Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
This document discusses the classification and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It describes three main classifications of aggregates: 1) based on unit weight as normal, heavyweight, or lightweight, 2) based on size as fine or coarse aggregate, and 3) based on shape as rounded, irregular, angular, or flaky. It then discusses various physical and engineering properties of aggregates including size, shape, strength, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, water absorption, and soundness. The purpose is to provide information on aggregates for use in concrete mixtures in civil engineering applications.
Aggregates are granular materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete used with cementing materials like cement or asphalt to produce concrete or asphalt. They make up 75% of concrete and over 90% of asphalt. Aggregates must be strong, durable and meet certain shape and size requirements. Common tests evaluate properties like strength, hardness, absorption and abrasion resistance. Sources of aggregates in Pakistan include limestone from Margalla Hills and Salt Range as well as dolomite deposits in Hazara and Kashmir regions.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
This document provides information on the conventional asphalt mix design process. It discusses the key steps, which include selecting aggregates based on specified properties, determining the aggregate gradation, proportioning aggregates to meet the gradation, selecting a suitable bitumen, preparing specimens, conducting density-void analysis and measuring stability and flow to determine the optimum bitumen content. Specimens are compacted using a Marshall compactor and tested for properties like stability, flow and density at different bitumen contents to establish the job mix formula.
Concrete Technology, PPT Based On Unit 2 (Aggregates)
In this PPT you Can studied about Types of aggregates, its properties, and Laboratory testing on it.
By- Prof K.S.Somase
(Assistant professor of Gurukul Education society's Institute of engineering and technology, Nandgaon
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
This document discusses the classification and properties of aggregates used in concrete. It describes three main classifications of aggregates: 1) based on unit weight as normal, heavyweight, or lightweight, 2) based on size as fine or coarse aggregate, and 3) based on shape as rounded, irregular, angular, or flaky. It then discusses various physical and engineering properties of aggregates including size, shape, strength, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, water absorption, and soundness. The purpose is to provide information on aggregates for use in concrete mixtures in civil engineering applications.
Aggregates are granular materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete used with cementing materials like cement or asphalt to produce concrete or asphalt. They make up 75% of concrete and over 90% of asphalt. Aggregates must be strong, durable and meet certain shape and size requirements. Common tests evaluate properties like strength, hardness, absorption and abrasion resistance. Sources of aggregates in Pakistan include limestone from Margalla Hills and Salt Range as well as dolomite deposits in Hazara and Kashmir regions.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
This document discusses fresh concrete and factors that affect its workability. It describes workability as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, and compacted. Key factors that influence workability include water content, aggregate size and shape, admixtures, aggregate surface texture, and aggregate grading. Common tests to measure workability are the slump test, compacting factor test, and VeeBee consistometer test. The document also covers segregation and bleeding of concrete, their causes, and methods to prevent them.
This document provides information on the conventional asphalt mix design process. It discusses the key steps, which include selecting aggregates based on specified properties, determining the aggregate gradation, proportioning aggregates to meet the gradation, selecting a suitable bitumen, preparing specimens, conducting density-void analysis and measuring stability and flow to determine the optimum bitumen content. Specimens are compacted using a Marshall compactor and tested for properties like stability, flow and density at different bitumen contents to establish the job mix formula.
Concrete Technology, PPT Based On Unit 2 (Aggregates)
In this PPT you Can studied about Types of aggregates, its properties, and Laboratory testing on it.
By- Prof K.S.Somase
(Assistant professor of Gurukul Education society's Institute of engineering and technology, Nandgaon
Lesson: Concrete Technology - Building Materials
The quality of aggregate affect the durability and strength of concrete. Since about 3/4 of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Design mix method of bitumenous materials by Marshall stability methodAmardeep Singh
4.25
4.5
4.75
5
5.25
5.5
Bitumen %
1) The Marshall stability test is used to determine the optimum asphalt content for a given mix design by evaluating stability, flow, density, voids, and voids filled with asphalt at different asphalt contents.
2) Specimens are compacted in molds and tested at 60°C after being submerged in a water bath for 30-40 minutes.
3) Graphs of stability, density, and voids vs. asphalt content are used to identify the optimum asphalt content, which
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Concrete technology and masonry structuresNripeshJha
This document provides information about concrete technology and masonry structures. It discusses the different types of concrete like plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It describes the materials used in concrete like aggregates, cement, water, and admixtures. It also discusses concepts like workability, shrinkage, creep, and strengths of concrete. Additionally, it provides an overview of masonry, describing it as the building of structures from individual masonry units laid together with mortar. It lists some examples of masonry structures and the different types of masonry units.
CNS layer (usefulsearch.org) (useful search) Make Mannan
A cohesive non-swelling (CNS) soil layer can be used to control swelling in expansive soils below structures. CNS soils are cohesive with low plasticity and contain non-swelling clay minerals. They exhibit little to no swelling when moisture changes and provide an environment that inhibits swelling in underlying expansive soils. Guidelines provided specify acceptable ranges for gradation, swelling pressure (≤10kN/m^2), cohesion (≥10kN/m^2), and consistency limits (LL 30-50%, PI 15-30%) for soils to qualify as CNS materials. Thickness of the CNS layer depends on the swelling pressure of the underlying soil.
Gradation of fine aggregate by sieve analysisMuhammad Saleem
1. This document summarizes a student's laboratory experiment analyzing the gradation of fine aggregate through sieve analysis.
2. Sieve analysis involves separating a dried aggregate sample through a series of sieves to determine the particle size distribution, which is then compared to specifications.
3. The student's results found the fineness modulus of 3.35 for the tested aggregate sample, which is outside the specified range of 2.2-3.2, indicating the aggregate did not meet specifications.
Analytical Method for Asphalt Concrete Mix DesignPENKI RAMU
This document presents an analytical method for asphalt concrete mix design using granite powder as filler. It discusses selecting aggregates, developing aggregate gradation models, determining proportions using Excel Solver, estimating gradation areas with Trapezoidal rule, and evaluating mixtures using Marshall stability tests. Test results show granite powder produces comparable properties to stone dust filler and influences aging by increasing stiffness. The method allows quick, accurate mix design optimization.
1) The document describes the process for Marshall stability test and mix design for bituminous concrete. Key steps include selecting aggregates based on strength and gradation, determining aggregate proportions, preparing specimens, and testing stability and flow.
2) Aggregate proportions are determined using an analytical method solving equations for the required gradation. Specimens are compacted and tested for stability (maximum load) and flow (deformation) at varying bitumen contents to determine the optimum mix.
3) Stability and flow values are measured using a Marshall test machine and calculations are done to determine density, voids, and other properties of the mix. The process is repeated to get the optimum bitumen content for the mix design.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
Rate analysis and costing - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates – Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost Estimates
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
Lesson: Concrete Technology - Building Materials
The quality of aggregate affect the durability and strength of concrete. Since about 3/4 of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Design mix method of bitumenous materials by Marshall stability methodAmardeep Singh
4.25
4.5
4.75
5
5.25
5.5
Bitumen %
1) The Marshall stability test is used to determine the optimum asphalt content for a given mix design by evaluating stability, flow, density, voids, and voids filled with asphalt at different asphalt contents.
2) Specimens are compacted in molds and tested at 60°C after being submerged in a water bath for 30-40 minutes.
3) Graphs of stability, density, and voids vs. asphalt content are used to identify the optimum asphalt content, which
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Concrete technology and masonry structuresNripeshJha
This document provides information about concrete technology and masonry structures. It discusses the different types of concrete like plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It describes the materials used in concrete like aggregates, cement, water, and admixtures. It also discusses concepts like workability, shrinkage, creep, and strengths of concrete. Additionally, it provides an overview of masonry, describing it as the building of structures from individual masonry units laid together with mortar. It lists some examples of masonry structures and the different types of masonry units.
CNS layer (usefulsearch.org) (useful search) Make Mannan
A cohesive non-swelling (CNS) soil layer can be used to control swelling in expansive soils below structures. CNS soils are cohesive with low plasticity and contain non-swelling clay minerals. They exhibit little to no swelling when moisture changes and provide an environment that inhibits swelling in underlying expansive soils. Guidelines provided specify acceptable ranges for gradation, swelling pressure (≤10kN/m^2), cohesion (≥10kN/m^2), and consistency limits (LL 30-50%, PI 15-30%) for soils to qualify as CNS materials. Thickness of the CNS layer depends on the swelling pressure of the underlying soil.
Gradation of fine aggregate by sieve analysisMuhammad Saleem
1. This document summarizes a student's laboratory experiment analyzing the gradation of fine aggregate through sieve analysis.
2. Sieve analysis involves separating a dried aggregate sample through a series of sieves to determine the particle size distribution, which is then compared to specifications.
3. The student's results found the fineness modulus of 3.35 for the tested aggregate sample, which is outside the specified range of 2.2-3.2, indicating the aggregate did not meet specifications.
Analytical Method for Asphalt Concrete Mix DesignPENKI RAMU
This document presents an analytical method for asphalt concrete mix design using granite powder as filler. It discusses selecting aggregates, developing aggregate gradation models, determining proportions using Excel Solver, estimating gradation areas with Trapezoidal rule, and evaluating mixtures using Marshall stability tests. Test results show granite powder produces comparable properties to stone dust filler and influences aging by increasing stiffness. The method allows quick, accurate mix design optimization.
1) The document describes the process for Marshall stability test and mix design for bituminous concrete. Key steps include selecting aggregates based on strength and gradation, determining aggregate proportions, preparing specimens, and testing stability and flow.
2) Aggregate proportions are determined using an analytical method solving equations for the required gradation. Specimens are compacted and tested for stability (maximum load) and flow (deformation) at varying bitumen contents to determine the optimum mix.
3) Stability and flow values are measured using a Marshall test machine and calculations are done to determine density, voids, and other properties of the mix. The process is repeated to get the optimum bitumen content for the mix design.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
Rate analysis and costing - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates – Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost Estimates
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
High density concrete, high strength concrete and high performance concrete.shebina a
The document discusses high density concrete, its components, types of aggregates used, admixtures, applications, advantages and disadvantages. High density concrete has a density over 2600 kg/m3 and offers greater strength than regular concrete. Its main components are cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Natural aggregates come from iron ores while man-made aggregates include iron shots, chilcon and synthetic aggregates. Admixtures like water reducers are used to increase workability and reduce cement and water requirements. High density concrete has applications in radiation shielding, precast blocks, bridges and more due to its high strength and durability.
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Common types include natural and crushed coarse and fine aggregates. Aggregates must be hard, durable, and free of organic matter or other impurities. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the particle size distribution and grading of aggregates.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Fine aggregates are less than 5mm while coarse aggregates are greater than 5mm. Natural aggregates come from sources like rivers while manufactured aggregates are crushed. Normal weight aggregates have densities from 1520-1680kg/m3 while lightweight aggregates are less than 1120kg/m3. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, durability and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the grading and ensures a range of aggregate sizes are present.
This document contains information about aggregates used in concrete provided by Deblina Dutta, a third year civil engineering student. It discusses the classification, properties, and uses of aggregates. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and include natural materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. They are classified based on their geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. The properties of aggregates like composition, size, surface texture, specific gravity, bulk density, voids, porosity, absorption, and fineness modulus affect the properties of concrete. Aggregates are an important part of concrete as they give it body, make it economical, and contribute to its mechanical strength.
REPORT-AGGREGATE and TYPES OF AGGREGATE (1).pptxlordperez2
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and come in two sizes: fine aggregates (passed through a 4.75mm sieve) and coarse aggregates (retained on a 4.75mm sieve). Aggregates can be natural, originating from weathered rock, or artificial, produced by heating materials like clay or shale. Aggregates are also classified by shape, including rounded, irregular, angular, flaky, and elongated. Proper handling and storage of aggregates is important to prevent contamination or changes in grading.
B-Tech Construction Material Presentaion.pptmosesnhidza
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its definition, properties, composition, testing, and uses. Some key points:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water that can be used for load-bearing construction.
- Its properties depend on the mix proportions, water-cement ratio, and type of aggregates used. Good compaction and curing are important for strength.
- Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so it is often reinforced with steel bars or prestressed using steel tendons.
- Aggregates make up the majority of a concrete mix by weight and influence properties like strength and durability. Proper testing of aggregates is
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete by volume and can be classified by source, size, shape, and other properties. Their properties affect the workability, strength, and economics of concrete. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are common sources. Aggregate size, shape, texture, strength, and durability all impact the performance of concrete. Tests are used to evaluate aggregate crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion characteristics important for different concreting applications. Proper aggregate selection and testing are essential for producing high quality concrete.
Highway Materials: Desirable Properties, Testing Procedures, Standards, and standard values relating to Soil, Stone Aggregates, Bitumen and Tar, fly- ash/pond-ash. Role of filler in Bituminous mix, materials of filler.
Specifications of DLC and PQC for rigid pavement
Aggregates are inert materials mixed with cement or lime to make mortar or concrete. They are classified based on size as fine aggregates, which pass through a 4.75mm sieve, or coarse aggregates, which are larger. Common aggregates include sand, gravel, crushed stone, and manufactured lightweight or heavyweight materials. Aggregates are selected based on properties like strength, hardness, durability, and freedom from impurities. Their size, shape, grading, moisture content and other physical properties influence the properties of the concrete.
This document discusses aggregates which are inert materials mixed with cement to produce concrete. It defines aggregates and describes their properties and types. Aggregates can be classified based on grain size, origin, density or shape. The main types are fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel. Fine aggregates pass through a 4.75mm sieve while coarse aggregates are retained. Properties of aggregates that affect concrete like composition, size and texture are also covered. The goal is to educate civil engineers on aggregates used in construction.
This document discusses materials used in highway construction. It outlines seven major materials: bituminous materials, soil, aggregates, Portland cement concrete, admixtures, pavement marking materials, and structural steel. For each material, it provides details on composition, properties, and relevant tests used for evaluation and quality control of the material. Key tests discussed include moisture content value, California bearing ratio, Los Angeles abrasion value, and specific gravity and water absorption.
Aggregates are important construction materials used in concrete and asphalt. They can be natural or manufactured and are classified as fine or coarse aggregates based on their size. Key properties of aggregates include unit weight, specific gravity, particle shape and surface texture, absorption, and resistance to freezing and thawing. Aggregates make up the bulk of concrete and asphalt mixtures and affect properties like strength, workability, and durability. Standard tests are used to specify aggregates and ensure they meet requirements for use in construction projects.
The document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction including their origin, classification, properties, and tests. It discusses the three main types of aggregates - natural (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), artificial, and their characteristics. Requirements for road aggregates and important properties like strength, hardness, toughness, durability, and shape are explained. Finally, the document describes common tests on aggregates - aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to determine flakiness and elongation indices.
This document provides an overview of aggregates used in pavement construction. It discusses the origin, classification, and properties of different types of aggregates including natural aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Requirements, tests, and desirable properties of aggregates are outlined. Key tests discussed include aggregate crushing value, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact, and shape tests to evaluate flakiness and elongation. The document aims to inform on appropriate aggregate selection and specifications for use in bases, subbases, and wearing courses.
Concrete has several benefits including low cost, strength in compression, and ease of shaping when wet. However, it also has limitations such as low tensile strength and ductility. Concrete strength is determined by its compressive crushing strength and is affected by the materials and techniques used. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcing with steel is common. Modern concrete contains aggregates, cement paste, water, and sometimes admixtures. Proper aggregate properties greatly influence the performance of concrete.
This document discusses materials used in highway construction including aggregates, bitumen, asphalt, cement, and steel reinforcement. It provides details on the composition, production, and properties of these materials. Aggregates include sand, gravel, and crushed stone. Bitumen and asphalt are refined from crude oil and used to bind aggregates in asphalt concrete. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay and is the binding agent in concrete. Steel reinforcement provides tensile strength to concrete.
This document discusses the properties and classification of aggregates used in concrete. It describes how aggregates can be classified based on size, weight, and composition. The key properties discussed include shape, texture, strength, density, moisture content, cleanliness, soundness, and thermal properties. Testing methods are provided for sieve analysis, grading, crushing strength, abrasion resistance, impact value, and soundness. The document also covers the workability of concrete and factors that influence it such as water-cement ratio, aggregate type and amount, cement type and amount, and use of admixtures.
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete and include sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on their size, and can be natural or manufactured. Tests are performed on aggregates to determine properties like grading, shape, density, moisture content, and durability which influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
The document discusses various properties of moulding sand including porosity, plasticity, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and refractoriness. It describes different types of moulding sand such as green sand, dry sand, loam sand, and core sand. It also discusses functional requirements of moulding materials including flowability and green strength. The document covers mould hardening techniques and sand testing methods including compression, shear, tensile, and transverse tests.
Similar to Classification, properties and extraction of Aggregates (20)
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina Bricks High alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Concrete and its types and properties and admixtures used in concreteZeeshan Afzal
Its free..use it and like it and share it if you think its best:
Concrete
Introduction.
2. Ingredients.
3.Manufacturing.
4. Classification On Installation Bases.
5.Terminologies.
6.Admixtures And Their Types.
7.Types Of Concrete.
8.Properties Of Concrete.
9.Uses Of Concrete.
Objective:
To know more about “concrete”.
How you can prevent corrosion?
How you can give strength to your structure using concrete?
What kind of admixtures you can use to get the required result?
What are the terminologies that are associated with concrete?
What are the tests that can be performed to check the quality?
Who Invented The Concrete ?
A “composite material” that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of Portland cement and water, within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate.
Cement
In concrete, the most commonly used is
Portland cement, a hydraulic cement which
sets and hardens by chemical reaction with
water and is capable of doing so under water.
Cement is the “glue” that binds the
concrete ingredients together & instrumental
for the strength of the composite
Aggregate
The Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or in iron-blast furnace slag. The aggregate constitutes typically 75% of the concrete volume, or more, and therefore its properties largely determine the properties of the concrete.
Proportion of ingredients
A mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
Classification of concrete on basis of
installation method
Types
4.1 Ready-Mix Concrete.
4.2 Reinforced Concrete.
4.3 Fresh Concrete.
4.4 Pre-cast Concrete.
4.5 Shrink-Mix Concrete.
Ready/Pre Mix Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Fresh Concrete
pre cast Concrete
properties of fresh concrete
properties of harden concrete
green concrete
mineral admixture
retarding admixture
accelarating admixture
color admixture
pozolon
water reducing admixture
air entraining admixture
chemical admixture
pigments
cement
cement paste
aggregates
terminologies in concrete
Deleterious Material
clay lumps, shale, soft,or laminated particles, vegetable matter, or other objectionable material
Or
The harmful material in any construction is called Deleterious material.
Main reactions of deleterious material:
Alkali aggregates reaction
Alkali silica reaction
Alkali carbonates reaction
Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as "concrete cancer", is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture
Mechanism of concrete deterioration:
The mechanism of ASR causing the deterioration of concrete can be described in four steps as follows:
The alkaline solution attacks the siliceous aggregate, converting it to viscous alkali silicate gel.
Consumption of alkali by the reaction induces the dissolution of Ca2+ ions into the cement pore water.
The penetrated alkaline solution converts the remaining siliceous minerals into bulky alkali silicate gel. The resultant expansive pressure is stored in the aggregate.
The accumulated pressure cracks the aggregate and the surrounding cement paste when the pressure exceeds the tolerance of the aggregate
Alkali carbonate reaction:
The alkali–carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
Alkali from the cement might react with the dolomite crystals present in the aggregate inducing the production of brucite, (MgOH)2, and calcite (CaCO3). This mechanism was tentatively proposed by Swenson and Gillott (1950) and may be written as follows:
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + Mg(OH)2
Brucite (Mg(OH)2), could be responsible for the volumetric expansion after de-dolomitisation of the aggregate, due to absorption of water.
This section deals with potentially deleterious materials, including:
asbestos;
calcium silicate brickwork;
chlorides;
composite panels;
formaldehyde;
high alumina cement concrete;
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
It is the most important mechanism and helpfull in every field related to rocks and soil.
It is also very important in construction.So,these are the ways that convey information about testing of strength of soil and Rocks.
It,s all about Index properties of Rocks.
It can help those students who want to give presentation about this topic.
Also it can give you information about Pocks and very helpful in Geo mechanics.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Classification, properties and extraction of Aggregates
1. THE UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
Aggregates
Prepared by:
Zeeshan Afzal
2. Introduction:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic
material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal
aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate
accordingly to project specific studies.
3. About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement
concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include
cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic
admixtures.
Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total
volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen
which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
4. Road Aggregate:
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of
bituminous concrete.
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to
provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic
load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand
the Tyre impact phenomenon.
5. ROAD AGGREGATES
SHOULD HAVE RELATIVELY:
HIGH STRENGTH
HIGH RESISTANCE TO IMPACT & ABRASION
IMPERMEABLE
CHEMICALLY INERT
LOW COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
6. THE MOST IMPORTANT PARAMETER FOR ROAD
AGGREGATE IS POLISHED STONE VALUE:
The polishing of road surface effect the skid-resistance.
The rate of polish is proportional to the volume of traffic.
Straight stretches of road are less subjected to polishing than bends ( seven
times more rapidly).
Polishing occur when fine detrital powder is introduced b/w tyre and surface.
Investigation shows that polishing is more in dry surface than wet.
The skid-resistance can be improved by blending aggregates.
7. POLISH STONE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS:
Igneous & contact metamorphic rocks are good resistance to polish but depends
on hardness b/w the minerals.
Coarse grained rocks with cracks in individual grains also improve resistance to
polish.
Sandstones, Greywackes, gritty limestones offer good resistance to polish.
Pure limestone show a significant tendency to polish.
8. Road aggregate mainly cubic angular which help in better
interlocking of the aggregate which in turn ultimately increases
the compressive strength.
9. Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-
80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs
where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is
commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
10. SILICEOUS MATERIAL IN
AGGREGATES
THE SILICEOUS MATERIALS ARE OPAL, CHALCEDONY, FLINT &
VOLCANIC GLASS.
THESE SILICEOUS MATERIALS HAVE DELETERIOUS REACTION, IF
HIGH ALKALI-CEMENT IS USED.
THIS CAN BE AVOIDED BY USING LOW ALKALI-CEMENT AND ALSO
BY ADDING POZZOLANA TO THE MIX.
ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION CAN ALSO OCCUR WHEN
GREYWACKES ARE USED IN AGGREGATE.
11. STRAINED QUARTZ:
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have
deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
12. ARGILLACEOUS DOLOSTONES
• Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand
when used with high alkali-cement.
• The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
13. SHRINKAGE EFFECT
Basalts, Gabbro, dolerite, greywackes are
shrinkable, as they have large wetting and drying
movements.
Clays and shale absorb water and likely to
expand. On drying they show shrinkage, causing
injury to the cement.
Therefore, clay minerals in aggregates should not
exceed 3%.
14.
15. Uses of aggregates:
We need aggregate to meet our basic needs of construction as under:
Civil Engineering
Structures
Public Sector
High Life Risk
Structures
Dams
Bridges
High Building
Towers
Low Life Risk
Structures
Roads
Schools
Hospitals
Private Sector
High Life Risk
Structures
Skyscrapers
Plazas
Monuments
Low Life Risk
Structures
Houses
Pavements
Safety Structures
(Parapets)
Sewerage storm
water drainage
16. Classification of Aggregates:
In Accordance with size:
Course Aggregate:
Retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.
Fine Aggregate:
Aggregate passing No.4 sieve and predominantly
retained on the No.200 sieve.
17. In Accordance with Source:
Natural Aggregates: Aggregate is taken from natural
deposits. Some example are sand, crushed limestone,
dolomite and gravels.
Manufactured Aggregates: Man-made materials
produces as a main product or an industrial by-product.
Some examples are blast furnace slag, lightweight
aggregate and heavy weight aggregate.
18. In Accordance with Weight:
Light weight aggregate:
Their unit weight is less than 1120kg/m3 and bulk density less
than 1800kg/m3. Examples are Cinder, blast furnace slag,
volcanic pumice.
Normal weight aggregate: Their unit weight is 1520-
1680kg/m3 and bulk density of 2300-24—kg/m3.
Heavy weight aggregate: Their unit weight is greater than
2100kg/m3 and the bulk density is greater than 3200kg/m3. A
typical example is magnetite limonite, a heavy iron ore.
19. Types of aggregates:
Granite aggregates
Granite aggregates are crushed hard rock of granular structure,
being the most common on Earth. It is the best aggregate for
high-grade concrete
Gravel aggregates
Gravel aggregates are aggregates acquired as the result of
examining mined rock and by crushing natural stone rock. Gravel
aggregates are used for foundations and concretes
20. Limestone aggregates
Limestone is one of the main types of aggregates that besides
the gravel and the granite types is used in road construction and
in production of reinforced concrete objects.
Secondary aggregates:
Secondary aggregate comes from crushing construction
waste – concrete, bricks, and asphalt. These aggregates
are used:
As a large-scale filler for concretes
In road construction as a filler for roads and ramps
Slag aggregates
Slag aggregates are obtained by crushing of smelter slag
The cost of products from slag concretes is 20-30% lower
than traditional ones.
21. Properties of Aggregate:
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Durability
Shape of Aggregate
Specific Gravity
Absorption, Porosity, Permeability
22. Properties of Aggregate:
Strength
• The aggregates should be sufficiently
strong to bear the subjected load due to
traffic wheel load, wear and tear,
crushing, and structure load.
23. Hardness
• Hardness is the measure of resistance to crushing
and abrasion of aggregate.
• Aggregate are subjected to crushing and abrasive
wear during production, placing, compaction and
also subjected to abrasion under traffic load
24. Toughness
• Toughness is the ability of aggregate to resist impact
forces
• Aggregates which lack adequate toughness and
abrasion resistance may cause construction and
performance problems.
Durability
• Aggregates must be resistant to breakdown, and
disintegration from weathering or they may break
apart.
• Durability and soundness are terms typically given to
25. Specific Gravity
• The ratio of the mass of unit volume of material at a
stated temperature to the mass of same volume of
gas -free distilled water at a stated temperature
• Higher value of specific gravity indicates better
aggregate, but the other properties should be
necessary.
26. Absorption, Porosity, Permeability
• The size, number and continuity of pores
through the aggregate particles may affect
the strength of aggregate, abrasion
resistance, surface texture, specific gravity,
bonding capability and resistance to freeze
and thaw action.
• Aggregates with low specific gravity and
high water absorption are generally
considered unsuitable unless they have
27. Shape of Aggregate
• Particle shape and surface texture are important for
proper compaction, deformation resistance and
workability.
• In Hard Mix Asphalt (HMA), since aggregates are
relied upon to provide stiffness and strength by
interlocking with one another, cubic angular-shaped
particles with a rough surface are best.
28. Tests on Aggregate:
Specific Gravity And Water Absorption Test:
Los Angeles Abrasion Test on coarse
aggregate:
Soundness Test:
Shape Test or Flakiness Index
29. Specific Gravity And Water
Absorption Test:
Apparatus:
Oven
Balance
A wire mash basket not larger than
6.5mm
A container in which basket may be
freely suspended.
Two soft absorption cloths.
30. Procedure
Sieving the sample through a No.4 sieve
Wash the aggregate retained on No.4 sieve.
Drying test sample.
Immersion in the water.
Placing the sample in wire mash basket and weigh in water
container at 23C.
Using an absorbent cloth (towel) dry the surface of aggregate
by rolling up.
Weigh the SSD (Saturated surface-dry condition) sample as
W2.
Dry the sample in oven at 110C for 1-3hrs.cool in air at room
temperature, and then weigh as oven dry weight (W1).
31. Calculation:
Bulk specific gravity:
Gsb= W2 /(W2 – W3)
W2 = SSD weight
W3 = Weigh in water
Apparent Specific gravity:
Gsa = W1 /(W2– W3)
W1 = oven dry weight
Absorption:
Abs% = [(W2 – W1) / W1] x 100
32. Important Points:
The specific gravity of normally used in road construction ranges
from 2.5 to 3.
High specific gravity of aggregate is indication of high strength.
Water absorption value ranges from 0.1% to 2% for aggregates
used in road surfacing.
Stone with absorption up to 4% have been used in base courses.
Generally, less than 0.6% is considered desirable for surface
course.
34. Apparatus:
Los Angeles testing machine
Test sieves
Oven
Balance
12-steel balls of 46.0-47.6mm
in diameter
Sieve size Mass of indicated size(g)
Passing Retained Grading
A B C D
37.5mm 25.0mm 1250
25mm 19mm 1250
19mm 12.5mm 1250 2500
12.5mm 9.5mm 1250 2500
9.5mm 6.3 2500
6.3mm 4.74mm 2500
4.75mm 2.36mm 5000
Total 5000 5000 5000 5000
35. Principle:
The Los Angeles test is a measure of degradation of mineral
aggregate
Impact and grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified
number of steel balls.
After the prescribed number of revolutions, and the aggregate
portion is sieved to measure the degradation as percentage loss.
36. Calculation:
Abrasion % = Wt. of initial sample – Wt. of retained of 1.7mm sieve x 100
Wt. of initial sample (total Wt.)
= Wt. of passing sieve (1.7mm) x 100
Wt. of initial sample
Important point:
If it is less than 30% then this aggregate is suitable for all mixtures
if it is more than 50% then this aggregate is unusual for any mixture
37. Soundness Test
Soundness is the resistance of aggregate to become worse by the
action of freeze and thaw.
Objective: the objective of test is to estimate the soundness of
aggregates subjected to weathering action.
Apparatus
Test sieve
Oven
Balance
Perforated Container for immersion of aggregate in solution
Basket made of wire mesh
38. Main Principle:
The soundness test is accomplished by repeated
immersion of test sample in saturated solution of
sodium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or
completely dehydrate the salt precipitation in
permeable pore spaces.
Repeat the process of immersion and drying until the
required no. of cycle is obtained.
39. Shape Test or Flakiness Index:
Objective:
This test is used to determine the percentage of
flakiness and elongation of particles in aggregate.
The presence of flaky and elongated particles are
considered undesirable as they may cause
weakness or breaking down under load.
40. Main Principle:
The flakiness index of aggregate sample is found
by separating the flaky particles and expressing
their mass as a percentage of mass of Aggregate
sample.
Apparatus:
A thickness gauge
Balance
Metal trays
Oven
Sieves (flakiness measuring sieves) of size
related to the Thickness Gauge.
41. Problem Associated with Aggregates:
Cleanliness and Deleterious Materials.
Aggregates must be relatively clean.
Vegetation, soft particles, clay lumps and excess dust matter
may affect performance by quickly degrading, which causes a
loss of structural support and/or prevents binder-aggregate
bonding.
Clay
The aggregate is carefully mixed with water in volumetric cylinder and
then let to settle.
The clay particles will form layer with different color and structure on
the surface of aggregate.
42. Organic Impurities:
Decaying vegetation may result in aggregates being contaminated
with organic matter.
This material may have a retarding effect on the setting of
cementitious material and may result in lower strengths of the
hardened material at all ages.
Organic impurities can be tested by colorimetric test. Tested
aggregate is mixed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium
hydroxide (KOH) to prepare colored solution.
The color of solution is compared with color of standard solution,
prepared according the standard. If the color of the test solution is
darker than the standard solution, than aggregate have to be
rejected.
43. Alkali-Reaction:
One of the most important examples of reactive aggregates is
the Alkali-aggregate reaction in which alkali hydroxides react
with the reactive silicates to form alkali silica gels which
subsequently absorb water from their surroundings.
This leads to internal stresses in hardened concrete until its
tensile strength is reached and it cracks.
The method to control the alkali-aggregate reaction is to limit
the alkali content of the Portland cement to 0.6% or less.
44. BEST ROCK SOURCE AGGREGATE:
• The best rock source aggregate is a debatable topic depending upon
the project specific studies..
• Some materials used as aggregates have a higher specific gravity but
their impact values can be lesser as needed in the specific project
• . For example, the specific gravity of Limestone is 2.69 gm/cm3 and
of basalt is 2.91gm/cm3 but their impact values are 20 and 13
respectively which indicates that Limestone having lesser specific
gravity is more suitable in Asphalt aggregates whereas Basalts are
more suitable to be used in high life risk structures like columns and
foundations of bridges rather than to be used as Asphalt aggregate.
• However, the best aggregate sources with their workability are
Limestone, Dolerite, Basalts whereas Quartizites, Hornfels,
Microgranite are good but have less reserves.
45. SOURCE OF AGGREGATES IN PAKISTAN
• . Pakistan is country which is fully equipped with natural
resources. There are various aggregates sources in Pakistan meeting
the international engineering standards and comprise of compressive
strengths which can be used in any project.
• The most extensively used aggregate source in most of the
Pakistan is Margalla Hill Limestone, most of the quarrying activity is
observed in the margalla hill source located at Hassanabdal and
Taxila regions of Panjab.
• The sakesar limestone of Salt Range is also feeding most of the
southern Punjab and vicinity.
• There is a lot of construction material sources situated in Azad Jammu
and Kashmir. The Khwaja Seri area of Neelum valley has
considerable reserves of Dolerite.
46. • Khurshidabad Distt. Haveli has massive exposure of Limestone. Similarly,
the Bakot area near Kohala also of millions of tons of limestone.
• There is also a 10m thick bed of Margalla Hill Limestone in kamsar area
Yadgar section. The aforementioned sources are usable for strengths up to
3000 Psi and structures with greater life risk structures.
• There are unlimited resources of Dolomite in Abbottabad formation which is
exposed in most of Hazara, Muzaffarabad, Pir Panjal Range, District Kotli
(Karjai Antlicline) and other parts of Pakistan. The SS1 of Murree Formation
is a very considerable aggregate for marginal use if batch wise testing and
project specific studies area considered accordingly.
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