materials like stainless steel. The EPA has approved copper alloys as antimicrobial materials due to their ability to reduce MRSA and E. coli levels by over 99.9% within 2 hours of contact under laboratory conditions. However, while copper was widely used historically, other modern materials have replaced it despite its benefits for infection control.
The Liuzhou Forest City in China will be the world's first forest city, where all buildings are covered in greenery. Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the city will house 30,000 inhabitants in buildings surrounded by over 40,000 trees and 1 million plants. The extensive greenery is intended to absorb air pollutants and carbon emissions while producing oxygen. In addition to environmental benefits, the forest city aims to be self-sufficient through geothermal and solar energy use. Construction is slated to begin in 2020.
Automotive vehicles are increasingly automated and connected to wireless networks, leaving them vulnerable to remote hacking attacks. Security researchers have demonstrated how hackers could potentially access a vehicle's internal computer systems to disable brakes or engine controls from a distance. Recent studies show many modern vehicles built after 2005 are at risk if automakers do not address vulnerabilities in wireless infotainment and connectivity systems that could allow unauthorized remote access and control over critical functions.
Collusion and Fraud Detection on Electronic Energy Meters GAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses collusion and fraud detection related to smart energy meters. It covers topics such as collusion, which involves secret cooperation to deceive others; electricity theft; advanced metering infrastructure; reasons for electricity theft; legal aspects; safety and economic impacts of theft; and techniques for theft. The key points are that collusion aims to limit competition through deception, modern meters allow remote monitoring but lack of trust remains a barrier, and electricity theft endangers safety, harms economics, and is considered a legal issue.
Smart buildings use automated systems and sensors to control operations like HVAC, lighting, and security. However, connecting these systems also introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities. As buildings add more internet-connected devices, they provide more entry points for hackers to potentially access sensitive building systems and data. Cyber criminals are increasingly targeting smart buildings due to their growth and interconnected nature, which could allow access to security cameras, elevators, and other building operations if networks are breached.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. AggregatesAggregates
• Aggregates generally occupy 65- 80% of a concrete’sAggregates generally occupy 65- 80% of a concrete’s
volume.volume. Aggregates are inert fillers floating in theAggregates are inert fillers floating in the
cement paste matrix for concretes of low strength. Thecement paste matrix for concretes of low strength. The
strength of aggregates do not contribute to the strength ofstrength of aggregates do not contribute to the strength of
concrete for low strength concreteconcrete for low strength concrete. The characteristics. The characteristics
of aggregates impact performance of fresh andof aggregates impact performance of fresh and
hardened concrete.hardened concrete.
3. Why use aggregateWhy use aggregate
• Reduce the cost of the concreteReduce the cost of the concrete – 1/4 - 1/8 of the cement– 1/4 - 1/8 of the cement
priceprice
• Reduce thermal crackingReduce thermal cracking – 100 kg of OPC produces– 100 kg of OPC produces
about 12about 12oo
C temperature riseC temperature rise
• Reduces shrinkageReduces shrinkage – 10% reduction in aggregate volume can– 10% reduction in aggregate volume can
double shrinkagedouble shrinkage
• High aggregateHigh aggregate : cement ratio (A/C) desirable: cement ratio (A/C) desirable
• A/C mainly influenced by cement contentA/C mainly influenced by cement content
• Imparts unit weight toImparts unit weight to concreteconcrete
4. Aggregate ClassificationAggregate Classification
• Size:-Size:- Coarse Aggregates & Fine Aggregates.Coarse Aggregates & Fine Aggregates.
• Specific Gravity:-Specific Gravity:- Light Weight, Normal Weight andLight Weight, Normal Weight and
Heavy Weight Aggregates.Heavy Weight Aggregates.
• Availability:-Availability:- Natural Gravel and Crushed Aggregates.Natural Gravel and Crushed Aggregates.
• Shape:-Shape:- Round, Cubical, Angular, Elongated and FlakyRound, Cubical, Angular, Elongated and Flaky
Aggregates.Aggregates.
• Texture:-Texture:- Smooth, Granular, Crystalline, honeycombedSmooth, Granular, Crystalline, honeycombed
and Porous.and Porous.
6. Aggregate Classification : SizeAggregate Classification : Size
• Fine AggregateFine Aggregate
• Sand and/or crushed stone.Sand and/or crushed stone.
• < 4.75 mm.< 4.75 mm.
• F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of totalF.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total
aggregate.aggregate.
• Coarse AggregateCoarse Aggregate
• Gravel and crushed stone.Gravel and crushed stone.
• >4.75 mm.>4.75 mm.
• Typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm.Typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm.
7. Aggregate Classification : Specific GravityAggregate Classification : Specific Gravity
• Normal-Weight AggregateNormal-Weight Aggregate
Most common aggregates ( Ex:Most common aggregates ( Ex: Sand, Gravel, CrushedSand, Gravel, Crushed
stone)stone)
• Produce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/mProduce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/m33
• Lightweight AggregateLightweight Aggregate
• Expanded (Shale, Clay, Slate, Slag)Expanded (Shale, Clay, Slate, Slag)
• Produce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/mProduce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/m33
• And (Pumice, Scoria, Perlite, Diatomite)And (Pumice, Scoria, Perlite, Diatomite)
Produce lightweight insulating concrete— 250 to 1450 kg/mProduce lightweight insulating concrete— 250 to 1450 kg/m33
10. Aggregate Classification : Specific GravityAggregate Classification : Specific Gravity
• Heavyweight AggregateHeavyweight Aggregate
• Barite, Limonite, Magnetite, Hematite, IronBarite, Limonite, Magnetite, Hematite, Iron
• Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/mProduce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m33
• Used for Radiation ShieldingUsed for Radiation Shielding
11. Aggregate Classification : AvailabilityAggregate Classification : Availability
• Natural GravelNatural Gravel
• River or seashore gravels; desert, seashore and windblownRiver or seashore gravels; desert, seashore and windblown
sandssands
• Rounded in natureRounded in nature
Fully water worn or completely shaped by attritionFully water worn or completely shaped by attrition
• Crushed Aggregates.Crushed Aggregates.
• Crushed rocks of all types; talus; screesCrushed rocks of all types; talus; screes
Angular in natureAngular in nature
12. Aggregate Classification : ShapeAggregate Classification : Shape
• The shape of aggregates is an important characteristicThe shape of aggregates is an important characteristic
since it affects the workability of concrete.since it affects the workability of concrete.
15. Aggregate Classification : TextureAggregate Classification : Texture
• Surface texture is the property, the measure ofSurface texture is the property, the measure of
which depends upon the relative degree to whichwhich depends upon the relative degree to which
particle surfaces are polishedparticle surfaces are polished or dull, smooth oror dull, smooth or
rough.rough.
• Surface texture depends onSurface texture depends on hardness, grain size,hardness, grain size,
pore structure, structure of the rock.pore structure, structure of the rock.
18. Physical Prosperities of Aggregate :Physical Prosperities of Aggregate :
GradingGrading
Grading is the particle-size distribution of anGrading is the particle-size distribution of an
aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis usingaggregate as determined by a sieve analysis using
wire mesh sieves with square openings.wire mesh sieves with square openings.
As per IS:2386(Part-1)As per IS:2386(Part-1)
Fine aggregate : 6 standard sieves with openings from 150Fine aggregate : 6 standard sieves with openings from 150
μm to 4.75 mm. (150 μm, 300 μm, 600 μm, 1.18mm,μm to 4.75 mm. (150 μm, 300 μm, 600 μm, 1.18mm,
2.36mm, 4.75mm)2.36mm, 4.75mm)
Coarse aggregate: 5 sieves with openings from 4.75mm to 80Coarse aggregate: 5 sieves with openings from 4.75mm to 80
mm. (4.75mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 20mm, 40mm)mm. (4.75mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 20mm, 40mm)
20. Physical Prosperities of Aggregate : GradingPhysical Prosperities of Aggregate : Grading
• Grain size distribution for concrete mixes that willGrain size distribution for concrete mixes that will
provide a dense strong mixture.provide a dense strong mixture.
• Ensure that the voids between the larger particles areEnsure that the voids between the larger particles are
filled with medium particlesfilled with medium particles. The remaining voids are. The remaining voids are
filled with still smaller particles until the smallest voidsfilled with still smaller particles until the smallest voids
are filled with a small amount of fines.are filled with a small amount of fines.
24. Fineness Modulus (FM)Fineness Modulus (FM)
• The results of aggregate sieve analysis is expressedThe results of aggregate sieve analysis is expressed
by a number called Fineness Modulus.by a number called Fineness Modulus.
• Obtained by adding the sum of the cumulativeObtained by adding the sum of the cumulative
percentages by mass of a sample aggregate retained onpercentages by mass of a sample aggregate retained on
each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sumeach of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum
by 100.by 100.
• The following limits may be taken as guidance:The following limits may be taken as guidance:
• Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6
• Medium sand : F.M. : 2.6 - 2.9Medium sand : F.M. : 2.6 - 2.9
• Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9 - 3.2Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9 - 3.2
A sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will beA sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be
unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.
Finess Modulus, FM =
Total of Cumulative Percentage of Passing (%)
100
26. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
• The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage byThe flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by
weight of particles in it whose least dimensionweight of particles in it whose least dimension
(thickness)(thickness) is less than three-fifths of their meanis less than three-fifths of their mean
dimension.dimension.
• The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
• The flakiness index is taken as the total weight of theThe flakiness index is taken as the total weight of the
material passing the various thickness gaugesmaterial passing the various thickness gauges
expressed as a percentage of the total weight of theexpressed as a percentage of the total weight of the
sample takensample taken..
• Table 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thicknessTable 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness
and length gauges.and length gauges.
27. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
• The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage byThe flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by
weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness)weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness) isis
less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.
• The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
• The flakiness index is taken as the total weight of theThe flakiness index is taken as the total weight of the
material passing the various thickness gaugesmaterial passing the various thickness gauges expressed asexpressed as
a percentage of the total weight of the sample taken.a percentage of the total weight of the sample taken.
• Table 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness andTable 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness and
length gauges.length gauges.
28. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
30. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
31. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
• The elongation index on an aggregate is theThe elongation index on an aggregate is the
percentage by weight of particles whose greatestpercentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length)dimension (length) is greater than 1.8 times their meanis greater than 1.8 times their mean
dimension.dimension.
• The elongation index is not applicable to sizes smallerThe elongation index is not applicable to sizes smaller
than 6.3 mm.than 6.3 mm.
• The elongation index is the total weight of theThe elongation index is the total weight of the
material retained on the various length gaugesmaterial retained on the various length gauges
expressed as a percentage of the total weight of theexpressed as a percentage of the total weight of the
sample gauged. Thesample gauged. The presence of elongated particles inpresence of elongated particles in
excess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally consideredexcess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally considered
undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid down.undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid down.
32. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
33. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
34. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Specific GravitySpecific Gravity
Indian Standard Specification IS : 2386 (Part III) of 1963Indian Standard Specification IS : 2386 (Part III) of 1963
gives various procedures to find out the specific gravity ofgives various procedures to find out the specific gravity of
different sizes of aggregates.different sizes of aggregates.
100(B − C
)
A = Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (A1 - A2 ) B = Weight
of the saturated surface - dry aggregate in air C = Weight of oven-
dried aggregate in air.
A1 = Weight of aggregate and basket in water A2 = Weight of
empty basket in water
Water Absorption =
Apparent Specifc Gravity =
Specifc Gravity =
C − B
A −
B
C
C
C
35. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Specific GravitySpecific Gravity
36. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Bulk DensityBulk Density
• The cylindrical measure is filled about 1/3The cylindrical measure is filled about 1/3
each time with thoroughly mixed aggregateeach time with thoroughly mixed aggregate
and tamped with 25 strokes by a bulletand tamped with 25 strokes by a bullet
ended tamping rod, 16 mm diameter and 60ended tamping rod, 16 mm diameter and 60
cm long.cm long.
• The net weight of the aggregate in the measureThe net weight of the aggregate in the measure
is determined and the bulk density isis determined and the bulk density is
calculated in kg/litre.calculated in kg/litre.
37. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Bulk DensityBulk Density
38. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
• The “aggregate crushing value” gives a relativeThe “aggregate crushing value” gives a relative
measure of the resistance of an aggregatemeasure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushingto crushing
under a gradually applied compressive load.under a gradually applied compressive load.
• The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger inThe apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in
positionposition, is placed on the compression testing machine, is placed on the compression testing machine
and is loaded uniformly upto a total load of 400 kN in 10and is loaded uniformly upto a total load of 400 kN in 10
minutes time.minutes time.
• The load is then released and the whole of theThe load is then released and the whole of the
material removed from the cylinder and sieved on amaterial removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36 mm I.S. Sieve.2.36 mm I.S. Sieve.
39. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
40. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
41. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Impact ValueAggregate Impact Value
• The aggregate impact value gives relative measure ofThe aggregate impact value gives relative measure of
the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock orthe resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or
impactimpact..
• The whole sample is filled into a cylindrical steel cupThe whole sample is filled into a cylindrical steel cup
firmly fixed on the base of the machine. A hammerfirmly fixed on the base of the machine. A hammer
weighing about 14 kgs.weighing about 14 kgs. is raised to a height of 380 mmis raised to a height of 380 mm
above the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup andabove the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup and
allowed to fall freely on the aggregate.allowed to fall freely on the aggregate.
• The test sample shall be subjected to a total 15 suchThe test sample shall be subjected to a total 15 such
blows each being delivered at an interval of not lessblows each being delivered at an interval of not less
than one second.than one second.
42. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Impact ValueAggregate Impact Value
44. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Abrasion ValueAggregate Abrasion Value
• Indian Standard 2386 (Part IV) of 1963 covers twoIndian Standard 2386 (Part IV) of 1963 covers two
methods for finding out the abrasion value of coarsemethods for finding out the abrasion value of coarse
aggregates:aggregates: namely, by the use of Deval abrasion testingnamely, by the use of Deval abrasion testing
machine and by the use of Los Angeles abrasion testingmachine and by the use of Los Angeles abrasion testing
machine.machine.
• Test sample and abrasive charge are placed in the LosTest sample and abrasive charge are placed in the Los
Angeles Abrasion testing machine and the machine isAngeles Abrasion testing machine and the machine is
rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.
• For gradings A, B, C and D, the machine is rotatedFor gradings A, B, C and D, the machine is rotated
for 500 revolutions. For gradings E, F and G, it isfor 500 revolutions. For gradings E, F and G, it is
rotated 1000 revolutionsrotated 1000 revolutions..
57. Use of Sea Water for Mixing ConcreteUse of Sea Water for Mixing Concrete
• SeaSea waterwater hashas aa salinitysalinity ofof aboutabout 3.53.5 perper cent.cent. InIn
thatthat aboutabout 78%78% isis sodiumsodium chloridechloride andand 15%15% isis
chloridechloride andand sulphatesulphate ofof magnesium.magnesium. SeaSea waterwater
alsoalso containcontain smallsmall quantitiesquantities ofof sodiumsodium andand
potassiumpotassium saltssalts..
• SeaSea waterwater slightlyslightly acceleratesaccelerates thethe earlyearly strengthstrength ofof
concrete.concrete.
• ButBut itit reducesreduces thethe 2828 daysdays strengthstrength ofof concreteconcrete byby
aboutabout 1010 toto 1515 perper cent. Ifcent. If seasea waterwater cannotcannot bebe
avoidedavoided forfor makingmaking reinforcedreinforced concrete,concrete, particularparticular
precautionsprecautions shouldshould bebe takentaken toto makemake thethe concreteconcrete
densedense byby usingusing lowlow water/cementwater/cement ratioratio coupledcoupled withwith
vibrationvibration andand toto givegive anan adequateadequate covercover ofof atat leastleast 7.57.5
cm.cm.
58.
59. Imagine concrete that looks like ordinary, plainImagine concrete that looks like ordinary, plain
gray concrete during the day, but after the lights gogray concrete during the day, but after the lights go
out, it will generate a luminescent glowout, it will generate a luminescent glow that will lastthat will last
all night long without being connected to any powerall night long without being connected to any power
source.source. Although that may sound like super-Although that may sound like super-
concrete you’d read about in a science fiction novel,concrete you’d read about in a science fiction novel,
it’s actually a possibility today thanks to the newit’s actually a possibility today thanks to the new
glow-in-the dark aggregates from Ambient Glowglow-in-the dark aggregates from Ambient Glow
Technology.Technology.
61. Glow Stone AggregatesGlow Stone Aggregates
Designed for indoor and outdoor applications, AGT’sDesigned for indoor and outdoor applications, AGT’s
glow aggregates absorb and store natural and artificialglow aggregates absorb and store natural and artificial
light energy, from both the sun and artificial lightinglight energy, from both the sun and artificial lighting..
Once the light source is no longer present, AGT's glowOnce the light source is no longer present, AGT's glow
pigments begin releasing their stored energy.pigments begin releasing their stored energy.
They utilize a proprietary formulation of powerful,They utilize a proprietary formulation of powerful,
patented photo-luminescent pigments, so they will emitpatented photo-luminescent pigments, so they will emit
their glow for 12 hours or longer to provide a self-their glow for 12 hours or longer to provide a self-
generating ambient light source.generating ambient light source.
63. Glow Stone AggregatesGlow Stone Aggregates
The aggregates can be seeded decoratively in aThe aggregates can be seeded decoratively in a
variety of ways, ranging from pool decks, patios andvariety of ways, ranging from pool decks, patios and
outdoor entertainment areas to kitchen countertopsoutdoor entertainment areas to kitchen countertops
and bathroom vanitiesand bathroom vanities. They can also serve as an. They can also serve as an
effective, self-emitting way-finding system in low-lighteffective, self-emitting way-finding system in low-light
areas such as stairways and hallways.areas such as stairways and hallways.
64. When it rains – look for the rainbows –When it rains – look for the rainbows –
when it'swhen it's darkdark,, look for the starslook for the stars..