This document discusses various factors that affect the choice of building construction materials. It describes key properties that materials must have for different applications, including strength, resistance to water, acids, fire, weathering, frost, and durability. The document emphasizes that understanding materials' properties allows choosing the optimal material for a given service condition or climate. Standardization is also important to ensure materials meet minimum quality levels and drive industry improvement.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Building Materials & Construction Module-1 Building Materials Abhilash B L
This document provides information on building materials including stone, bricks, aggregates, and concrete blocks. It discusses the requirements of good building stones such as crushing strength, appearance, structure, and resistance to weathering. It also describes the processes of stone dressing, deterioration of stonework, and methods for stone preservation. Details are given on the manufacturing process of clay bricks and various field and laboratory tests conducted on bricks including water absorption, compressive strength, and efflorescence. Classification of bricks based on properties is also mentioned.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Building Materials & Construction Module-1 Building Materials Abhilash B L
This document provides information on building materials including stone, bricks, aggregates, and concrete blocks. It discusses the requirements of good building stones such as crushing strength, appearance, structure, and resistance to weathering. It also describes the processes of stone dressing, deterioration of stonework, and methods for stone preservation. Details are given on the manufacturing process of clay bricks and various field and laboratory tests conducted on bricks including water absorption, compressive strength, and efflorescence. Classification of bricks based on properties is also mentioned.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document discusses common materials used in construction - brick, cement, timber, sand, and mortar. For each material, it outlines requirements, types, and uses. Bricks discussed include conventional and standard sizes. Cement types include ordinary portland, pozzolana portland, white, and colored. Timber types are natural and industrial. Sand requirements include being clean, well-graded, and containing sharp grains. Mortar types vary based on binding material, nature of application, and density. The document provides an overview of key materials used for building construction.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete and concrete walls presented by Kamrul Hassan. It discusses 15 types of concrete materials including modern concrete, high-strength concrete, stamped concrete, and glass concrete. It also describes 7 types of concrete walls including precast walls, poured walls, block walls, stucco walls, stamped walls, colored walls, and retaining walls. The advantages and uses of each wall type are summarized. The document concludes with descriptions of different types of masonry concrete blocks and alternative materials to concrete including honeycomb clay blocks, hemp blocks, and insulated concrete form blocks.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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The document discusses concrete, providing information on its composition, types, factors affecting strength, advantages and disadvantages, properties, and applications. It defines concrete as a composite material made primarily of cement, aggregate, and water. Different types of concrete exist based on weight, strength, and purpose. The key components of modern concrete - aggregates, Portland cement, admixtures, and water - are also explained. Finally, the document notes concrete is a versatile construction material used widely in structures like buildings, bridges, and dams.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
This document provides information about building construction components and their functions. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure, including residential, educational, and industrial buildings. It also describes the different types of building loads like dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. The key building components are foundations and superstructure. Foundations can be shallow like spread footings or deep like pile foundations, and transfer load from the superstructure to the soil.
This document discusses common building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, requirements and types are outlined. Stone, brick, lime and cement are described as traditional materials while metal, timber, sand and aggregates are described as both natural and artificial options. The document also briefly introduces concrete, describing its ingredients, types, requirements and common uses in construction.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
The document discusses repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. It describes various causes of distress in concrete structures including structural causes, errors in design/construction, chemical reactions, and weathering. It then outlines the evaluation process for repair projects, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and laboratory testing to determine the extent of damage and appropriate repair methods. Specific causes of reinforcement corrosion like cracks, moisture, and concrete permeability are explained along with remedial measures.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
Chapter 3 materials & techniques for repairsAnkit Patel
The document discusses various types of polymer concrete, including polymer impregnated concrete (PIC), polymer Portland cement concrete (PPCC), and polymer concrete (PC). PIC involves impregnating hardened Portland cement concrete with a monomer, then polymerizing it in place. PPCC is produced by incorporating a polymer or monomer emulsion into ordinary concrete. PC uses a polymer as the sole binder instead of Portland cement. Polymer concrete has improved strength, adhesion, chemical resistance, impact resistance, and impermeability compared to ordinary concrete.
Building materials elements of civil engineeringPriyank Bhimani
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
This document discusses common materials used in construction - brick, cement, timber, sand, and mortar. For each material, it outlines requirements, types, and uses. Bricks discussed include conventional and standard sizes. Cement types include ordinary portland, pozzolana portland, white, and colored. Timber types are natural and industrial. Sand requirements include being clean, well-graded, and containing sharp grains. Mortar types vary based on binding material, nature of application, and density. The document provides an overview of key materials used for building construction.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete and concrete walls presented by Kamrul Hassan. It discusses 15 types of concrete materials including modern concrete, high-strength concrete, stamped concrete, and glass concrete. It also describes 7 types of concrete walls including precast walls, poured walls, block walls, stucco walls, stamped walls, colored walls, and retaining walls. The advantages and uses of each wall type are summarized. The document concludes with descriptions of different types of masonry concrete blocks and alternative materials to concrete including honeycomb clay blocks, hemp blocks, and insulated concrete form blocks.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
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control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
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control joints in concrete
The document discusses concrete, providing information on its composition, types, factors affecting strength, advantages and disadvantages, properties, and applications. It defines concrete as a composite material made primarily of cement, aggregate, and water. Different types of concrete exist based on weight, strength, and purpose. The key components of modern concrete - aggregates, Portland cement, admixtures, and water - are also explained. Finally, the document notes concrete is a versatile construction material used widely in structures like buildings, bridges, and dams.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
This document provides information about building construction components and their functions. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure, including residential, educational, and industrial buildings. It also describes the different types of building loads like dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. The key building components are foundations and superstructure. Foundations can be shallow like spread footings or deep like pile foundations, and transfer load from the superstructure to the soil.
This document discusses common building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, requirements and types are outlined. Stone, brick, lime and cement are described as traditional materials while metal, timber, sand and aggregates are described as both natural and artificial options. The document also briefly introduces concrete, describing its ingredients, types, requirements and common uses in construction.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
The document discusses repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. It describes various causes of distress in concrete structures including structural causes, errors in design/construction, chemical reactions, and weathering. It then outlines the evaluation process for repair projects, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and laboratory testing to determine the extent of damage and appropriate repair methods. Specific causes of reinforcement corrosion like cracks, moisture, and concrete permeability are explained along with remedial measures.
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
Chapter 3 materials & techniques for repairsAnkit Patel
The document discusses various types of polymer concrete, including polymer impregnated concrete (PIC), polymer Portland cement concrete (PPCC), and polymer concrete (PC). PIC involves impregnating hardened Portland cement concrete with a monomer, then polymerizing it in place. PPCC is produced by incorporating a polymer or monomer emulsion into ordinary concrete. PC uses a polymer as the sole binder instead of Portland cement. Polymer concrete has improved strength, adhesion, chemical resistance, impact resistance, and impermeability compared to ordinary concrete.
Building materials elements of civil engineeringPriyank Bhimani
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
This document summarizes several common building stones used in construction. It describes the composition, structure, texture, and properties of granite, basalt, limestone, marble, sandstone, gneiss, laterite, and slate. Key points include that granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar; basalt is a fine-grained volcanic rock used for construction due to its durability; limestone is a sedimentary rock varying widely in porosity; and slate has a unique cleavage that allows it to be split into thin sheets for uses like roofing. The document also discusses required qualities for building stones like compressive, transverse, and shear strength.
The document discusses various carpentry tools and wood joints. It provides details on 8 common tools: try square, steel rule, marking gauge, coping saw, tenon saw, panel saw, ironjack plane, and bench vice. It describes what each tool is used for and key features. The document also briefly explains two types of wood joints - the lap joint and mortise & tenon joint. It notes the mortise & tenon joint is very strong and often used in leg and rail construction.
This document discusses different types of wood joints used in furniture and woodworking. It describes various butt, edge, halving, housing, bridle, finger, mortise and tenon, dovetail, screw, plug, block, mitre, and dowel joints. Each joint type has different strengths and suitable applications. The document provides examples of describing suitable joints for joining furniture parts like table rails and legs or shelf units. It also includes a quiz to test the reader's knowledge of different joint names and parts.
This document discusses various topics related to woodworking and carpentry. It defines key terms like board foot, which is a unit used to measure lumber. It also lists common woodworking tools categorized into testing tools, marking tools, holding tools, cutting tools, smooth facing tools, boring tools, and fastening tools. Additionally, it explains different types of wood joints like mortise joints, tenon joints, and dovetail joints which involve fitting pieces of wood together.
This document discusses the use of construction and demolition waste in building projects. It notes that demolition sites generate large amounts of solid waste that is often dumped, but that recycling building materials is possible. It then outlines what construction and demolition waste consists of, including concrete, brick, timber, sanitary ware, glass, steel and plastics. For each material, it describes how they can be recycled and reused in building applications to reduce costs and environmental impacts. The document concludes by emphasizing the benefits of recycling construction waste and provides initiatives to promote greater reuse.
This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and domes and basins. The causes of folding from tectonic forces and effects on erosion are summarized. Faults are described as unfavorable for construction.
Glass is an amorphous solid formed by rapidly cooling molten materials containing silica. The most common type of glass, soda lime glass, is made from silica, sodium oxide and calcium oxide. Glass is manufactured by melting raw materials in furnaces then shaping the molten glass through various processes like pressing, blowing or drawing. Glass has high strength and hardness but is brittle, with properties that can be altered by adding materials like lead, boron or fiberglass. It has various industrial and architectural uses due to its strength, durability and optical properties.
Non-ferrous metals like aluminum and its alloys are sometimes used as alternatives to steel in civil engineering construction, especially for bridges and roofs where high strength is not required, as they can reduce weight by about 50%. Copper and alloys of copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc are used where properties like high strength at high temperatures, ductility, heat resistance, or electrical conductivity are needed. Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore via the Bayer process and Hall-Héroult electrolysis process. It is a light, corrosion-resistant metal used in aircraft, buildings, vehicles, and electrical transmission. Copper, zinc, and their alloys also have various applications due to combinations of
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction. It describes granular materials like rocks that are used as aggregates in concrete or other mixtures. Binder materials like lime, plaster and cement are discussed which are used to join other materials together. Concrete and its composition and uses are outlined. Ceramic materials like bricks, tiles and porcelain are also summarized. Other materials briefly mentioned include metals, wood, plastics and glass. The construction process is summarized in three high-level steps - preparing the site, erecting the structure and completing finishing work. Common machinery used is also listed.
Scaffolding is an instructional technique where a teacher provides individual support to guide students as they learn new material, and then gradually reduces this support over time so that students can demonstrate self-reliance. The teacher provides tasks and assisted activities tailored to each student's current abilities to help them internalize new skills and concepts. Scaffolding can be used across different content areas, age groups, and skill levels to facilitate learning through verbal and nonverbal guidance.
Plastics are polymeric materials that are lightweight, durable, and resistant to corrosion. They can be molded into various shapes and are used widely in engineering applications. Plastics are classified as thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics are made from polymers of materials like vinyl, polyester, and urethane. Plastics have properties like low weight and resistance to heat and electricity that make them useful for applications in industries like construction, automotive, and electronics manufacturing.
This document discusses different types of insulating materials used in building construction and engineering. It defines insulating materials as those that retard or stop the flow of heat, electricity, or sound. There are three main types of insulators: thermal insulators, electrical insulators, and sound insulators. Some common thermal insulators mentioned include magnesium plastic, aluminum foils, asbestos, cork, cellular rubber, and mineral wool. Common electrical insulators include mica, asbestos, rubber, paper, synthetic resins like Bakelite, porcelain, glass, and cotton. Sound insulators discussed are cellular concrete and acoustic plaster and boards.
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS LOUIS WAYNE
This document provides information on various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, and coarse. Aggregates can be natural or artificial, and are classified by size as fine or coarse aggregates. Mortar types include cement mortar, lime mortar, light weight mortar, fire resistant mortar, and mud mortar. Concrete types depend on mix design and include regular concrete, high strength concrete, self-consolidating concrete, and others. Each material has important applications in construction.
This document discusses mortars and plasters used in building construction. It defines mortars as mixtures used for joining bricks and stones, typically consisting of aggregates like sand and a binding material like lime or cement. It describes the different types of traditional mortars used in ancient structures like the pyramids of Egypt. It also outlines the key functions, properties, classifications, and uses of mortars and plasters. The document provides details on the preparation and curing of different types of mortars like lime, cement, and gauged mortars. It concludes with a section on sand and its classification according to origin and composition.
Timber must be properly seasoned before use in construction to reduce moisture content. There are several steps in the conversion and seasoning of timber. Trees are felled when mature and during autumn or winter. Logs are cut and air seasoned before being sawed into boards or planks using different sawing methods like quarter sawing. Seasoning reduces weight, increases strength, improves workability, prevents shrinkage defects, and increases durability by reducing moisture content through natural, artificial, or chemical methods. Proper stacking and controlled temperature/humidity in kilns allows for more uniform artificial seasoning in a shorter time than natural air seasoning.
The document discusses the process of setting out a building site. It involves:
1. Transferring dimensions from layout plans onto the ground to clearly define excavation outlines and wall center lines.
2. Using methods like the peg/rope method or dumpy level to establish corners, walls, and rooms.
3. Establishing a datum level as a reference point for other measurements.
4. Working through steps like setting the building line, frontage line, and right angles to fully lay out the building footprint. Checks are made to ensure accuracy.
This document provides information about building materials including:
1. It discusses various physical properties of building materials such as density, bulk density, specific gravity, porosity, and water absorption.
2. It also covers mechanical properties including strength, hardness, elasticity, and ductility.
3. The document describes factors that affect the choice of building materials for construction projects like climatic conditions, economic factors, and material availability.
The document discusses various types of construction materials including stones, bricks, lime, cement, and wood. It provides details on:
1. The properties required for good building stones including high crushing strength, durability, hardness, toughness, and low porosity and absorption.
2. The classification of stones based on their geological formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks.
3. The qualities required for good bricks including composition, strength, water absorption rate, and uniform size and shape.
Civil Engineering Materiel's 2017
Prepared By
MD. Sakin Morshed
Lecturer, Département Of Civil Engineering
Types of Materials:
Bricks
1. Hollow Blocks
2. Green Bricks
Making & Use
Differentiate green bricks for the materials they are constructed and there are several proposals (in line or already in progress) of bricks with different components:
Coal ash: This was an idea of a civil engineer, Henry Liu, in 1999, with a double environmental benefit. With this material the bricks are obtained at 212 degrees in 10 hours and take advantage of 45 million tons of the waste generated by coal power plants.
Hemp and straw: This brick and green has been used by Spanish companies. Despite the apparent fragility of the material hardness is similar to conventional ones. They have the disadvantage of being more expensive but well isolated from the outside temperature. This represents a savings of energy expenditure for heating and air conditioning, so that pays the price soon.
Used plastic and peanut shells: ecological bricks of this material are a creation of the Experimental Center for Economic Housing in Argentina who says they are tough, lightweight insulation and economic. In addition to producing energy savings possible recycling of waste for production.
This document discusses various types of materials used in civil engineering construction projects. It covers roof tiles, which are designed to keep out rain and are traditionally made from local materials like terracotta or slate. It also discusses fiberglass, which is used for insulation, cladding, coatings and roofing. Reinforced concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete are composite materials that combine concrete with steel reinforcement or fibers to increase strength. The properties and applications of different types of composite materials are outlined.
This document discusses the various properties of building materials that are important for their use in construction. It describes physical properties like bulk density, porosity, and durability. It also outlines mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, elasticity and plasticity. Additionally, it covers chemical properties including chemical resistance and corrosion resistance. Thermal properties like thermal capacity and conductivity are examined as well. A variety of common building materials are referenced to demonstrate examples of these different properties.
Unit-1 Introduction of Engineering Materials.pdfRajukumarKumar
This document discusses modern construction materials and their properties. It defines engineering materials as substances used to create products and structures, which can be classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Key mechanical properties discussed include strength, stiffness, hardness, and ductility. Thermal properties examined are thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion. The document also lists reasons for the need of advanced materials in modern construction, such as enhanced strength and durability, reduced weight and increased efficiency, and improved environmental sustainability.
This document discusses ablative and thermal insulation materials. It provides information on:
1) Ablative materials which protect vehicles during atmospheric reentry by absorbing, dissipating, and blocking heat. They are needed for ballistic missiles, rocket nozzles, and other high heat applications.
2) Thermal insulation materials which prevent or reduce heat transfer to maintain temperatures. They include organic materials like wool and inorganic materials like glass wool.
3) Intumescent ablators which form a foam-like char when heated, decreasing conductivity and insulating the substrate while cutting off oxygen supply. They are common as fire-retardant coatings.
The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) (Figure 1 and Figure 2) is used to characterize the viscous and elastic behavior of asphalt binders at
medium to high temperatures.
IRJET- Effect of Fire on Concrete and Enhancement in Fire Resistance Capacity...IRJET Journal
This document outlines a study on the effect of fire on concrete and methods to enhance its fire resistance capacity. Concrete properties and strength are significantly reduced when exposed to high temperatures. The study involves casting and testing concrete cube samples (M20 grade) incorporated with materials that provide fire resistance. Cubes will be heated to 100°C, 300°C, 600°C and 900°C and immediately tested. The compressive strength will be compared with standard cubes to analyze how the added materials improve fire resistance capacity without losing strength. The results will help identify suitable materials to use as ingredients to enhance concrete's performance during fires.
The document outlines 13 basic requirements for building design and construction:
1. Strength and stability to safely support loads on the structure.
2. Dimensional stability to resist deformation from loads, temperature changes, and moisture.
3. Durability to withstand weathering and remain serviceable for the building's lifetime.
4. Damp prevention to keep the building dry and prevent moisture damage.
5. Additional requirements include fire protection, heat insulation, daylighting, ventilation, sound insulation, comfort/convenience, security, termite proofing, and economical design and maintenance. Satisfying these 13 basic requirements allows a building to perform its functional needs safely and efficiently.
This document provides information about concrete beams and materials. It discusses:
- The types of forces and deformations that can act on materials, including compression, tension, torsion, deflection, shearing, elastic, plastic, and fracture.
- The five main categories of materials - wood, ceramics, metals, plastics, and composites.
- Key properties and behaviors of each material category, how they degrade, and how they can be protected.
- Tests that are commonly performed on concrete to ensure it meets specifications, including slump, air content, density, and compressive strength.
The document discusses properties required for building materials and describes various common building materials. It outlines physical properties like density, porosity, durability; mechanical properties like strength, hardness, elasticity; chemical properties like corrosion resistance; and thermal properties like thermal conductivity. Examples of common building materials described include thatch, ice, mud, stone, wood, sand, brick, and cement along with their key properties.
Introduction and sustainable development in concrete technologyKathan Sindhvad
The document discusses sustainable development practices in concrete technology. It covers several topics:
1. Concrete has high embodied energy due to cement production, but has potential to be efficient over its long lifespan. Supplementary cementing materials and reducing cement content can lower environmental impacts.
2. Concrete's thermal mass allows it to reduce operational energy usage in buildings through passive heating and cooling. It also enables more efficient radiant heating systems.
3. Recycled concrete aggregate can be used in new concrete, reducing waste and costs while maintaining durability. This supports sustainable development goals.
The document discusses various factors that influence the selection of building materials, including climate, economics, and the wide variety of performance requirements for different building and installation types. It then focuses on surface finishes, selection criteria for wall and floor finishes, and the physical and mechanical properties considered for building materials. Specific materials discussed in more detail include clay, stones, wood, and their various products and applications in construction.
This document summarizes the effects of temperature on fresh and hardened concrete. It discusses how both high and low temperatures can impact concrete strength and cracking. For high temperatures, it recommends precautions like cooling materials, using retarders, and protecting from moisture loss. For low temperatures, it advises heating materials and protecting concrete to prevent freezing, which can stop hydration and cause cracking. Proper planning, curing, and temperature control of ingredients are essential to account for temperature effects on concrete properties and performance.
This document provides information about refractory materials. It defines refractories as materials that can withstand high temperatures, chemical reactions, and physical stresses. The document discusses the global refractory production market share, common industrial uses of refractories, and key properties such as melting point, density, and thermal expansion. It also describes common refractory materials like silica bricks and magnesia bricks, explaining their composition, manufacturing processes, and applications.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
The document discusses the importance of premarital screening or testing before marriage. It explains that premarital screening involves testing prospective spouses for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and compatibility to help ensure a healthy marriage and family. Compatibility is assessed through both traditional Indian kundli matching of astrological charts as well as modern medical testing. While kundli matching provides useful information, medical screening can detect diseases and identify health risks that could impact a couple's well-being and ability to have children. The document recommends couples undergo premarital screening through blood tests, physical exams, and counseling to aid in informed decision making.
A polymath is defined as a person with expertise in various fields of science, humanities, and the arts. Historically, polymaths included great Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Benjamin Franklin who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines. Nowadays, it is difficult to find true polymaths due to the ever-increasing specialization of knowledge. However, the document outlines characteristics of polymaths such as cultivating curiosity, multiple passions and interests, and not worrying about perfection in order to bring back the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded thinker.
Godfather-like figures organize complex crash for cash schemes involving staged, induced, and ghost crashes to fraudulently obtain insurance payouts. They recruit drivers, passengers, and professional enablers like doctors and repair shops to carry out the schemes, which can net up to £30,000 per crash. The schemes cost insurers millions each year and ultimately increase premiums for all policyholders.
The document discusses arguments for and against lowering the minimum voting age. It notes that while most countries have the age set at 18, some have it as low as 16. Advocates argue that 16-year-olds have adult responsibilities and should have a say, and research shows lower ages increase youth participation without lowering vote quality. However, others argue younger people lack maturity. Countries experimenting with lower ages often do so incrementally. Overall it is a complex debate that intersects with issues of children's rights.
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Urban Heat Island Effect occurs when urban areas become significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure that replace open land and vegetation. Impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt absorb and re-emit more solar radiation than natural landscapes, causing surface and ambient air temperatures to increase in cities. Additional factors like reduced evapotranspiration from plants, waste heat from energy usage, and decreased wind speed between buildings exacerbate the higher temperatures. As temperatures rise, greater air conditioning usage produces more waste heat in a self-perpetuating cycle of increasing the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. It involves five main steps - ideation, encoding, transmission, decoding and response. Communication can occur through different levels like interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication. Effective communication requires good command over language and follows certain characteristics. Technical communication is more formal in style and involves technical vocabulary or graphics. It plays a pivotal role in organizations and their success depends on quality information flow. Some important books and Ted talks on developing strong communication skills are also mentioned.
The unethical practice of gift giving to doctors by pharma companiesGAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses the unethical practice of pharmaceutical companies giving gifts to doctors in various countries. It notes that while informing doctors about new drugs is acceptable, gifts can influence prescribing behaviors and create conflicts of interest. Regulations in countries like Bangladesh, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam prohibit or limit such gifts. The document calls for India's government to implement uniform marketing codes for pharmaceutical companies to restrict unethical practices like bribing doctors with foreign trips, phones, or other incentives.
The document discusses the concepts of compassionate cities and urban loneliness. It defines compassion and describes how living alone in cities can cause loneliness, especially among the elderly. It suggests ways for urban planners to address this issue, such as creating more green spaces for social interaction and improving transportation infrastructure to encourage community. The goal is to make cities places where compassion for all residents is a priority and people care for one another's well-being. The Charter for Compassion aims to promote compassion as a core value globally.
Copper has natural antimicrobial properties that have been exploited for centuries. It kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi through mechanisms like oxidative stress and damage to cell membranes and proteins. Recent clinical studies show copper alloys reduce bacterial contamination on high-touch surfaces in hospitals by 90-100% compared to other materials like stainless steel. The EPA has approved copper alloys as antimicrobial materials due to their ability to reduce MRSA and E. coli levels by over 99.9% within 2 hours of contact under laboratory conditions. However, while copper was widely used historically, other modern materials have replaced it despite its benefits for infection control.
The Liuzhou Forest City in China will be the world's first forest city, where all buildings are covered in greenery. Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the city will house 30,000 inhabitants in buildings surrounded by over 40,000 trees and 1 million plants. The extensive greenery is intended to absorb air pollutants and carbon emissions while producing oxygen. In addition to environmental benefits, the forest city aims to be self-sufficient through geothermal and solar energy use. Construction is slated to begin in 2020.
Automotive vehicles are increasingly automated and connected to wireless networks, leaving them vulnerable to remote hacking attacks. Security researchers have demonstrated how hackers could potentially access a vehicle's internal computer systems to disable brakes or engine controls from a distance. Recent studies show many modern vehicles built after 2005 are at risk if automakers do not address vulnerabilities in wireless infotainment and connectivity systems that could allow unauthorized remote access and control over critical functions.
Collusion and Fraud Detection on Electronic Energy Meters GAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses collusion and fraud detection related to smart energy meters. It covers topics such as collusion, which involves secret cooperation to deceive others; electricity theft; advanced metering infrastructure; reasons for electricity theft; legal aspects; safety and economic impacts of theft; and techniques for theft. The key points are that collusion aims to limit competition through deception, modern meters allow remote monitoring but lack of trust remains a barrier, and electricity theft endangers safety, harms economics, and is considered a legal issue.
Smart buildings use automated systems and sensors to control operations like HVAC, lighting, and security. However, connecting these systems also introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities. As buildings add more internet-connected devices, they provide more entry points for hackers to potentially access sensitive building systems and data. Cyber criminals are increasingly targeting smart buildings due to their growth and interconnected nature, which could allow access to security cameras, elevators, and other building operations if networks are breached.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
2. Building Construction Materials
• Building materials have an important role
to play in this modern age of technology.
Although their most important use is in
construction activities, no field of engineering
is conceivable without their use. Also, the
building materials industry is an important
contributor in our national economy as its
output governs both the rate and the quality
of construction work.
4. Building Construction Materials
• There are certain general factors which
affect the choice of materials for a
particular scheme. Perhaps the most
important of these is the climatic background.
Obviously, different materials and forms of
construction have developed in different
parts of the world as a result of climatic
differences.
6. Building Construction Materials
• Another factor is the economic aspect of the
choice of materials.
• The rapid advance of constructional
methods, the increasing introduction of
mechanical tools and plants, and changes in
the organisation of the building industry
may appreciably influence the choice of
materials
7. Building Construction Materials
• Due to the great diversity in the usage of
buildings and installations and the various
processes of production, a great variety of
requirements are placed upon building
materials calling for a very wide range of their
properties: strength at low and high
temperatures, resistance to ordinary water
and sea water, acids and alkalis etc.
9. Building Construction Materials
• Also, materials for interior decoration of
residential and public buildings, gardens
and parks, etc. should be, by their very
purpose, pleasant to the eye, durable and
strong. Specific properties of building
materials serve as a basis for subdividing them
into separate groups. For example, mineral
binding materials are subdivided into air
and hydraulic-setting varieties
11. Building Construction Materials
• The principal properties of building
materials predetermine their applications.
Only a comprehensive knowledge of the
properties of materials allows a rational choice
of materials for specific service conditions.
13. Building Construction Materials
• The importance of standardisation cannot be
over emphasised. It requires the quality of
materials and manufactured items to be not
below a specific standard level.
• However, the importance of standardisation is
not limited to this factor alone, since each
revised standard places higher requirements
upon the products than the preceding one, with
the effect that the industry concerned has to keep
up with the standards and improved production
techniques.
15. Building Construction Materials
• Thus, the industry of building materials gains
both in quantity and quality, so that new, more
efficient products are manufactured and the
output of conventional materials is increased.
To develop products of greater economic
efficiency, it is important to compare the
performance of similar kinds of materials under
specific service conditions. Expenditures for
running an installation can be minimised by
improving the quality of building materials
and products.
17. Building Construction Materials
• Building industry economists are thus required to
have a good working knowledge,
• first, of the building materials,
• second, of their optimum applications on the basis of
their principal properties, and,
• third, of their manufacturing techniques, in order
that the buildings and installations may have optimum
engineering, economic performance and efficiency.
Having acquired adequate knowledge, an economist
specialising in construction becomes an active
participant in the development of the building
industry and the manufacture of building materials.
19. Physical Properties Of Materials
• To finalize the material for an engineering
product or application, we should have the
knowledge of physical properties of
materials. The physical properties of a
material are those which can be observed
without change of the identity of material.
Some of these typical properties of a material
are listed below
20. Density of Materials
• Density of a material or substance is defined
as “the mass per unit volume”. It is represented
as the ratio of mass with volume of a material.
It is denoted by “ρ”. Its unit in SI system is
Kg/m3.
If, m is the mass of material in Kg, V is the
volume of materiel in meter3
34. Weathering Resistance
Weathering Resistance
• Is the ability of a material to endure alternate
wet and dry conditions for a long period
without considerable deformation and loss of
mechanical strength.
35. Water Permeability
Water Permeability
The capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under
pressure.
Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious.
37. Frost Action
• Frost Action denotes the ability of a water-
saturated material to endure repeated
freezing and thawing with considerable
decrease of mechanical strength.
• Under such conditions the water contained by
the pores increases in volume even up to 9 per
cent on freezing. Thus the walls of the pores
experience considerable stresses and may even
fail.
39. Thermal Conductivity of Materials
• It is the property of a material which
represents that how easily the heat can be
conducted by material.
• The thermal conductivity of a material can be
defined as “the amount of heat transmitted by
unit thickness of material normal to the unit
area surface in unit time when the temperature
gradient across the material piece is unity in
steady state condition. Its unit in SI system is
watts per meter per oK.
40. Specific Heat of Materials
• Is the property of a material to absorb heat
described by its specific heat.
• Thermal capacity is of concern in the
calculation of thermal stability of walls of
heated buildings and heating of a material, e.g.
for concrete laying in winter.
• Specific heat of a material is defined as the
amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of unit mass of material by 1°C. It
is denoted by ‘S’.
41. Specific Heat of Materials
• Where, m is the mass of material in Kg. Q is
the amount of heat given to material in Joule.
Δt is rise in temperature. Unit of specific heat
in SI system is, Joule/Kg o C.
42. State Change Temperatures
Generally a substance is having three
states called – solid state, liquid state,
gaseous state. State change temperature is
the temperature at which the substance
changes from one state to another state.
43. State change temperature are of
following types
Melting point- It is the temperature (in oC or K)
at which the substance changes from solid state to
liquid state.
Boiling point- It is the temperature (in oC or K) at
which the substance changes from liquid state to
gaseous state.
Freezing point- It is the temperature (in oC or K)
at which a liquid changes from liquid to solid
state. Theoretically it is equal to the melting point.
However, practically there may observed some
difference.
45. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
• When a material is heated, it expends, due to
which its dimensions change. Coefficient of
thermal expansion, represents the expansion in
material with increase of temperature.
46. Electrical Conductivity of Materials
• It is the property of material which
represents that how easily the electricity can
be conducted by the material. It is denoted
by ‘σ’. It is the reciprocal of resistivity of
material. It unit is mho/meter.
47. Fire Resistance
• Is the ability of a material to resist the action of
high temperature without any appreciable
deformation and substantial loss of strength.
• Fire resistive materials are those which char,
smoulder, and ignite with difficulty when
subjected to fire or high temperatures for long
period but continue to burn or smoulder only
in the presence of flame, e.g. Wood impregnated
with fire proofing chemicals.
49. Fire Resistance
• Non-combustible materials neither
smoulder nor char under the action of
temperature.
• Some of the materials neither crack nor lose
shape such as clay bricks, whereas some others
like steel suffer considerable deformation
under the action of high temperature.
51. Refractoriness
• Denotes the ability of a material to withstand
prolonged action of high temperature without
melting or losing shape. Materials resisting
prolonged temperatures of 1580 0C or more are
known as refractory.
• High-melting materials can withstand
temperature from 1350 0C - 1580 0C, whereas
low-melting materials withstand temperature
below 1350 0C.
53. Chemical Resistance
• Chemical Resistance is the ability of a
material to withstand the action of acids,
alkalis, sea water and gases.
• Natural stone materials, e.g. limestone, marble
and dolomite are eroded even by weak acids,
wood has low resistance to acids and alkalis,
bitumen disintegrates under the action of alkali
liquors.
56. Weld ability
• It is the property of a material which
presents that how easily the two pieces of
material can be welded together by applying
pressure or heat or both.
57. Mechanical Properties
• To finalize the material for an engineering application, knowledge of
Mechanical properties of materials is essential. The mechanical
properties of a material are those which effect the mechanical
strength and ability of material to be molded in suitable shape. Some
of the typical mechanical properties of a material are listed below
• Strength
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Brittleness
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Creep and Slip
• Resilience
• Fatigue
58. Strength
• It is the property of material which opposes
the deformation or breakdown of material in
presence of external forces or load. Material
which we finalize for our engineering product,
must have suitable mechanical strength to be
capable to work under different mechanical
forces or loads.
59. Strength
• Strength is the ability of the material to
resist failure under the action of stresses
caused by loads, the most common being
compression, tension, bending and impact.
The importance of studying the various
strengths will be highlighted from the fact that
materials such as stones and concrete have
high compressive strength but a low tensile,
bending and impact strengths.
61. Strength
• Compressive Strength is found from tests on
standard cylinders, prisms and cube smaller
for homogeneous materials and larger for
less homogeneous ones.
62. Strength
• Bending Strength tests are performed on
small bars (beams) supported at their ends
and subjected to one or two concentrated
loads which are gradually increased until
failure takes place.
63. Toughness
• It is the ability of material to absorb the energy and
gets plastically deformed without fracturing. Its
numerical value is determined by the amount of
energy per unit volume. It unit is Joule/ m3. Value of
toughness of a material can be determines by stress-
strain characteristics of material.
• For good toughness material should have good
strength as well as ductility. For example: brittle
materials, having good strength but limited ductility
are not tough enough. Conversely, materials having
good ductility but low strength are also not tough
enough. Therefore, to be tough, material should be
capable to withstand with both high stress and strain.
65. Hardness
Hardness
• It is the ability of material to resist to permanent
shape change due to external stress. There are various
measure of hardness – Scratch Hardness, Indentation
Hardness and Rebound Hardness.
• Scratch Hardness
Scratch Hardness is the ability of material to oppose
the scratch to outer surface layer due to external
force.
66. Hardness
• Indentation Hardness
It is ability of material to oppose the dent due
to punch of external had and sharp object.
• Rebound Hardness
Rebound hardness is also called as dynamic
hardness. It is determined by the height of
“bounce” of a diamond tipped hammer
dropped from a fixed height on the material
68. Brittleness
• Brittleness of a material indicates that how
easily it gets fractured when it is subjected to a
force or load.
• When a brittle material is subjected to a stress is
observes very less energy and gets fractures
without significant strain. Brittleness is converse
to ductility of material.
• Brittleness of material is temperature
depended. Some metals which are ductile at
normal temperature become brittle at low
temperature.
70. Malleability
Malleability
• Malleability is property of solid material which
indicates that how easily a materials gets
deformed under compressive stress.
• Malleability is often categorized by the ability
of material to be formed in the form of a thin
sheet by hammering or rolling.
• This mechanical property is an aspect of plasticity
of material. Malleability of material is
temperature dependent. With rise of temperature,
the malleability of material
72. Ductility
• Ductility is a property of a solid material
which indicates that how easily a materials
gets deformed under tensile stress.
• Ductility is often categorized by the ability of
material to get stretched into a wire by pulling
or drawing. This mechanical property is also
an aspect of plasticity of material and
temperature dependent. With rise of
temperature, the ductility of material increases.
74. Elasticity of Materials
• It is the property of a material by which it
regains its original dimensions on removal of
load or force.
75. Plasticity of Materials
• When we keep on increasing the load beyond
limit of elasticity material retains it molded
state. This property of material is called
plasticity.
76. Creep
• Creep is the property of material which
indicates the tendency of material to move
slowly and deform permanently under the
influence of external mechanical stress.
• It results due to long time exposure to large
external mechanical stress with in limit of
yielding. Creep is more severe in material that
are subjected to heat for long time.
78. Resilience
• Resilience is the ability of material to absorb
the energy when it is deformed elastically by
applying stress and release the energy when
stress is removed.
• Proof resilience is defined as the maximum
energy that can be absorbed without permanent
deformation. The modulus of resilience is defined
as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per
unit volume without permanent deformation. It
can be determined by integrating the stress-strain
cure from zero to elastic limit. Its unit is joule/m3.
80. Fatigue
• Fatigue is the weakening of material caused by the
repeated loading of material. When a material is
subjected to cyclic loading, and loading greater than
certain threshold value but much below the strength
of material (ultimate tensile strength limit or yield
stress limit, microscopic cracks begin to form at grain
boundaries and interfaces. Eventually the crack reached
to a critical size.
• This crack propagates suddenly and the structure
gets fractured. The shape of structure effects the
fatigue very much. Square holes and sharp corners
lead to elevated stresses where the fatigue crack
initiates.