This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
The document provides information on the syllabus and topics covered for an environmental engineering course. It includes details on:
1. The course will have 50 marks for theory and 50 marks for practical components. Various assessments like exams, assignments, attendance will contribute to the final marks.
2. Key topics that will be covered include introduction to environmental engineering, water supply engineering, environmental pollution, legislation and management. Specific topics within water supply engineering like water treatment processes, distribution networks and quality management will be examined.
3. Recommended textbooks and reference materials are provided to guide study on the various topics.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Water resources planning involves collecting data on water availability, future needs, and environmental impacts to formulate alternative development projects at local, regional, state, national, and international levels. Projects are evaluated based on their ability to meet single or multiple purposes like irrigation, water supply, power generation, flood control, and navigation in an economically efficient manner while minimizing environmental damage. Careful projection of future water demands and consideration of all relevant social, economic, legal, and environmental factors is needed to develop successful water resources projects.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
The document provides information on the syllabus and topics covered for an environmental engineering course. It includes details on:
1. The course will have 50 marks for theory and 50 marks for practical components. Various assessments like exams, assignments, attendance will contribute to the final marks.
2. Key topics that will be covered include introduction to environmental engineering, water supply engineering, environmental pollution, legislation and management. Specific topics within water supply engineering like water treatment processes, distribution networks and quality management will be examined.
3. Recommended textbooks and reference materials are provided to guide study on the various topics.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Water resources planning involves collecting data on water availability, future needs, and environmental impacts to formulate alternative development projects at local, regional, state, national, and international levels. Projects are evaluated based on their ability to meet single or multiple purposes like irrigation, water supply, power generation, flood control, and navigation in an economically efficient manner while minimizing environmental damage. Careful projection of future water demands and consideration of all relevant social, economic, legal, and environmental factors is needed to develop successful water resources projects.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, drop manholes, gully pits, intercepting traps, septic tanks, soak pits, and holding tanks. Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning of sewers. Drop manholes are used when a branch sewer enters a manhole at a higher level to prevent splashing. Gully pits trap solid waste before it enters drainage systems. Intercepting traps disconnect house drains from sewers to prevent gas/bacteria entry. Septic tanks facilitate anaerobic digestion of sewage. Soak pits allow septic tank effluent to seep into soil. Holding tanks temporarily store effluent before pumping to treatment.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
The document discusses the effects of leachate recirculation and supplemental water addition on methane production and waste decomposition in simulated landfill reactors. Three reactors were used - a control reactor without leachate recirculation and two experimental reactors, one with leachate recirculation and one with leachate recirculation and supplemental water. The results showed that leachate recirculation increased methane production and accelerated waste stabilization compared to the control. Supplemental water addition further improved methane yields and allowed the reactor to enter methanogenesis earlier. Starting leachate recirculation after stabilization was also found to produce more methane than starting before stabilization.
The document discusses aeration and types of aerators. Aeration is the process of absorbing oxygen from air or bringing water and air into close contact. There are two main categories of aerators: 1) air into water aerators that inject air bubbles into water and 2) water into air aerators that create small drops of water falling through air. Common types of aerators include gravity aerators like cascade and cone aerators, spray aerators, diffused air aeration systems, and mechanical aerators like surface and turbine aerators. Aeration serves important functions like mixing, keeping solids in suspension, and supplying oxygen for biochemical reactions in wastewater treatment.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water. It is determined by measuring various parameters and comparing them to standards for different intended uses like drinking water, recreation, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Assessing water quality involves understanding natural and human factors that can influence contaminant levels. Monitoring programs and technologies help evaluate water quality over time and inform policies to protect water resources and public health.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of sedimentation tanks used to remove particles from water and wastewater. There are three main types: rectangular tanks with baffle walls to reduce flow velocity; circular tanks which use scrapers along the bottom to remove sludge; and hopper bottom tanks where water flows vertically from inlet to outlet, settling particles in the tapered bottom section. Sedimentation tanks are an important part of water and wastewater treatment systems.
This presentation discusses water demand and population forecasting methods. It defines water demand as the rate of water required for a town or city to carry out daily activities. There are different types of water demand including domestic, industrial, institutional, and fire demand. Population is a key factor in determining water demand, and there are several methods discussed for forecasting future population, including arithmetical increase, geometrical increase, and incremental increase methods. The presentation provides details on each of these population forecasting techniques.
This document describes a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) designed to treat wastewater from tanneries. It first provides background on tanneries and the wastewater generation process. It then outlines the key components of the CETP, including primary treatment using screens and settling tanks, secondary treatment using aeration and clarification, and tertiary treatment using filters. It also discusses chemical dosing requirements and design parameters like retention time. The CETP is presented as an effective way to treat combined wastewater from multiple tanneries to reduce costs and help meet discharge standards.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Sewage and wastewater contain organic and inorganic matter, gases, and microorganisms. The organic matter can undergo aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition occurs in the presence of oxygen and forms stable end products. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and forms gases and simpler compounds. The characteristics of sewage include physical properties like color and temperature, chemical properties like pH and dissolved oxygen, and biological indicators like BOD and COD that measure decomposability. Proper treatment of sewage is necessary to remove pathogens and pollutants before disposal or reuse of water.
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
The document discusses water supply systems including water transmission and distribution. It describes the key components and design considerations for extracting, treating, storing, pumping and conveying water from its source through treatment, transmission, storage, and distribution to end users. The transmission system conveys treated or untreated water from sources to the distribution system through treatment plants and storage reservoirs using pipelines, tunnels, canals or aqueducts. The distribution system then supplies adequate water at sufficient pressure to individual consumers through a pipe network with valves and service connections.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Basic concepts in environmental engineeringjoefreim
Environmental engineering involves applying scientific principles to improve the natural environment for societal benefit. It aims to study both biotic factors like living organisms as well as abiotic factors such as land, water and air, as all components of the environment are interrelated. The document provides an introductory overview of environmental engineering by defining the field, explaining how it combines engineering with environmental concerns, and giving some basic descriptions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on ecology and the environment. It discusses the impact of technology and industrial pollutants on human environments. It also covers environmental impact assessments and sustainable development. Specific types of pollution like air, water, industrial waste, noise, and their controls are examined. The objectives are to increase environmental awareness and reduce health issues.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, drop manholes, gully pits, intercepting traps, septic tanks, soak pits, and holding tanks. Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning of sewers. Drop manholes are used when a branch sewer enters a manhole at a higher level to prevent splashing. Gully pits trap solid waste before it enters drainage systems. Intercepting traps disconnect house drains from sewers to prevent gas/bacteria entry. Septic tanks facilitate anaerobic digestion of sewage. Soak pits allow septic tank effluent to seep into soil. Holding tanks temporarily store effluent before pumping to treatment.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
The document discusses the effects of leachate recirculation and supplemental water addition on methane production and waste decomposition in simulated landfill reactors. Three reactors were used - a control reactor without leachate recirculation and two experimental reactors, one with leachate recirculation and one with leachate recirculation and supplemental water. The results showed that leachate recirculation increased methane production and accelerated waste stabilization compared to the control. Supplemental water addition further improved methane yields and allowed the reactor to enter methanogenesis earlier. Starting leachate recirculation after stabilization was also found to produce more methane than starting before stabilization.
The document discusses aeration and types of aerators. Aeration is the process of absorbing oxygen from air or bringing water and air into close contact. There are two main categories of aerators: 1) air into water aerators that inject air bubbles into water and 2) water into air aerators that create small drops of water falling through air. Common types of aerators include gravity aerators like cascade and cone aerators, spray aerators, diffused air aeration systems, and mechanical aerators like surface and turbine aerators. Aeration serves important functions like mixing, keeping solids in suspension, and supplying oxygen for biochemical reactions in wastewater treatment.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water. It is determined by measuring various parameters and comparing them to standards for different intended uses like drinking water, recreation, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Assessing water quality involves understanding natural and human factors that can influence contaminant levels. Monitoring programs and technologies help evaluate water quality over time and inform policies to protect water resources and public health.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of sedimentation tanks used to remove particles from water and wastewater. There are three main types: rectangular tanks with baffle walls to reduce flow velocity; circular tanks which use scrapers along the bottom to remove sludge; and hopper bottom tanks where water flows vertically from inlet to outlet, settling particles in the tapered bottom section. Sedimentation tanks are an important part of water and wastewater treatment systems.
This presentation discusses water demand and population forecasting methods. It defines water demand as the rate of water required for a town or city to carry out daily activities. There are different types of water demand including domestic, industrial, institutional, and fire demand. Population is a key factor in determining water demand, and there are several methods discussed for forecasting future population, including arithmetical increase, geometrical increase, and incremental increase methods. The presentation provides details on each of these population forecasting techniques.
This document describes a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) designed to treat wastewater from tanneries. It first provides background on tanneries and the wastewater generation process. It then outlines the key components of the CETP, including primary treatment using screens and settling tanks, secondary treatment using aeration and clarification, and tertiary treatment using filters. It also discusses chemical dosing requirements and design parameters like retention time. The CETP is presented as an effective way to treat combined wastewater from multiple tanneries to reduce costs and help meet discharge standards.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Sewage and wastewater contain organic and inorganic matter, gases, and microorganisms. The organic matter can undergo aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition occurs in the presence of oxygen and forms stable end products. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and forms gases and simpler compounds. The characteristics of sewage include physical properties like color and temperature, chemical properties like pH and dissolved oxygen, and biological indicators like BOD and COD that measure decomposability. Proper treatment of sewage is necessary to remove pathogens and pollutants before disposal or reuse of water.
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
The document discusses water supply systems including water transmission and distribution. It describes the key components and design considerations for extracting, treating, storing, pumping and conveying water from its source through treatment, transmission, storage, and distribution to end users. The transmission system conveys treated or untreated water from sources to the distribution system through treatment plants and storage reservoirs using pipelines, tunnels, canals or aqueducts. The distribution system then supplies adequate water at sufficient pressure to individual consumers through a pipe network with valves and service connections.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Basic concepts in environmental engineeringjoefreim
Environmental engineering involves applying scientific principles to improve the natural environment for societal benefit. It aims to study both biotic factors like living organisms as well as abiotic factors such as land, water and air, as all components of the environment are interrelated. The document provides an introductory overview of environmental engineering by defining the field, explaining how it combines engineering with environmental concerns, and giving some basic descriptions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on ecology and the environment. It discusses the impact of technology and industrial pollutants on human environments. It also covers environmental impact assessments and sustainable development. Specific types of pollution like air, water, industrial waste, noise, and their controls are examined. The objectives are to increase environmental awareness and reduce health issues.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
Design and analasys of a g+3 residential building using staadgopichand's
This document presents a graduation project analyzing and designing a G+3 residential building using STAAD Pro software. The objectives are to carry out analysis and design of structural elements like slabs, columns, and shear walls and get experience with STAAD Pro and AutoCAD. The project building consists of 3 repeated floors in Hyderabad. The document discusses analyzing loads, modeling the building in STAAD Pro, designing columns, beams, slabs, and foundations, and concludes with the advantages and limitations of using structural analysis software.
1 introduction to environmental engineeringMoudud Hasan
Environmental engineering aims to improve the natural environment by providing healthy resources like water, air, and land for human and other organisms, as well as remediating pollution. It is an interdisciplinary field that integrates natural sciences to understand environmental issues and social sciences to consider human values and behaviors. Some of the major environmental problems discussed are climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and depletion of non-renewable resources like fossil fuels. The document emphasizes that sustainable development is needed to meet current needs without compromising the environment for future generations.
Solution for Introduction to Environment Engineering and Science 3rd edition ...shayangreen
1. This document provides solutions to problems from a solutions manual. It solves problems related to mass balances, kinetics, reactors, and chemical equilibrium.
2. For problem 1.8, it finds the first-order rate constant k for grease removal in a washing machine and calculates the remaining grease after 5 minutes.
3. For problem 1.9, it uses a mass balance around a junction to determine the maximum flow rate Qf that maintains equilibrium concentrations in the streams.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Water pollution can come from various sources including municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste. Key pollutants include organic and inorganic materials, pathogens, excess nutrients, and thermal pollution. This can harm aquatic life and contaminate drinking water sources. Water quality standards and effluent discharge standards aim to classify water purity levels for different uses and limit pollution. Proper treatment and regulation of pollutant sources is needed to protect water resources and public health.
This document discusses water pollution in India. It begins by noting how little of the Earth's water is available as freshwater for human use. It then discusses various sources and causes of water pollution including industrial and domestic waste, agricultural runoff, and thermal pollution from power plants. The effects of water pollution include increased disease, damage to ecosystems and food chains, and eutrophication. Natural processes can partially purify rivers through dilution, sedimentation, oxidation, and reduction with the help of microbes, sunlight, and oxygen. However, factors like temperature, turbulence, flow rate and organic matter levels influence purification. The document concludes by noting the poor state of India's rivers due to various human and religious activities.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies. There are three main types of water pollution: surface water, ground water, and salty water pollution. Water pollution has negative effects like making water unfit for drinking and causing diseases. Various methods can purify water, like filtration, sedimentation, and distillation. The main causes of water pollution are untreated industrial and domestic waste, and agricultural runoff. Preventing water pollution requires treating waste before discharge and following pollution control rules.
Water pollution can originate from point sources like industries or non-point sources like agriculture. Pollutants are classified by their source, nature, concentration, and form. Water quality is assessed using physical, chemical, and biological parameters within standards set by organizations. Increased nutrients can cause eutrophication, lowering dissolved oxygen and harming aquatic life. Various pollutants like pathogens and toxins negatively impact ecosystems and human health. Control requires treatment, reducing runoff and discharges, reuse, and public education.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines water pollution and notes it is a global problem that varies in magnitude and type of pollutant between regions. Water pollutants are divided into 8 categories: sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. The document discusses the sources and impacts of each type of pollutant. The two main sources of water pollution are identified as point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Agriculture is a leading cause of nonpoint source water pollution worldwide.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances enter water bodies, making the water unsuitable for uses like drinking or sustaining aquatic life. It can come from various point sources like industrial and domestic discharges, as well as non-point sources like surface runoff, carrying pollutants from agricultural lands, roads, and other areas. This contamination adversely impacts water quality by increasing turbidity, toxicity, and levels of nutrients, pathogens, and other pollutants. Effective treatment and management of sewage, industrial waste, and other sources of pollution are needed to control water pollution and protect water resources.
This document provides an introduction to aquatic toxicology. It discusses key terms like toxicology, toxicants, pollution, and xenobiotics. It then covers the history of aquatic toxicology, including issues from lead pipes in ancient Rome to industrial pollution in later centuries. Major challenges discussed include oil pollution, chemical dumping, and various classes of water pollutants like sewage, pathogens, and excess sediments.
Water is an essential resource for life but only a tiny fraction of Earth's water is available as freshwater. As populations and demand grow, water scarcity will be a major factor in many countries' economic development. Water pollution from industrial, agricultural and domestic waste threatens available freshwater supplies. Pollution reduces water quality and can have harmful effects from toxic contaminants accumulating up the food chain to widespread impacts like eutrophication which starves aquatic ecosystems of oxygen. Improving sanitation, wastewater treatment, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices can help control water pollution.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Pollutants are physical, chemical, or biological substances that are present in amounts harmful to living organisms. The major classifications of pollutants are:
- Physical (suspended solids, thermal, noise, radiation)
- Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, organic compounds)
- Biological (pathogens, bacteria, viruses)
2. The major sources of surface water pollution are:
- Industrial effluents
- Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides
- Sewage from municipal drains
- Oil spills
- Thermal pollution from power plants
- Solid waste disposal
- Acid mine drainage
3. Eut
The document discusses various water quality parameters including water pollution, water quality standards, and important requirements of water for domestic use. It defines total solids as the total of all solids in a water sample, including total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. It also discusses how total solids are measured by weighing the solids present in a known water sample volume before and after drying to evaporate the water. The document provides classifications of impurities based on size and nature, and describes several common methods for analyzing water quality parameters.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including its definition, sources, parameters used to measure it, and methods for controlling it. Water pollution is defined as contamination that makes water harmful to living organisms. It can originate from point sources like pipes or non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Key parameters for assessing water quality include physical factors like turbidity, chemical measurements like pH levels, and biological indicators like E. coli. The document also covers topics like eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, and steps individuals can take to reduce pollution like proper waste disposal and water conservation.
Water pollution is an increasing problem that threatens human and environmental health. It occurs when harmful substances are added to water bodies in quantities that exceed acceptable levels. Major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, and untreated domestic sewage. This leads to issues like toxic algal blooms, dead zones, contamination of drinking water sources, and impacts on aquatic life. Stronger laws and enforcement, upgraded wastewater treatment, better management of agricultural chemicals, and increased public awareness are needed to reduce water pollution and protect this essential resource.
This ppt. contains water pollution topic. It contains various reason of water pollution. I contains data released in 2018 on water contamination. which agents are involved in pollution of water which can be biological agents, chemical agents, physical agents, etc. It also contains water quality parameters.
This document provides information about water pollution from a lecture on water supply and treatment technology. It defines water pollution and discusses various types of water pollutants including sewage, industrial, agricultural, and physical pollutants. It also describes the sources of water pollution from surface water and groundwater. Finally, it outlines measures to control water pollution including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of sewage as well as other methods like effluent treatment, water recycling, enforcement of acts, and monitoring of water quality.
Water pollution presentation for nerds like you who do not leave their room for hours.
You deserve divine punishment, ediot
We should eat more chicken. And more potato based snacks.
Water quality is determined by physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are important water quality parameters. TSS refers to particles larger than 2 microns that can be filtered out, while TDS are particles smaller than 2 microns. Common sources of TSS and TDS include erosion, pollution, and sediment disruption. High levels can negatively impact water clarity, aquatic life, and taste. TDS is measured through electrical conductivity or gravimetric methods.
The document discusses the definition and types of pollution. It defines pollution as an undesirable change in the environment that harms human or ecosystem health. It then summarizes the main sources and types of pollution, including air, water, soil, and waste pollution. The document also discusses waste generation processes and the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides examples of point and non-point pollution sources. The majority of the document then focuses on defining and describing various forms of water pollution in more detail, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators and impacts.
This document discusses various sources and characteristics of water. It describes rainwater, surface water sources like reservoirs and rivers, and groundwater sources like shallow wells, deep wells, and springs. Key points are that rainwater is the purest source but availability depends on rainfall. Surface water is prone to contamination while groundwater generally requires less treatment but can have high mineral content. Wells tap either shallow or deep groundwater and are classified by construction method. Sanitary wells constructed with proper lining, drainage, and hand pumps can provide safe drinking water.
The document discusses water management and the hydrologic cycle. It describes how water evaporates from oceans, rises through the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, and falls as precipitation over land and into streams, underground, or absorbed by plants. It also discusses water contamination from biological, chemical, and industrial sources, as well as problems like depletion of water tables, pollution, and scarcity. The Philippine Clean Water Act aims to protect water bodies from pollution through multi-sectoral cooperation and enforcement.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
The document discusses the importance of premarital screening or testing before marriage. It explains that premarital screening involves testing prospective spouses for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and compatibility to help ensure a healthy marriage and family. Compatibility is assessed through both traditional Indian kundli matching of astrological charts as well as modern medical testing. While kundli matching provides useful information, medical screening can detect diseases and identify health risks that could impact a couple's well-being and ability to have children. The document recommends couples undergo premarital screening through blood tests, physical exams, and counseling to aid in informed decision making.
A polymath is defined as a person with expertise in various fields of science, humanities, and the arts. Historically, polymaths included great Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Benjamin Franklin who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines. Nowadays, it is difficult to find true polymaths due to the ever-increasing specialization of knowledge. However, the document outlines characteristics of polymaths such as cultivating curiosity, multiple passions and interests, and not worrying about perfection in order to bring back the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded thinker.
Godfather-like figures organize complex crash for cash schemes involving staged, induced, and ghost crashes to fraudulently obtain insurance payouts. They recruit drivers, passengers, and professional enablers like doctors and repair shops to carry out the schemes, which can net up to £30,000 per crash. The schemes cost insurers millions each year and ultimately increase premiums for all policyholders.
The document discusses arguments for and against lowering the minimum voting age. It notes that while most countries have the age set at 18, some have it as low as 16. Advocates argue that 16-year-olds have adult responsibilities and should have a say, and research shows lower ages increase youth participation without lowering vote quality. However, others argue younger people lack maturity. Countries experimenting with lower ages often do so incrementally. Overall it is a complex debate that intersects with issues of children's rights.
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Urban Heat Island Effect occurs when urban areas become significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure that replace open land and vegetation. Impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt absorb and re-emit more solar radiation than natural landscapes, causing surface and ambient air temperatures to increase in cities. Additional factors like reduced evapotranspiration from plants, waste heat from energy usage, and decreased wind speed between buildings exacerbate the higher temperatures. As temperatures rise, greater air conditioning usage produces more waste heat in a self-perpetuating cycle of increasing the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. It involves five main steps - ideation, encoding, transmission, decoding and response. Communication can occur through different levels like interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication. Effective communication requires good command over language and follows certain characteristics. Technical communication is more formal in style and involves technical vocabulary or graphics. It plays a pivotal role in organizations and their success depends on quality information flow. Some important books and Ted talks on developing strong communication skills are also mentioned.
The unethical practice of gift giving to doctors by pharma companiesGAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses the unethical practice of pharmaceutical companies giving gifts to doctors in various countries. It notes that while informing doctors about new drugs is acceptable, gifts can influence prescribing behaviors and create conflicts of interest. Regulations in countries like Bangladesh, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam prohibit or limit such gifts. The document calls for India's government to implement uniform marketing codes for pharmaceutical companies to restrict unethical practices like bribing doctors with foreign trips, phones, or other incentives.
The document discusses the concepts of compassionate cities and urban loneliness. It defines compassion and describes how living alone in cities can cause loneliness, especially among the elderly. It suggests ways for urban planners to address this issue, such as creating more green spaces for social interaction and improving transportation infrastructure to encourage community. The goal is to make cities places where compassion for all residents is a priority and people care for one another's well-being. The Charter for Compassion aims to promote compassion as a core value globally.
Copper has natural antimicrobial properties that have been exploited for centuries. It kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi through mechanisms like oxidative stress and damage to cell membranes and proteins. Recent clinical studies show copper alloys reduce bacterial contamination on high-touch surfaces in hospitals by 90-100% compared to other materials like stainless steel. The EPA has approved copper alloys as antimicrobial materials due to their ability to reduce MRSA and E. coli levels by over 99.9% within 2 hours of contact under laboratory conditions. However, while copper was widely used historically, other modern materials have replaced it despite its benefits for infection control.
The Liuzhou Forest City in China will be the world's first forest city, where all buildings are covered in greenery. Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the city will house 30,000 inhabitants in buildings surrounded by over 40,000 trees and 1 million plants. The extensive greenery is intended to absorb air pollutants and carbon emissions while producing oxygen. In addition to environmental benefits, the forest city aims to be self-sufficient through geothermal and solar energy use. Construction is slated to begin in 2020.
Automotive vehicles are increasingly automated and connected to wireless networks, leaving them vulnerable to remote hacking attacks. Security researchers have demonstrated how hackers could potentially access a vehicle's internal computer systems to disable brakes or engine controls from a distance. Recent studies show many modern vehicles built after 2005 are at risk if automakers do not address vulnerabilities in wireless infotainment and connectivity systems that could allow unauthorized remote access and control over critical functions.
Collusion and Fraud Detection on Electronic Energy Meters GAURAV. H .TANDON
The document discusses collusion and fraud detection related to smart energy meters. It covers topics such as collusion, which involves secret cooperation to deceive others; electricity theft; advanced metering infrastructure; reasons for electricity theft; legal aspects; safety and economic impacts of theft; and techniques for theft. The key points are that collusion aims to limit competition through deception, modern meters allow remote monitoring but lack of trust remains a barrier, and electricity theft endangers safety, harms economics, and is considered a legal issue.
Smart buildings use automated systems and sensors to control operations like HVAC, lighting, and security. However, connecting these systems also introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities. As buildings add more internet-connected devices, they provide more entry points for hackers to potentially access sensitive building systems and data. Cyber criminals are increasingly targeting smart buildings due to their growth and interconnected nature, which could allow access to security cameras, elevators, and other building operations if networks are breached.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...Deepika
Environmental science for Degree ,Engineering and pharmacy background.you can learn about multidisciplinary of nature and Natural resources with notes, examples and studies.
1.What is environmental science and components of environmental science
2. Explain about multidisciplinary of nature.
3. Explain about natural resources and its types
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
The document discuss about the hospital pharmacy and it's organization ,Definition of Hospital pharmacy
,Functions of Hospital pharmacy
,Objectives of Hospital pharmacy
Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
,Personnel and floor space requirements,
Responsibilities and functions of Hospital pharmacist
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
2. Syllabus
• Introduction:
• Quality and Quantity ofWater
• Quality of water: Physical, chemical,
microbiological characteristic, standard limits
for water portability, laboratory analysis,
significance of results w.r.t. waterborne
diseases, other quality parameters – DO, BOD,
COD; stream pollution, Streeter-Phelp’s
equation.
3. Environment
• Environment is Define as “The Complex
of Physical, Chemical & Biotic factors
affecting an organism and ultimately
determining its form and survival” is
known as Environment.
4. Environmental Engineering
• Environmental Engineering is the application of
science and engineering principles to improve the
natural environment (air, water, and/or land
resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for
human habitation (house or home) and for other
organisms, and to remediate polluted sites.
• It involves waste water management and air pollution
control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection,
industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and
public health issues as well as a knowledge of
environmental engineering law. It also includes
studies on the environmental impact of proposed
construction projects.
5. Quality and Quantity of Water
Water Sources
• Water is vital natural resource which forms the basis of all
life. It is the key resource in all economic activity, ranging
from agriculture to industries. With increase in
population there has been a severe stress on water resource.
Water as a resource has many uses like, generation of
electricity, navigation, as a solvent for many chemicals, and
the most important use is for drinking.
• Thus sustainment of a civilization depends upon continuous
supply and good quality of water. Thus water as a natural
resource should be conserved and effectively use in order to
prevent shortage of water resources
7. Water Resources
Surface Source
• The Source of water is to be finalized based upon
the Quality and Quantity of Water available
• Seawater: Seawater is water from a sea or
ocean. On average, seawater in the world's
oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%. This means
that every kilogram, or every liter, of seawater
has approximately 35 grams. Thus Sea
water cannot be used as potable source of
water.
9. Water Resources
• River: A River is a natural watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea
or another river. In a few cases, a river simply
flows into the ground or dries up completely
before reaching another body of water. Rivers have
been used as a source of water, for obtaining
food, for transport, as a defensive measure, as a
source of hydropower to drive machinery, for
bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.
11. Water Resources
• Pond: A natural large sized depression formed on
the surface of the earth, when gets filled up
with water is known as a pond or a lake. If the
size of depression is small, it is termed as a pond
and when the size is large it may be termed as
lake.
• Stream: Stream is a flowing body of water with a
current, confined within a bed and stream
banks. Streams are important as conduits in the
water cycle, instruments in groundwater
recharge.
15. Water Resources
• Aquifer: An aquifer is an underground
layer of water-bearing permeable rock or
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt,
or clay) from which groundwater can be
usefully extracted using a water well.
17. Sub Surface Sources
• Open Wells: Smaller amount of water has
been utilized from ancient times by open
wells generally the quantity of water from
open well is about 1-5 liters per second and
the diameter of open well is about 2-9 m and
the depth is up to 20 m . The yield of an open
well is limited as the well can be excavated
up to a very limited depth . It can be used as a
source of water for a small community like
a village.
19. Sub Surface Sources
• Quality; the quality of ground water is
generally good except the presence of some
unwanted mineral and salts at some places.
To obtain large discharges tube wells which is
a long pipe or a tube, is bored or drilled deep
into the ground, intercepting one or more
water bearing stratum the quantity of
water available from tube well is of order of
200 to 220 l/sec. the depth of tube well
ranges from 70 m to 300 m. the diameter of
tube well is 0.5 to 0.6 m.
21. Water Resources
• Springs: The natural outflow of ground water
at the earths surface is said to be spring. A
pervious layer sandwiched between two
impervious layer, give rise to natural
spring The springs are generally capable of
supplying small amount of water, and are
therefore not considered as a source of
supply.
23. Water Resources
• Infiltration Galleries: Infiltration galleries are
horizontal and nearly horizontal tunnel
constructed at shallow depth along the bank of
river through the water bearing strata.
Infiltration wells are shallow wells constructed
along the banks of the river in order to collect
the river water seeping through their bottom.
• These wells are constructed of brick masonry
with open joints. They are generally covered at
the top and kept open at the bottom
26. Water Pollution
• Water Pollution: Water Pollution can be defined
as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of water through natural or
human activities and making it unsuitable for
its designated use.
• Fresh Water present on the earth surface is
put to many uses. It is used for drinking,
domestic and municipal uses, agricultural,
irrigation, industries, navigation, recreation.
The used water becomes contaminated and is
called waste water.
27. Impurities In water
• Following are the commonly found impurities in water.
• Undesirable chemical constituents- Organic (e.g., Benzene,
Carbon Tetrachloride, Cis-1,2-Dichlorethylene, Styrene etc..)
and Inorganic (e.g., chloride, sulphate, iron, manganese,
sodium, Total hardness and total dissolved solids
• Toxic constituents (typical, not complete list) - nitrate, arsenic,
chromium, lead, cyanide, copper, phenols, dissolved mercury.
• Undesirable physical characteristics - taste, color and odour.
• Pesticides and herbicides - chlorinated hydrocarbons and others
• Radioactive materials - various forms of radioactivity
• Biological - bacteria, viruses, parasites and so on
• Acid (low pH) or caustic (high pH).
28. Quality of Water
• Parameters of water which are required to be
tested for determining the quality of water
can be divided into
• Physical
• Chemical
• Microbiological
29. Quality of Water
• Physical Parameters: It includes turbidity,
taste, colour, odour, temperature.
• Turbidity: It is the large amount of suspended
matter such as clay, silt, some other finely
divided organic matter present in the
water, it will appear to be muddy or
cloudy or turbid in appearance.
• Turbidity is measured by turbid meter and is
expressed in mg/l
30. Turbidity
• It is the large amount of
suspended matter such as clay,
silt, some other finely divided
organic matter present in the
water, it will appear to be
muddy or cloudy or turbid in
appearance.
• Turbidity is measured by
turbid meter and is expressed
in mg/l
31. Quality of Water
• Colour: Dissolved organic matter from
decaying vegetation or some inorganic
materials such as colored soils, may impart color
to water. The excessive growth of algae also
may impart color to the water. The presence
of color in water is not objectionable from
health point of view, but may spoil the color of
clothes being washed in it color of water is
measured by Hazens unit It should not exceed 5
and should be less than 25.
32. Color
• Dissolved organic matter from
decaying vegetation or some
inorganic materials such as
colored soils, may impart color to
water. The excessive growth of
algae also may impart color to the
water. The presence of color in
water is not objectionable from
health point of view, but may spoil
the color of clothes being washed
in it
• Color of water is measured by
Hazens unit It should not exceed 5
and should be less than 25
33. Quality of Water
• Taste And Odour : The dissolved organic matter,
inorganic salts, or dissolved gases may impart tastes
and odours to the water, which generally occurs
together. Taste and odour may be due to presence of
dissolved gases such as H2S, CH4, CO2, O2, etc.. Some
mineral substances like Iron, sulphates, may impart
taste to water. For drinking purpose water should
not contain any undesirable taste and odour.
Taste of water should be agreeable to the
consumers And odour of water is measured in
terms of threshold odour number. For public supplies
threshold odour no should be 1 and should not
exceed 3.
34. Quality of Water
• Temperature: Temperature of water has no
practical significance however temperature
of water should be above 10 0 c while
temperature above 25 0 C are considered as
objectionable.
35. Quality of Water
• Chemical Parameters:
• It includes,
• Solids ( Suspended, Dissolved, Volatile)
• Hardness
• Chlorides
• pH
• Dissolved gases like Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen sulphide.
• Nitrogen compound like Nitrates, Nitrites.
• Metals and other in organic substance like
fluoride, iron, and manganese, lead, Arsenic, Iodide,
Cadmium.
36. Total Solids and Suspended Solids
• Total solids and suspended solids: The total
amount of solids can be determined by
evaporating a measured sample of water and
weighing the dry residue left. The suspended
solids can be determined by filtering the
water sample and weighing the residue left
on the filter paper. The difference between the
total solids and the suspended solids will be
the dissolved solids.
38. pH of Water
• pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration present in water. The higher
values of pH mean lower hydrogen ion
concentrations and thus represent alkaline water
and vice versa. The neutral water has same
number of H+ and OH– ions. The concentration
of both ions in neutral water is 10–7 moles per
liter. The neutral water will therefore possess a
pH equal to
• log10 (1/H+) = log10 (1/10–7) = log10 107 = 7
40. Hardness of water
• Hardness in water prevents the formation of
sufficient foam when used with soap. It is
caused by certain dissolved salts of calcium
and magnesium which form scum with soap
and reduce the formation of foam which
helps in removing the dirt from clothes. These
salts keep on depositing on the surface of
boilers and thus form a layer known as scale
which reduces the efficiency of the boilers.
41. Hardness of water
• The hardness is known as temporary hardness if
it is due to the bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium as this can be easily removed by
boiling water or adding lime to it.
• By boiling the carbon dioxide gas escapes and
the insoluble carbonates are deposited (which
cause scaling). If sulphates, chlorides and
nitrates are present they cannot be easily
removed by boiling and so such water requires
water softening methods and this type of
hardness is known as permanent hardness.
43. Chlorides
• Chlorides are generally present in water in the form
of sodium chloride and their concentration above
250 mg/l produces a salty taste in drinking water.
The chlorides can be measured in water by titrating
the water with standard silver nitrate solution using
potassium chromate as indicator.
45. Nitrogen Content
• The nitrogen in water may occur in one or more forms
of
• the following:
(a) Free ammonia
(b) Albuminoid nitrogen
(c) Nitrites
(d) Nitrates
• The free ammonia indicates very fast stage of
decomposition of organic matter
• (thus indicating fresh pollution); albuminoid nitrogen
represents the quantity of nitrogen present in water
before the decomposition of organic matter has started
46. Nitrogen Content
• The nitrites indicate the partly decomposed
organic matter (the con-tinuation of
decomposition) and the nitrates indicate the
presence of fully oxidized organic matter
(means the prior pollution condition). In
potable water the free ammonia
(undecomposed organic matter should not be
more than 0.15 ppm, and the albuminoidal
nitrogen should not be more than 0.3 ppm.
47. Nitrogen Content
• The nitrogen may remain in the form of nitrates
but that too should not be more than 45 ppm as
a higher concentration causes blue baby disease
in the infants. Actually the nitrates act with the
hemoglobin in the blood (which imparts red
colour) and reduce it thus converting the colour
of skin to blue (impure blood) and thus making
them ill and in extreme cases they can die.
Nitrate is measured either by reduction to
ammonia or by matching the colours produced
with phenoldisulphonic acid.
49. Quality of Water
Microbiological Parameters
• It Includes various microorganisms i.e.
bacteria, virus, protozoa, worms, present in
water it may be pathogenic or non pathogenic
52. Water Quality Standards
• The definition of water quality depends on the
intended use of the water which may be either
human consumption or it may be for industries,
irrigation, recreation etc..
• Depending upon the proposed use of water,
certain water quality criteria are established and
based on these criteria quality standards are specified
by health and other regulation agencies.
• Different types of uses require different level of water
purity.
• Drinking water requires highest standard of purity
53. Water Pollution
• Pure Water:- Pure water is that water which
contains only two parts of hydrogen and one
part of oxygen.
• Pure water is a water from a source that has
removed all impurities.
• Distilled water is the most common form of
pure water.
• Pure water can be used for cooking, drinking,
scientific studies and laboratories.
54. Distilled Water
• Distilled pure water is the water that is
produced by distillation, this water is boiled
and the stream is then condensed into a
container to get distilled water.
55. De-Ionized Water
• De-ionized water is the cheaper imitation of
distilled water. This type of pure water is
obtained by removing all the mineral, ions
such as calcium, copper and iron.
• The deionization process is a physical process
that uses ion-exchange resins that removes
the mineral salts from water.
56. Wholesome Water
• Water which is fit to use for drinking,
cooking, food preparation or washing without
any potential danger to human health.
• In other words, wholesome water is that
water which is not chemically pure, but does
not contain any thing which can be harmful
to human health.
57. Palatable Water
• The water which is tasteful for drinking and
aesthetically pure, is known as “ Palatable
water”.
58. Potable Water
• The water which is suitable for public water
supply is known as potable water.
• The water which has both the characteristics
i.e. of ‘wholesome water’ and ‘palatable water’
is known as potable water.
59. Polluted Water
• The water which consists of undesirable
substances which make it unfit for drinking
and domestic use, is known as ‘ Polluted
Water’.
60. Contaminated Water
• The Water containing Pathogenic organisms
is called as “ Contaminated Water”.
• The contaminated water is also polluted but
the polluted water may not be contaminated.
61. Effluent
• Effluent is an outflow of water from a natural
body of water or from human made structure.
• Effluent as defined by USEPA “ Waste water
treated or untreated- that flows out of a
treatment plant, sewer or industrial outfall
generally refers to wastes discharged into
surface waters.
62. Water Quality
• Water quality is the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water. It is a
measure of the condition of water relative to
the requirements of any human need or
purpose.
63. Water Pollution
• Water Pollution can be defined as alteration in
physical, chemical, or biological characteristics
of water through natural or human activities and
making it unsuitable for its designated use.
• Fresh Water present on the earth surface is put
to many uses. It is used for drinking, domestic
and municipal uses, agricultural, irrigation,
industries, navigation, recreation. The used water
becomes contaminated and is called waste water.
75. Water Borne Diseases and Their
Control.
• Water Borne Diseases: Water borne
diseases are those diseases which spread
primarily through contaminated water; and
the water borne diseases are as follows;
• 1) Diseases caused by bacterial infections:
• Typhoid fever and Paratyphoid fever ( caused
by salmonella typhi bacteria)
• Cholera (caused by vibrio-cholerae bacteria)
• Bacilllary dysentery * (caused by shiga
bacillus or flexner-bacillus, or sonne bacilus)
78. Water Borne Diseases and Their
Control.
2) Diseases caused by viral infections:
Infectious hepatitis or infectious jaundice
(caused by hepatitis virus).
Poliomyelitis (caused by polio virus)
3) Diseases caused by Protozoal infections:
Amoebic dysentry(caused by entamoeba
hystolytic germ)
88. Preventive Measures to Control Water
Borne Diseases
• All these water borne diseases are infectious
diseases in the sense that although they may
also spread through direct contact, or
through flies or filth, etc.; yet since water is
the main and prime media responsible for
the start and spread of these diseases they are
termed as water borne diseases.
• Since all these water borne diseases are
infectious, the person attending the patient
suffering from any of these diseases is liable
to be infected and get the disease.
89. Preventive Measures to Control Water
Borne Diseases
In order to prevent the spread of water borne diseases the
following preventive and precautionary measures are
recommended;
(1) The water supplies of the town or city must be
thoroughly checked and disinfected before supplying to the
public. The supplies of the existing hand pumps or wells in the
city also be checked and remedial measures taken, where
necessary, so as to make them safe and wholesome.
(2) The water pipe lines should be frequently tested, checked and
inspected, so as to detect any leakage and possible source of
contamination from nearby surroundings.
(3) While laying or designing sewer line the water
distribution system, attempts should be made as to keep the sewer
and water line as far as possible.
90. Preventive Measures to Control Water
Borne Diseases
(4) The general habit of cleanliness must be
inculcated among the people. People should not be
allowed to urinate and defecate as and where desired.
(5) In times of rains or floods peoples must be
instructed to use boiled water. In such circumstances
extra dose of chlorine must be added to the supplies.
(6) As soon as some cases of water borne diseases are
reported, the people must on large scale be quickly
inoculated and immunized against that disease.
91. Important Questions
• State the physical and chemical characteristics of water
and describe in detail any two physical and chemical
characteristics.
• Explain the term hardness of water, and classify the
same. Why hardness is determined for source water?
• Enumerate different types of microbes and draw the
microbial growth curve stating its all components.
• What are the sources of water? Describe the
different impurities present in water with particle size
distribution.
92. Important Questions
• Enlist different physical and chemical characteristics
of water and wastewater and discuss their
environmental significance.
• Describe role of microbes in the environment.
• State various types of microbes and describe growth of
microbes.