Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and influence its properties. Coarse aggregates are retained on a 4.75mm sieve while fine aggregates pass through. Concrete is made through batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, and curing its ingredients which include cement, water, sand, gravel, and sometimes admixtures. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for properties like strength, durability, and grading. Recycled aggregates can also be used from construction debris.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
This document discusses aggregates which are inert materials mixed with cement to produce concrete. It defines aggregates and describes their properties and types. Aggregates can be classified based on grain size, origin, density or shape. The main types are fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel. Fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve while coarse aggregates are retained. Properties of aggregates that affect concrete like composition, size and texture are also covered. The goal is to educate civil engineers on aggregates used in construction.
M-Sand is a substitute for river sand that is manufactured by crushing granite stone. It has cubical shaped particles with grounded edges that are washed and graded. M-Sand provides several advantages over river sand such as higher strength, durability, workability and reduced construction defects in concrete. It is also more readily available and less expensive to transport than river sand. M-Sand is manufactured through various crushing stages using advanced machines and technology to produce consistent, high quality sand based on international standards.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica. Sand is classified based on its formation, composition, and grain size. The main natural sources are pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. Artificial sources include recycled sand and crushed stones. Good sand is clean, coarse, chemically inert, and well graded. It is used widely in construction for mortar, concrete, and plastering. The composition and properties of sand determine its suitability for different construction applications.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
Aggregates are materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete that are mixed with cement and water to form concrete. There are various types of aggregates classified based on grain size, density, geographical origin and shape. Fine aggregates are smaller than 4.75mm while coarse aggregates are larger. Aggregates provide properties like volume, stability and resistance to wear or erosion in concrete. Admixtures are added to concrete to improve properties during casting, setting or service and include chemicals to improve workability or minerals to reduce water requirements.
This document discusses M-sand, which is manufactured sand produced from crushing granite stone and used as an alternative to river sand for construction purposes. It has several advantages over river sand, including consistent size and shape, higher strength, and lower cost. The manufacturing process involves primary and secondary crushing using jaw crushers, cone crushers, and other crushers to break the stone into uniformly sized particles under 4.75mm. Vibratory screens then separate the sand by size for use in concrete. M-sand provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and workability when used in concrete.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
This document discusses aggregates which are inert materials mixed with cement to produce concrete. It defines aggregates and describes their properties and types. Aggregates can be classified based on grain size, origin, density or shape. The main types are fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel. Fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve while coarse aggregates are retained. Properties of aggregates that affect concrete like composition, size and texture are also covered. The goal is to educate civil engineers on aggregates used in construction.
M-Sand is a substitute for river sand that is manufactured by crushing granite stone. It has cubical shaped particles with grounded edges that are washed and graded. M-Sand provides several advantages over river sand such as higher strength, durability, workability and reduced construction defects in concrete. It is also more readily available and less expensive to transport than river sand. M-Sand is manufactured through various crushing stages using advanced machines and technology to produce consistent, high quality sand based on international standards.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica. Sand is classified based on its formation, composition, and grain size. The main natural sources are pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. Artificial sources include recycled sand and crushed stones. Good sand is clean, coarse, chemically inert, and well graded. It is used widely in construction for mortar, concrete, and plastering. The composition and properties of sand determine its suitability for different construction applications.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
Aggregates are materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete that are mixed with cement and water to form concrete. There are various types of aggregates classified based on grain size, density, geographical origin and shape. Fine aggregates are smaller than 4.75mm while coarse aggregates are larger. Aggregates provide properties like volume, stability and resistance to wear or erosion in concrete. Admixtures are added to concrete to improve properties during casting, setting or service and include chemicals to improve workability or minerals to reduce water requirements.
This document discusses M-sand, which is manufactured sand produced from crushing granite stone and used as an alternative to river sand for construction purposes. It has several advantages over river sand, including consistent size and shape, higher strength, and lower cost. The manufacturing process involves primary and secondary crushing using jaw crushers, cone crushers, and other crushers to break the stone into uniformly sized particles under 4.75mm. Vibratory screens then separate the sand by size for use in concrete. M-sand provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and workability when used in concrete.
This document discusses different types and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates can be classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Coarse aggregates are larger than 4.75mm while fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve. Key properties of aggregates that influence concrete include water absorption, bulk density, specific gravity, surface texture, and size/shape distribution. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
The document discusses the key constituents of concrete, specifically fine aggregate or sand. It defines sand as particles between 4.75 mm to 75 micron in diameter. Sand fills voids in coarse aggregates, assists in cement hardening by allowing water flow through its voids, and minimizes concrete shrinking and cracking. Common sources of sand include pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. River sand is most widely used due to its availability and cleanliness. The document also discusses sand characteristics, grading, bulking, and fineness modulus.
Concrete is a composite material made of aggregates, sand, cement, and water. It has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper mixing and compaction are required to produce durable concrete. Mixing involves blending the ingredients into a uniform mass and coating aggregates with cement paste. Compaction removes air pockets and achieves maximum density. It is done through tamping, rodding, or vibrating the fresh concrete. Vibration uses internal or external vibrators to penetrate and settle the concrete mixture.
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
The document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction including their origin, classification, properties, and tests. It discusses the three main types of aggregates - natural (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), artificial, and their characteristics. Requirements for road aggregates and important properties like strength, hardness, toughness, durability, and shape are explained. Finally, the document describes common tests on aggregates - aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to determine flakiness and elongation indices.
This document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction. It discusses the origin, classification, and properties of different types of aggregates including natural aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Requirements, tests, and desirable properties of aggregates are outlined. Key tests discussed include aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to evaluate flakiness and elongation. The document aims to inform on appropriate aggregate selection and specifications for use in bases, subbases, and wearing courses.
This document discusses road aggregate materials used in road construction. It outlines that aggregates are rocks or mineral fragments combined with cement and bitumen to form road surfaces. Good aggregates are important for ensuring stability and durability of roads as they bear most stress from traffic. Key properties of aggregates include strength, hardness, toughness, durability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and being free from foreign particles. Common types of aggregates used are basalts, granites, sandstones, limestones, and gravels.
The document summarizes the key properties and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It discusses that aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete. It classifies aggregates based on their geological origin, size, shape, grading, and unit weight. The summary properties of fine and coarse aggregates are also provided, including requirements for good aggregates.
Concrete has several benefits including low cost, strength in compression, and ease of shaping when wet. However, it also has limitations such as low tensile strength and ductility. Concrete strength is determined by its compressive crushing strength and is affected by the materials and techniques used. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcing with steel is common. Modern concrete contains aggregates, cement paste, water, and sometimes admixtures. Proper aggregate properties greatly influence the performance of concrete.
- Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel), and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as the concrete hardens.
- Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials due to its versatility and ability to be formed into various shapes. It can be mixed to meet different strengths and needs.
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
This document contains information about aggregates used in concrete provided by Deblina Dutta, a third year civil engineering student. It discusses the classification, properties, and uses of aggregates. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and include natural materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. They are classified based on their geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. The properties of aggregates like composition, size, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, voids, porosity, absorption, and fineness modulus affect the properties of concrete. Aggregates are an important part of concrete as they give it body, make it economical, and contribute to its mechanical strength.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Horizontal Directional Drilling Reamer Selection Guide by No Dig Equipment. We are a Leading Trenchless Technology Specialists based in Perth (Australia), providing trenchless solutions since over 18 years. For more information visit our website www.nodigequipment.com.au
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and water. It has many applications and can be molded into various shapes. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added. The key components of concrete are cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, and water. Cement acts as the binding agent when mixed with water. Aggregates make up 60-80% of the volume and provide strength. Steel reinforcement improves tensile strength. Water is needed for the cement hydration reaction but too much water weakens the concrete. Proper mixing is required to produce a uniform, workable concrete.
This document discusses the properties and composition of molding materials used in metal casting. It outlines 11 key properties molding materials must have including refractoriness, permeability, green strength, dry strength, and collapsibility. Common molding materials are described as sand, with silica sand being most widely used. The composition of molding sand is outlined as consisting of a base sand like silica, a binder like clay, and moisture. Factors that affect mold quality like moisture content, grain size, and shape are also summarized.
This document discusses different types and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates can be classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Coarse aggregates are larger than 4.75mm while fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve. Key properties of aggregates that influence concrete include water absorption, bulk density, specific gravity, surface texture, and size/shape distribution. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
The document discusses the key constituents of concrete, specifically fine aggregate or sand. It defines sand as particles between 4.75 mm to 75 micron in diameter. Sand fills voids in coarse aggregates, assists in cement hardening by allowing water flow through its voids, and minimizes concrete shrinking and cracking. Common sources of sand include pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. River sand is most widely used due to its availability and cleanliness. The document also discusses sand characteristics, grading, bulking, and fineness modulus.
Concrete is a composite material made of aggregates, sand, cement, and water. It has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper mixing and compaction are required to produce durable concrete. Mixing involves blending the ingredients into a uniform mass and coating aggregates with cement paste. Compaction removes air pockets and achieves maximum density. It is done through tamping, rodding, or vibrating the fresh concrete. Vibration uses internal or external vibrators to penetrate and settle the concrete mixture.
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
The document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction including their origin, classification, properties, and tests. It discusses the three main types of aggregates - natural (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), artificial, and their characteristics. Requirements for road aggregates and important properties like strength, hardness, toughness, durability, and shape are explained. Finally, the document describes common tests on aggregates - aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to determine flakiness and elongation indices.
This document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction. It discusses the origin, classification, and properties of different types of aggregates including natural aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Requirements, tests, and desirable properties of aggregates are outlined. Key tests discussed include aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to evaluate flakiness and elongation. The document aims to inform on appropriate aggregate selection and specifications for use in bases, subbases, and wearing courses.
This document discusses road aggregate materials used in road construction. It outlines that aggregates are rocks or mineral fragments combined with cement and bitumen to form road surfaces. Good aggregates are important for ensuring stability and durability of roads as they bear most stress from traffic. Key properties of aggregates include strength, hardness, toughness, durability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and being free from foreign particles. Common types of aggregates used are basalts, granites, sandstones, limestones, and gravels.
The document summarizes the key properties and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It discusses that aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete. It classifies aggregates based on their geological origin, size, shape, grading, and unit weight. The summary properties of fine and coarse aggregates are also provided, including requirements for good aggregates.
Concrete has several benefits including low cost, strength in compression, and ease of shaping when wet. However, it also has limitations such as low tensile strength and ductility. Concrete strength is determined by its compressive crushing strength and is affected by the materials and techniques used. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcing with steel is common. Modern concrete contains aggregates, cement paste, water, and sometimes admixtures. Proper aggregate properties greatly influence the performance of concrete.
- Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel), and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as the concrete hardens.
- Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials due to its versatility and ability to be formed into various shapes. It can be mixed to meet different strengths and needs.
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
This document contains information about aggregates used in concrete provided by Deblina Dutta, a third year civil engineering student. It discusses the classification, properties, and uses of aggregates. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and include natural materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. They are classified based on their geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. The properties of aggregates like composition, size, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, voids, porosity, absorption, and fineness modulus affect the properties of concrete. Aggregates are an important part of concrete as they give it body, make it economical, and contribute to its mechanical strength.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Horizontal Directional Drilling Reamer Selection Guide by No Dig Equipment. We are a Leading Trenchless Technology Specialists based in Perth (Australia), providing trenchless solutions since over 18 years. For more information visit our website www.nodigequipment.com.au
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and water. It has many applications and can be molded into various shapes. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added. The key components of concrete are cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, and water. Cement acts as the binding agent when mixed with water. Aggregates make up 60-80% of the volume and provide strength. Steel reinforcement improves tensile strength. Water is needed for the cement hydration reaction but too much water weakens the concrete. Proper mixing is required to produce a uniform, workable concrete.
This document discusses the properties and composition of molding materials used in metal casting. It outlines 11 key properties molding materials must have including refractoriness, permeability, green strength, dry strength, and collapsibility. Common molding materials are described as sand, with silica sand being most widely used. The composition of molding sand is outlined as consisting of a base sand like silica, a binder like clay, and moisture. Factors that affect mold quality like moisture content, grain size, and shape are also summarized.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
2. UNIT III AGGREGATES and CONCRETE
Aggerates-Fine aggregates-River sand-M sand – P sand –
Properties- Coarse aggregates- Properties- Grading- Tests on coarse
aggrates- recycled aggregates- concrete- Ingredients- Grades- Types
– Manufacturing process- Application of concrete- Admixture- Self-
healing concrete – light generating concrete.
2
Syllabus
3. Introduction
3
Aggregates are the Important constituent in concrete. Aggregate are granular material, derived
from the most part from the natural rocks, crushed stones, or natural gravels and sands.
Aggregate generally occupy about 70% to 80% of the volume of concrete and can therefore be
expected to have an important influence on it properties.
4. Classification of Aggregates
BASED ON SIZE:
Coarse aggregate:
Aggregate which retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve. The function of the
coarse aggregate is to act as the main load- bearing component of the
Fine aggregate:
Aggregate passing No.4(4.75mm) sieve and predominately retained on the
No.200 (75µ) sieve. The fine aggregate serve the purpose of filling all the open
space in between the coarse particles.
Based on Source :
Natural aggregates:
This kind of aggregate is taken from natural deposits without changing their
nature during the process production such as crushing and grinding.
Manufactured (synthetics) aggregates:
This is a kind of man-made materials produced as a main product or an
industrial by-product. Some example are blast furnace slag, air cooled slag and
broken bricks. Synthetics aggregates are produced by thermally processed
such as expanded clay and shale used for making light weight concrete.
4
5. Classification of Aggregates
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Based on Shape:
The shape of aggregates is an important characteristic, since it affect the
of concrete.
CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE
Rounded River or seashore gravels
Partly rounded Pit sands & Gravels
Angular Crushed Rocks
Flaky Laminated rocks
6. Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates
Particles pass through 4.75 mm IS sieve are termed as fine aggregates. Most commonly used fine
aggregates are sand (pit or quarry sand, river sand and sea sand) and crushed stone in powdered
form, how ever some times sukhi and ash or cinder are also used.
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Sand it consist of small angular or rounded grains of silica depending upon the source from which it is
obtained. It is classified as:
Pit or Quarry sand: as deposited in soil and is to be excavated out. Its grains are generally sharp
or angular. It should be free from organic matter and clay. It is usually considered to be the best fine
aggregate for use in mortar and concrete. (i) Pit or quarry sand:
River sand : It is obtained from the banks and beds of rivers. It may be fine or coarse. Fine sand
obtained from beds and banks of rivers is often found mixed with silt and clay so it should be washed
before use. But coarse sand is generally clean and excellent for use especially for plastering.
Sea sand : It consists of fine rounded grains of brown colour and it is collected from sea shores
or sea beaches. Sea sand usually contains salts and while using that in mortar, etc, causes disintegration
of the work in which it is used. In R.C.C work these salts will attack reinforcement if salt content is high.
These salts may cause efflorescence. It should be used locally after thorough washing.
Crushed Stone : It is obtained by crushing the waste stones of quarries to the particular size of
sand. Sand obtained from by crushing a good quality stone is excellent fine aggregate. Mortar made
with this sand is usually used in ashlar work (good quality of work).
7. M-sand
• What is M-sand
• Manufactured sand is a substitute of river for
construction purposes sand produced from
hard granite stone by crushing. The crushed
sand is of cubical shape with grounded edges,
washed and graded to as a construction
material. The size of manufactured sand (M-
Sand) is less than 4.75mm. And it is also called
as ‘ROBO SAND’
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8. Why Manufactured sand is used !
• Manufactured sand is an alternative
for river sand.
• Having more good quality than the
river sand.
• Availability and transportation of M
sand.
• Cost of construction is less by using
this sand
• It is well graded in the required
proportion.
• Absorption of water by M sand is
very less.
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9. Properties of M-sand
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• High strength of concrete.
• Durability of concrete.
• Workability of concrete.
• Less Construction Defects.
• Economy.
• Eco-friendly.
11. Manufacturing of M- sand
Primary Crushing
The raw mined material is brought to the crusher plant by rear-dump haulers or front-
end loaders. Primary crushing reduces this run of mine rock to a more manageable size.
The two types of primary crushers are the compression (jaw crushers and gyratory
crushers).
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12. Manufacturing of M - Sand
Secondary crushing
The Secondary crushing unit is basically the same as the primary crusher except it
reduces the stone to an even smaller size. It consists of a reciprocating feed hopper,
an over crusher conveyor, a two-deck vibrating screen, a compression crusher, an
under crusher return conveyor, a revolving elevator wheel, a diesel power unit, and
conveyors.
There are three types crushers. They are :-
1. Cone crusher
2. 2. Roll crusher
3. 3. Hammer mill
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Cone Crusher
13. Manufacturing of M-Sand
Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI) Working principle of vertical shaft impactor is totally different than
horizontal shaft impactor. It has a high speed rotor with wearing resistant tips and main
chamber (crushing chamber) is designed in such a way so that speed rotor throw the rocks
against the high crushing chamber. In vertical shaft impactor crusher predominant force is the
velocity of speed rotor.
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VSI VSI
14. Manufacturing of M sand
Horizontal shaft impactor (HSI) Horizontal shaft impactor (HSI) crusher consists of hammers that
are fixed to the spinning rotor. Hammers are utilized for the breaking of these rocks.
horizontal shaft impactor crusher is used for soft materials and materials like gypsum,
phosphate, limestone and weathered shales.
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15. Manufacturing of M sand
Screen are essential to the final aggregate product. The right screen selection will allow
uninterrupted production of aggregate. Screens separate crushed rock into two or more
particle size ranges. Screens are also used to remove oversized rock before they get into
the secondary hopper and to separate out very small particles, also known as fines.
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16. P-sand
The full form of P sand is Plastering Manufactured Sand which is also known as
crushed sand or manufactured fine aggregate. This type of sand is used in construction
greatly. They are a very fine grade of sand used mainly for plastering and creating
renders. They give a very smooth finish to the plasters.
Properties of P sand
P-Sand is free of silt and clay particles and therefore has denser particle packing
properties compared to natural/river sand. It also offers
higher flexural strength,
better abrasion resistance,
higher unit weight, and
lower permeability.
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17. Coarse aggregates:
Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 4.75 mm, but generally range between 6 and 32 mm in size. Gravels
constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone
Coarse aggregates - Properties
Aggregate must be strong and hard enough to resist the crushing action.
They should not have the cover of organic materials, clay, and dust otherwise it will affect the bonding
strength of concrete and aggregate.
The aggregates used for concrete must be durable.
Coarse aggregates for concrete should be chemically inactive.
They should not contain an excessive amount of angular, sharp, and hard particles.
The aggregate shape should be ideally spherical or cubical.
They should be free from any hygroscopic slat.
Aggregates should not have water absorption of more than 5% of their actual weight.
The ideal size of coarse aggregates should be such that they should pass the through IS 63 mm sieve
and retains on the 4.75 mm IS sieve.
Aggregate used for construction must be free from any disintegrated pieces, alkalis, vegetable matter,
etc.
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18. Grading of Coarse aggregates:
The coarse aggregate used in making concrete contains aggregates of different sizes. This
particle size distribution of the aggregate is termed “Gradation”. The sieve analysis was
conducted to determine this particle size distribution.
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19. Grading of Coarse aggregates:
1. Well graded
Well-graded aggregates have a gradation of particle size that fairly evenly
spans the size from the finest to the coarsest. A core of well-graded aggregate
concrete shoes a packed field of many different particle sizes.
2. Poor Graded
This aggregate is characterized by a small variation in size. It includes
aggregate particles that are near the same size. This means that the particles
of the aggregate pack together, leaving relatively large voids in the concrete.
3. Gap Graded
Gap-graded aggregate consists of aggregate particles in which some
intermediate-size particles are missing. A core of gap-graded concrete shows
a field of small-seized aggregate interspersed with slightly large aggregate
pieces embedded in a small-sized aggregate.
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21. Test on Coarse Aggregates
1. Impact Test on Aggregates.
2. Crushing Value Test of Aggregate.
3. Abrasion Test Of Aggregate.
4. Shape Test on Aggregates (Elongation & Flakiness Index).
5. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test of Coarse
Aggregate.
6. Soundness Test on Aggregates.
7. Bitumen Adhesion Test.
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22. Impact Test on Aggregates
It is the ability of aggregates that resist sudden impact or shock load on it. Also, it can
be defined as the resistance of an aggregate to failure by impact load is known as
the Impact Value of Aggregate.
The need for impact value test is used to measure the toughness of aggregates which is
nothing but the ability of aggregates to resist sudden loading or impact loading
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23. 9/30/2023
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Aggregate Crushing Value is the relative resistance of aggregates to crushing under
gradually applied compressive load.
Aggregate Crushing Value Test is an important test to be performed on aggregate. The
strength of aggregate parent rock is determined by preparing cylindrical shape specimens of
size 25 mm diameter and 25 mm height.
IS Code For Crushing Value Test
Aggregate Crushing value test IS Code is 2386-4 (1963): Methods of Test for Aggregates for
Concrete.
Crushing Value Test of Aggregate
24. Abrasion Test Of Aggregate
The abrasion Test is the measure of aggregate
toughness and abrasion resistance such as
crushing, degradation, and disintegration.
This test is suggested by AASHTO T 96 or ASTM C
131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in Los
Angeles Machine.
IS Code For Abrasion Test of Aggregate Test
The Abrasion test of aggregate is done as per IS
2386.4 – 1963: Method of Testing For Coarse
Aggregate
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25. Shape Test on Aggregates (Elongation & Flakiness Index)
Flakiness and Elongation Index Tests are very important tests to be performed on
aggregate in the laboratory. This test gives the percentage of the flaky and elongated
aggregate present in the total aggregate sample.
Flakiness Index
The flakiness index of aggregate is the % by weight of the particles (aggregates) whose
thickness is less than 3/5th(0.6 times) of their mean dimension.”
Elongation Index
The Elongation index of aggregate is the % by weight of the particles (aggregates) whose
length is greater than 1 and 4/5th (1.8 times) of their mean dimension.”
IS Code For Test
The elongation and Flakiness Index Test is conducted as per IS 2386 (Part 1) – 1963
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26. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test of Coarse Aggregate
Specific gravity and Water Absorption Tests of Aggregates are major
important tests to be performed on aggregate.
These two parameters or properties of aggregate play an important role in
the mix design of concrete. As we know that aggregate occupies 70 to 80%
volume of concrete, and its testing becomes essential before use.
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume
of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity
usually showed the strength and quality of the material. The specific gravity
of aggregates test is usually used for the identification of stones or
aggregates.
Water Absorption
Water absorption of aggregates is the % of water absorbed by an air-
dried aggregate when immersed in water at 27°C for a period of 24 hours.
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27. Soundness Test on Aggregates
The soundness of aggregate refers to the durability of an aggregate in terms of the
resistance to the action of weather and is an indication of the resistance to weathering
of fine and coarse aggregates.
This test, estimates the resistance of an aggregate to in-service weathering. It can be
performed on both coarse and fine aggregate.
Soundness is the % loss of material from an aggregate blend during the sodium or
magnesium sulphate soundness test
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28. Bitumen Adhesion Test
The adhesion between mineral aggregates and bitumen is an important criterion that
describes the quality of the asphalt mixture, asphalt pavement performance, and
resistance to distress. The lack of bonding can lead to significant asphalt pavement
damage.
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29. Recycled aggregate
Recycled aggregates are developed from the reprocessing of materials that
have been originally used in construction. They include sand, gravel, crushed
stone, and asphalt. Essentially, the term refers to materials that have been
previously used in construction.
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30. Properties of recycled aggregates
Generally, recycled aggregate, in comparison to the aggregate obtained from
natural resources,
Is characterized by:
higher water absorption,
lower density,
higher content of organic.
possibly harmful substances,
higher level of crushability,
reduced abrasion resistance
reduced resistance to frost
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31. Concrete
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concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste, composed of portland cement and water,
coats the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration,
the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.
32. Ingredients of Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, air, water, sand, and gravel–it's as simple as that! Not exactly. The typical
concrete mix is made up of roughly 10% cement, 20% air and water, 30% sand, and 40% gravel. This is called
the 10-20-30-40 Rule–though proportions may vary depending on the type of cement and other factors
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36. Making of Concrete
Manufacturing of concrete involves in various stages as
explained below
● BATCHING
● MIXING
● TRANSPORTING
● PLACING
● COMPACTING
● CURING
● FINISHING
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37. Batching
Batching
Batching is the process involves in measuring concrete mix ingredients by either mass
or volume and pouring ingredients into the mixer. To produce a uniform quality concrete
during manufacturing process, the ingredients must be measured accurately for each batch.
There are two types of batching
1. Volume batching
2. Weight batching
Volume batching
● This method is generally adopted for small jobs.
● Gauge boxes are used for measuring the fine and coarse aggregate.
● The volume of gauge box is equal to the volume of one bag of cement.
● The material should be filled loosely in the gauge boxes, no compaction is allowed.
Weigh Batching
Batching by weight is more preferable in manufacturing of concrete than volume batching ,as
it is more accurate and leads to more uniform proportioning of concrete.
● Weigh batching does not have uncertainties associated with bulking.
● It’s equipment falls into 3 general categories :I. Manual, II. Semi automatic III. Fully
automatic
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38. Mixing
During manufacturing process the mixing of concrete should ensure that the
mass becomes Homogeneous , uniform in colour and consistency.
Methods of Mixing :
Hands(using hand shovels)
Stationary Mixers
Ready mix concrete
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39. Transporting and Placing
Many ways can be used to transport the manufactured concrete to place in
required of concrete. Like Beam, column, foundations
● Mortar Pan : Concrete carried in small Quantities
● Wheelbarrows and Buggies : Short flat hauls on all types of onsite concrete
construction
● Belt Conveyors: Supplying concrete horizontally or higher/lower level.
● Cranes and Buckets: Used for Work above ground level, Buckets use with
Cranes, cableways, and helicopters.
● Pumps: supplying concrete from central discharge point to formwork.
● Transit Mixer: used for long
distance transporting the concrete
particularly in RMC plant
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40. Compaction of concrete
● Compaction of concrete is process that helps
in expelling the trapped air from the concrete
● During the process of mixing, transporting
and placing of concrete air is likely to get
trapped in the concrete.
● Studies say that 1% air in the concrete can
approximately reduces the strength of concrete
by 6%.
● If air is not expelled from concrete, it will
result in forming honeycombs and reduced
strength.
Different Methods of Concrete Compaction
1) Hand Compaction – Rodding, Ramming, Tamping
2) Compaction by Vibration – Internal vibrator,
Formwork vibrator, Table Vibrator, Platform
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41. Curing
Curing of freshly placed
concrete is very important for
optimum strength and
durability. The process of
keeping concrete damp for this
purpose is known as curing.
The object is to prevent the
loss of moisture from concrete
due to evaporation or any
other reason.
Curing must be done for at
least three weeks and in no
case for less than ten days.
There are many types of curing
methods which can be adopted
based of requirements.
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42. Finishing
The reason Concrete is used
because of its high compressive
strength. However, the finish
of the ultimate product is not
that pleasant. In past couple
of decades efforts have been
made to develop surface
finishes to give a better
appearance to concrete surfaces
and are as follows.
1. Formwork Finishes
2. Surface Treatments
3. Applied Finishes
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43. Application of concrete
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Concrete Dams Residential
Buildings
Commercial
Buildings
Roads or
Driveways
Marine
Construction
Culverts and
Sewers
Foundation
s
Concrete
Bridges
44. Admixtures
Concrete admixtures are natural or manufactured
chemicals or additives added during concrete mixing to
change the properties / enhance specific properties of the
fresh or hardened concrete, such as workability, durability,
or early and final strength.
The properties commonly modified are the heat of
hydration, accelerate or retard setting time, workability,
water reduction, dispersion and air-entrainment,
impermeability and durability factors.
Types of Admixtures
Chemical admixture:
Accelerators,
Retarders,
Water-reducing agents,
Super plasticizers,
Air entraining agents etc.
Mineral admixtures: fly ash, silica fume, rice husk. GGBS, etc
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45. Self-healing concrete
Self-healing concrete is characterized as the capability of concrete to fix its cracks on its own
autogenously or autonomously. It not only seals the cracks but also partially or entirely recovers the
mechanical properties of the structural elements. This kind of concrete is also known as self-
repairing concrete
Self-healing is an old and well-known phenomenon for concrete, given that it contains innate
autogenous healing characteristics. Cracks may heal over time due to continued hydration of clinker
minerals or carbonation of calcium hydroxide
There are many solutions for improving autogenous healing by adding the admixtures, such as
mineral additions, crystalline admixtures, and superabsorbent polymers.[6] Further, concrete can be
modified to built-in autonomous self-healing techniques.
The capsule-based self-healing, the vascular self-healing, and the microbiological self-healing are
the most common types of autonomous self-healing techniques
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46. light generating concrete /
The light emitting concrete composition comprises light-emitting pigments. The light emitting pigments
include a titanium powder, a sulphide powder and resins, cement, sand, gravel and water. The method
of synthesizing a light emitting concrete structure comprises preparing slurry.
Light-emitting cement is a green construction material designed to illuminate highways, roads, and bicycle
lanes without using electricity. Light-emitting cement absorbs solar energy during the day and radiates
light at night.
This innovative cement was developed by Dr. Jose Carlos Rubio from the Michoacan University of Saint
Nicholas of Hidalgo in Mexico. The research focused on modifying
the microstructure of cement to absorb solar energy
and emit light in darkness.
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