This document contains information about aggregates used in concrete provided by Deblina Dutta, a third year civil engineering student. It discusses the classification, properties, and uses of aggregates. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and include natural materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. They are classified based on their geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. The properties of aggregates like composition, size, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, voids, porosity, absorption, and fineness modulus affect the properties of concrete. Aggregates are an important part of concrete as they give it body, make it economical, and contribute to its mechanical strength.
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document discusses the properties and classification of aggregates used in concrete. It describes how aggregates can be classified based on size, weight, and composition. The key properties discussed include shape, texture, strength, density, moisture content, cleanliness, soundness, and thermal properties. Testing methods are provided for sieve analysis, grading, crushing strength, abrasion resistance, impact value, and soundness. The document also covers the workability of concrete and factors that influence it such as water-cement ratio, aggregate type and amount, cement type and amount, and use of admixtures.
The document summarizes the key properties and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It discusses that aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete. It classifies aggregates based on their geological origin, size, shape, grading, and unit weight. The summary properties of fine and coarse aggregates are also provided, including requirements for good aggregates.
Concrete has several benefits including low cost, strength in compression, and ease of shaping when wet. However, it also has limitations such as low tensile strength and ductility. Concrete strength is determined by its compressive crushing strength and is affected by the materials and techniques used. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcing with steel is common. Modern concrete contains aggregates, cement paste, water, and sometimes admixtures. Proper aggregate properties greatly influence the performance of concrete.
This document discusses aggregates which are inert materials mixed with cement to produce concrete. It defines aggregates and describes their properties and types. Aggregates can be classified based on grain size, origin, density or shape. The main types are fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel. Fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve while coarse aggregates are retained. Properties of aggregates that affect concrete like composition, size and texture are also covered. The goal is to educate civil engineers on aggregates used in construction.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and can be classified by source, size, shape, and other properties. Their properties affect the workability, strength, and economics of concrete. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are common sources. Aggregate size, shape, texture, strength, and durability all impact the performance of concrete. Tests are used to evaluate aggregate crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion characteristics important for different concreting applications. Proper aggregate selection and testing are essential for producing high quality concrete.
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete and include sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on their size, and can be natural or manufactured. Tests are performed on aggregates to determine properties like grading, shape, density, moisture content, and durability which influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document discusses the properties and classification of aggregates used in concrete. It describes how aggregates can be classified based on size, weight, and composition. The key properties discussed include shape, texture, strength, density, moisture content, cleanliness, soundness, and thermal properties. Testing methods are provided for sieve analysis, grading, crushing strength, abrasion resistance, impact value, and soundness. The document also covers the workability of concrete and factors that influence it such as water-cement ratio, aggregate type and amount, cement type and amount, and use of admixtures.
The document summarizes the key properties and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It discusses that aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete. It classifies aggregates based on their geological origin, size, shape, grading, and unit weight. The summary properties of fine and coarse aggregates are also provided, including requirements for good aggregates.
Concrete has several benefits including low cost, strength in compression, and ease of shaping when wet. However, it also has limitations such as low tensile strength and ductility. Concrete strength is determined by its compressive crushing strength and is affected by the materials and techniques used. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcing with steel is common. Modern concrete contains aggregates, cement paste, water, and sometimes admixtures. Proper aggregate properties greatly influence the performance of concrete.
This document discusses aggregates which are inert materials mixed with cement to produce concrete. It defines aggregates and describes their properties and types. Aggregates can be classified based on grain size, origin, density or shape. The main types are fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel. Fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve while coarse aggregates are retained. Properties of aggregates that affect concrete like composition, size and texture are also covered. The goal is to educate civil engineers on aggregates used in construction.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and can be classified by source, size, shape, and other properties. Their properties affect the workability, strength, and economics of concrete. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are common sources. Aggregate size, shape, texture, strength, and durability all impact the performance of concrete. Tests are used to evaluate aggregate crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion characteristics important for different concreting applications. Proper aggregate selection and testing are essential for producing high quality concrete.
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete and include sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on their size, and can be natural or manufactured. Tests are performed on aggregates to determine properties like grading, shape, density, moisture content, and durability which influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
B-Tech Construction Material Presentaion.pptmosesnhidza
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its definition, properties, composition, testing, and uses. Some key points:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water that can be used for load-bearing construction.
- Its properties depend on the mix proportions, water-cement ratio, and type of aggregates used. Good compaction and curing are important for strength.
- Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so it is often reinforced with steel bars or prestressed using steel tendons.
- Aggregates make up the majority of a concrete mix by weight and influence properties like strength and durability. Proper testing of aggregates is
This document discusses different types and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates can be classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Coarse aggregates are larger than 4.75mm while fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve. Key properties of aggregates that influence concrete include water absorption, bulk density, specific gravity, surface texture, and size/shape distribution. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
The document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction including their origin, classification, properties, and tests. It discusses the three main types of aggregates - natural (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), artificial, and their characteristics. Requirements for road aggregates and important properties like strength, hardness, toughness, durability, and shape are explained. Finally, the document describes common tests on aggregates - aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to determine flakiness and elongation indices.
This document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction. It discusses the origin, classification, and properties of different types of aggregates including natural aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Requirements, tests, and desirable properties of aggregates are outlined. Key tests discussed include aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to evaluate flakiness and elongation. The document aims to inform on appropriate aggregate selection and specifications for use in bases, subbases, and wearing courses.
This document provides an overview of materials used in highway construction according to Indian road standards (MORTH). It discusses soils, aggregates, bituminous binders, and other pavement materials. It describes relevant tests for materials characterization like CBR for soils and aggregate properties tests. It also outlines specifications for bituminous mixes and geo-synthetics from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as inert materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone that are mixed with cement to make concrete. It classifies aggregates as fine aggregates that pass through a 4.75mm sieve and coarse aggregates that are retained on the sieve. The document describes different types of aggregates based on weight including ultra-lightweight, lightweight, normal weight, and heavyweight aggregates. It also discusses various tests performed on aggregates such as grading, fineness modulus, bulk density, absorption and others that determine suitability for use in concrete.
Experimental Study on Interface Behaviour of Masonry Structuresijsrd.com
Masonry structures are durable in nature and are resistant to variations in climatic conditions. In Civil Engineering Projects, nowadays the usage of different types of structural blocks (Clay bricks, fly ash bricks and solid blocks) are increasing. Masonry structures accommodate minor earth disturbances and normally will not lead to failure in differential settlement of foundations. This thesis work is an experimental study of Compressive strength, Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for different mix proportions. Tests were conducted for mix proportions 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 for masonry prisms. The type of bond used for the experiment is English bond. Dimensions of masonry prisms were 230mmx230mmx 300mm. The specimens prepared were tested on 7th and 28th day of curing. Specimens of 3 each in all mix ratios were tested which made a total of 63 prisms. The results were verified using the model created in ANSYS. The experimental results were compared and plotted which proved that the prism with fly ash brick masonry achieved maximum young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
Aggregates are important construction materials used in concrete and asphalt. They can be natural or manufactured and are classified as fine or coarse aggregates based on their size. Key properties of aggregates include unit weight, specific gravity, particle shape and surface texture, absorption, and resistance to freezing and thawing. Aggregates make up the bulk of concrete and asphalt mixtures and affect properties like strength, workability, and durability. Standard tests are used to specify aggregates and ensure they meet requirements for use in construction projects.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
The document discusses the types, properties, and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It describes how aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete while reducing shrinkage. Various tests are used to evaluate the size, shape, strength, density and other physical properties of aggregates to ensure they will perform well when used to manufacture durable concrete.
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
This document discusses road aggregate materials used in road construction. It outlines that aggregates are rocks or mineral fragments combined with cement and bitumen to form road surfaces. Good aggregates are important for ensuring stability and durability of roads as they bear most stress from traffic. Key properties of aggregates include strength, hardness, toughness, durability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and being free from foreign particles. Common types of aggregates used are basalts, granites, sandstones, limestones, and gravels.
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Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
B-Tech Construction Material Presentaion.pptmosesnhidza
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its definition, properties, composition, testing, and uses. Some key points:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water that can be used for load-bearing construction.
- Its properties depend on the mix proportions, water-cement ratio, and type of aggregates used. Good compaction and curing are important for strength.
- Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so it is often reinforced with steel bars or prestressed using steel tendons.
- Aggregates make up the majority of a concrete mix by weight and influence properties like strength and durability. Proper testing of aggregates is
This document discusses different types and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates can be classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Coarse aggregates are larger than 4.75mm while fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve. Key properties of aggregates that influence concrete include water absorption, bulk density, specific gravity, surface texture, and size/shape distribution. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
The document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction including their origin, classification, properties, and tests. It discusses the three main types of aggregates - natural (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), artificial, and their characteristics. Requirements for road aggregates and important properties like strength, hardness, toughness, durability, and shape are explained. Finally, the document describes common tests on aggregates - aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to determine flakiness and elongation indices.
This document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction. It discusses the origin, classification, and properties of different types of aggregates including natural aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Requirements, tests, and desirable properties of aggregates are outlined. Key tests discussed include aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to evaluate flakiness and elongation. The document aims to inform on appropriate aggregate selection and specifications for use in bases, subbases, and wearing courses.
This document provides an overview of materials used in highway construction according to Indian road standards (MORTH). It discusses soils, aggregates, bituminous binders, and other pavement materials. It describes relevant tests for materials characterization like CBR for soils and aggregate properties tests. It also outlines specifications for bituminous mixes and geo-synthetics from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete. It defines aggregates as inert materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone that are mixed with cement to make concrete. It classifies aggregates as fine aggregates that pass through a 4.75mm sieve and coarse aggregates that are retained on the sieve. The document describes different types of aggregates based on weight including ultra-lightweight, lightweight, normal weight, and heavyweight aggregates. It also discusses various tests performed on aggregates such as grading, fineness modulus, bulk density, absorption and others that determine suitability for use in concrete.
Experimental Study on Interface Behaviour of Masonry Structuresijsrd.com
Masonry structures are durable in nature and are resistant to variations in climatic conditions. In Civil Engineering Projects, nowadays the usage of different types of structural blocks (Clay bricks, fly ash bricks and solid blocks) are increasing. Masonry structures accommodate minor earth disturbances and normally will not lead to failure in differential settlement of foundations. This thesis work is an experimental study of Compressive strength, Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for different mix proportions. Tests were conducted for mix proportions 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 for masonry prisms. The type of bond used for the experiment is English bond. Dimensions of masonry prisms were 230mmx230mmx 300mm. The specimens prepared were tested on 7th and 28th day of curing. Specimens of 3 each in all mix ratios were tested which made a total of 63 prisms. The results were verified using the model created in ANSYS. The experimental results were compared and plotted which proved that the prism with fly ash brick masonry achieved maximum young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
Aggregates are important construction materials used in concrete and asphalt. They can be natural or manufactured and are classified as fine or coarse aggregates based on their size. Key properties of aggregates include unit weight, specific gravity, particle shape and surface texture, absorption, and resistance to freezing and thawing. Aggregates make up the bulk of concrete and asphalt mixtures and affect properties like strength, workability, and durability. Standard tests are used to specify aggregates and ensure they meet requirements for use in construction projects.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
The document discusses the types, properties, and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It describes how aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete while reducing shrinkage. Various tests are used to evaluate the size, shape, strength, density and other physical properties of aggregates to ensure they will perform well when used to manufacture durable concrete.
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
This document discusses road aggregate materials used in road construction. It outlines that aggregates are rocks or mineral fragments combined with cement and bitumen to form road surfaces. Good aggregates are important for ensuring stability and durability of roads as they bear most stress from traffic. Key properties of aggregates include strength, hardness, toughness, durability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and being free from foreign particles. Common types of aggregates used are basalts, granites, sandstones, limestones, and gravels.
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10501320003; subcode-CE(PC)501;Deblina Dutta.pdf
1. ➢ NAME :- DEBLINA DUTTA
➢ TOPIC NAME :- AGGREGATE
➢ UNIVERSITY ROLL NO :-
10501320003
➢ DEPARTMENT :- CIVIL
ENGINEERING
➢ SEMESTER :- 5th SEM
➢ YEAR :- 3rd YEAR
➢ SUBJECT NAME :- DESIGN OF
RC STRUCTURE
➢ SUBJECT CODE :- CE(PC)501
2. INTRODUCTION TO AGGREGATES
▪ Aggregates are the important constituents of concrete. Aggregates give body to concrete and make it
economical. Almost all natural aggregates are obtained from quarrying rock bed ordeposits. There are
mainly three kinds of rocks based on the mode of its formation, namely igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks. As the igneous rock is one of the widely occurring type of rocks on the face of
earth, bulk of the concrete aggregates are of igneous origin.
▪ .Aggregates usually occupy 70-80 % of the volume of concrete. Hence the properties ofaggregates afect
the properties of concrete considerably
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
1. Based on Geological Origin-
a) Natural Aggregates :-These are naturally occurring aggregates obtained from quarrying rock bed and crushing it
to desired size range. Some examples of natural aggregates are sand, gravel, crushed rock such as granite,
Quartzite, Basalt, Sandstone, etc.
b) Artificial Aggregate :- These are artificially manufactured or processed aggregates. Some examples of artificial
aggregates are broken bricks, air cooled slag, sintered fly ash, bloated clay, recycled aggregates, etc.
3. 2. Based on Size
a) Fine Aggregate: The aggregates passing through 4.75 mm IS Sieve and retained on 75microns (0.0075 mm) Is Sieve is
generally termed as fine aggregates. The fine aggregate maybe natural sand or crushed stone sand or crushed gravel stone.
Fine aggregates acts as an inert filler material in concrete.
b)Coarse Aggregates: The aggregates, most of which passes through 80 mm IS Sieve an dretained on 4.75 mm IS sieve are
termed as coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates gives strength to concrete.
3. Based on Shape
a)Round Aggregate: - These are fully water worn or completely
shaped by attrition. Examples are River or seashore gravel, desert,
seashore and wind-blown sands.
b)Irregular or Partly Rounded Aggregates: These are naturally
irregular or partly shaped by attrition, having rounded edges.
Examples are Pit sands and gravels, and or dug flints, cuboid rock
aggregates.
4. c) Angular Aggregates: Aggregates which are possessing well defined edges formed at the intersetign of roughly planar
faces are angular aggregates. Examples are crushed rocks of all types, talus or screes.
d) Flaky and Elongated Aggregates: - Aggregates are termed as flaky when its least dimension(thickness) is less than 3/5
times its mean dimension and aggregates are termed as elongated when its greatest dimension (length) is greater than 9/5
times its mean dimension. The mean dimension is the average of the sieve sizes through which the particles pass and
retained . Examples- Laminated rocks.
4. Based on Unit Weight
a) Normal Weight Aggregates: The commonly weight aggregate i.e. sand and gravels ,crushed rocks such as granite,
basalt, quartz, sandstones and limestone etc. which have specific gravity in the range of 2.5 to 2.7 produce concrete with
unit weight ranging from 22kN/m3 to 26 KN/m3 are termed as normal weight aggregates.
b) Heavy Weight Aggregates: Some heavy weight and high density aggregates such as barite , ilmenite, limonite, or
magnetite which have specific gravity in the range of 3.4 to 5.3 are used manufacturing heavy weight concrete of about
30-40 KN/m3.
c) Light Weight Aggregates: Lightweight aggregates having unit weight around 12 KN/m3 are used to manufacture the
lightweight concrete and masonry blocks for reduction of self-weight of structure. These aggregates can be either natural
such as diatomite, pumice, volcanic cinder, etc. or manufactured such as bloated clay, sintered flay ash or foamed
granulated blast furnace slag.
5. PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
1. COMPOSITION
Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalies in cement and cause excessive expansion, cracking and
deterioration of concrete mix should never be used. Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is
presence of any such constituents in aggregate or not.
2. SIZE & SHAPE
The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the quantity of cement required in concrete mix and hence
ultimately economy of concrete. For the preparation of economical concrete mix on should use largest coarse aggregates
feasible for the structure. IS-456 suggests following recommendation to decide the maximum size of coarse aggregate to be
used in P
.C.C & R.C.C mix.
3. SURFACE TEXTURE
The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles and cement paste depends upon the surface texture,
surface roughness and surface porosity of the aggregate particles .If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond
strength develops. In porous surface aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste in the pores.
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours at a temperature of 100 to 1100C, to the weight of
equal volume of water displaced by saturated dry surface aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates. Specific
gravities are primarily of two types. a) Apparent specific gravity b)Bulk specific gravity.
5. BULK DENSITY
It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. It is generally expressed in kg/litre .
Bulk density of aggregates depends upon the following 3 factors. A)Degree of compaction B)Grading of aggregates C) Shape
of aggregate particles.
6. 6. VOIDS
The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids. The volume of void equals the difference between the
gross volume of the aggregate mass and the volume occupied by the particles alone.
7. POROSITY & ABSORPTION
The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of the molten magma, due to air bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks
containing pores are called porous rocks . Water absorption may be defined as the difference between the weight of very dry
aggregates and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface dry conditions.
8. BULKING OF SAND
It can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the quantity of sand (i.e. fine aggregate) in a moist condition over the
volume of the same quantity of dry or completely saturated sand. The ratio of the volume of moist sand due to the volume
of sand when dry, is called bulking factor.
9. FINENESS MODULUS
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of the
standard sieves ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron and dividing this sum by 100.
10. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF AGGREGATE
The surface area per unit weight of the material is termed as specific surface. This is an indirect measure of the aggregate
grading. Specific surface increases with the reduction in the size of aggregate particle. The specific surface area of the fine
aggregate is very much more than that of coarse aggregate.
11. DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in such a quantity so as to affect the strength and durability of the
concrete. Such harmful materials are called deleterious materials. Deleterious materials may cause one of the following
effects. A) To interfere hydration of cement b)To prevent development of proper bond c)To reduce strength and durability
d)To modify setting times.
7. USES OF AGGREGATES
Aggregate materials help to make concrete mixes more compact. They also decrease the
consumption of cement and water and contribute to the mechanical strength of the
concrete, making them an indispensable ingredient in the construction and maintenance
of rigid structures.
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