The document provides a report from a 15 day in-plant training at a construction site for the Esthell Residential Complex and Mall project, detailing daily activities observed like shuttering, concreting, and reinforcement work. It also includes information about the project details like dimensions, materials used, and an assignment on honeycombing defects in concrete. The training gave insights into various construction processes and techniques used at the site.
Thank you for the presentation on scaffolding. I learned about the different types of scaffolds used in construction such as brick-layer's scaffolds, mason's scaffolds, steel scaffolds, needle scaffolds, and wooden scaffolds. Each type has a specific design and use depending on the construction needs. Proper scaffolding is important for safely supporting workers and materials during building.
This document describes the construction process and technology used to cast concrete beams for Do Vang Bridge on scaffolding. Key steps include:
1) Constructing steel scaffolding and formworks to support the casting of each concrete beam segment.
2) Installing reinforcement cages, ducts for prestressing cables, and bearings before pouring concrete.
3) Segmentally constructing each beam by casting concrete sections supported by scaffolding, then moving the scaffolding to begin the next section.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
Thank you for the presentation on scaffolding. I learned about the different types of scaffolds used in construction such as brick-layer's scaffolds, mason's scaffolds, steel scaffolds, needle scaffolds, and wooden scaffolds. Each type has a specific design and use depending on the construction needs. Proper scaffolding is important for safely supporting workers and materials during building.
This document describes the construction process and technology used to cast concrete beams for Do Vang Bridge on scaffolding. Key steps include:
1) Constructing steel scaffolding and formworks to support the casting of each concrete beam segment.
2) Installing reinforcement cages, ducts for prestressing cables, and bearings before pouring concrete.
3) Segmentally constructing each beam by casting concrete sections supported by scaffolding, then moving the scaffolding to begin the next section.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
This document discusses different types of building structures: load bearing, framed, and composite. Load bearing structures transfer loads directly to the foundation through walls. The walls are the main load-carrying members, so if a wall collapses the whole structure is at risk. Framed structures are more stable as they transfer loads through beams and columns to the foundation, with non-load bearing walls for cladding. Questions are provided about designing load bearing and reinforced concrete framed structures for bungalows with specific room requirements, including plans, elevations, sections and schedules.
Formwork for Bridge and Centering Of ArchYash Patel
This document discusses different types of formwork and centering used in bridge construction. It describes centering for arches, including factors to consider like arch shape, span and thickness. Big arches may use timber truss, trestle or steel truss centering. Falsework supports arch structures during construction and consists of foundation pads, corbels, beams and posts. Slip formwork is an economical system for vertical structures like piers using sheathing, wales, yokes and scaffolds that eliminates joints and allows speedy construction.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
port scaffolding & formwork
peri formwork & scaffolding
mgs scaffolding and formworks
peri formwork scaffolding engineering
nippon scaffolding & formworks corp
construction formwork
khk scaffolding & formwork
concrete form scaffolding
Formwork is a temporary structure used to contain wet concrete until it is cured sufficiently to stand on its own. It supports the concrete and maintains its shape. Common materials used are timber, plywood and steel. Formwork must be strong, rigid, braced and water tight. It supports live and dead loads and maintains shape during construction. Formwork is designed based on the type and location of concrete element being cast. Proper formwork design and construction is important for safety and to produce high quality concrete surfaces.
aluminum scaffolding
scaffolding wikipedia
types of scaffolding pictures
types of scaffolding
scaffolding components diagram
type of scaffolding in construction
mason scaffolding diagrams
types of masonry scaffolding
scaffold parts diagram
parts of scaffolding system
types of scaffolding systems
types of scaffolding systems
scaffolding types with diagram
scaffolding types & design
scaffolding types construction
baker type scaffolding
types of masonry scaffolding
types of scaffolds in education
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Formwork is used to shape and support concrete until it gains strength. It can be made from various materials like timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, and plastics. Timber was traditionally most common but other materials are increasingly used. Different types of formwork exist for walls, slabs, columns, etc. Proper formwork construction involves propping, shuttering, providing chambers, cleaning, and surface treatment. Formwork must be removed carefully in the proper sequence once the concrete has gained enough strength. The type of material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and need for reuse.
Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldingsHamdija Velagic
This document provides information about formwork, scaffolding, shoring, and underpinning. It defines each construction technique and describes the typical components and uses. Formwork supports wet concrete until it cures and is used for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. Scaffolding provides temporary work platforms at different heights using standards, ledgers, and boards. Shoring supports unsafe structures using horizontal, vertical, or inclined bracing. Underpinning strengthens foundations by installing supports beneath them.
This document provides information on roof construction, industrialized building systems, and precast roof systems. It discusses coated fiberglass membrane roofs, precast concrete walls, beams, columns, flooring, and staircases. Precast concrete is described as having advantages like ease of installation, consistent quality, and reduced weather dependency compared to site-cast construction. Details and specifications are given for various precast structural and envelope elements. The document serves as a reference for a student project on advanced roof systems and industrialized building techniques.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
Krishna final overall ppt (2) eccentrically loaded masonry wallskrishna
The document discusses experimental tests conducted on full-scale masonry walls to evaluate stress reduction factors under axial and eccentric loading. Tests were conducted on bricks, mortar, masonry prisms and two axially loaded walls and two eccentrically loaded walls. Stress reduction factors were computed using a secant formula and compared to code provisions. The stress reduction factor obtained from experiments was 0.40, which compared reasonably well with Eurocode and British code provisions but not with the Indian code.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
formwork centering and scaffolding by khalid shaikh khalid
This document discusses different types of scaffolding and formwork used in construction. It outlines four major types of scaffolding - brick-layer scaffolding, mason's scaffolding, needle scaffolding, and steel scaffolding. It also discusses different materials used for formwork like timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum and their advantages. Centering is defined as the part of formwork that supports horizontal surfaces like beam bottoms and slabs.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
La ley general de la educación en México establece 8 capítulos con el fin de regular la educación en el país. El primer capítulo habla sobre las disposiciones generales de la educación en los estados y municipios. El segundo capítulo trata sobre el federalismo educativo y la distribución de recursos. El tercer capítulo se enfoca en proveer educación con equidad e inclusión para todos los estudiantes. Los siguientes capítulos describen los requisitos para escuelas privadas, la validez de estudios, la participación de padres, y las sanciones
Este documento anuncia la nueva edición del concurso "Mejores Iniciativas TICs del Ecuador 2013", organizado por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra y la Sociedad de Internet de Ecuador, para seleccionar y premiar las mejores iniciativas ecuatorianas en áreas como e-educación, e-salud, e-gobierno, entre otras. Las iniciativas interesadas pueden postularse enviando información a info@isoc.org.ec antes del 30 de junio. Luego, un jurado seleccionará
This document discusses different types of building structures: load bearing, framed, and composite. Load bearing structures transfer loads directly to the foundation through walls. The walls are the main load-carrying members, so if a wall collapses the whole structure is at risk. Framed structures are more stable as they transfer loads through beams and columns to the foundation, with non-load bearing walls for cladding. Questions are provided about designing load bearing and reinforced concrete framed structures for bungalows with specific room requirements, including plans, elevations, sections and schedules.
Formwork for Bridge and Centering Of ArchYash Patel
This document discusses different types of formwork and centering used in bridge construction. It describes centering for arches, including factors to consider like arch shape, span and thickness. Big arches may use timber truss, trestle or steel truss centering. Falsework supports arch structures during construction and consists of foundation pads, corbels, beams and posts. Slip formwork is an economical system for vertical structures like piers using sheathing, wales, yokes and scaffolds that eliminates joints and allows speedy construction.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
port scaffolding & formwork
peri formwork & scaffolding
mgs scaffolding and formworks
peri formwork scaffolding engineering
nippon scaffolding & formworks corp
construction formwork
khk scaffolding & formwork
concrete form scaffolding
Formwork is a temporary structure used to contain wet concrete until it is cured sufficiently to stand on its own. It supports the concrete and maintains its shape. Common materials used are timber, plywood and steel. Formwork must be strong, rigid, braced and water tight. It supports live and dead loads and maintains shape during construction. Formwork is designed based on the type and location of concrete element being cast. Proper formwork design and construction is important for safety and to produce high quality concrete surfaces.
aluminum scaffolding
scaffolding wikipedia
types of scaffolding pictures
types of scaffolding
scaffolding components diagram
type of scaffolding in construction
mason scaffolding diagrams
types of masonry scaffolding
scaffold parts diagram
parts of scaffolding system
types of scaffolding systems
types of scaffolding systems
scaffolding types with diagram
scaffolding types & design
scaffolding types construction
baker type scaffolding
types of masonry scaffolding
types of scaffolds in education
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Formwork is used to shape and support concrete until it gains strength. It can be made from various materials like timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, and plastics. Timber was traditionally most common but other materials are increasingly used. Different types of formwork exist for walls, slabs, columns, etc. Proper formwork construction involves propping, shuttering, providing chambers, cleaning, and surface treatment. Formwork must be removed carefully in the proper sequence once the concrete has gained enough strength. The type of material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and need for reuse.
Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldingsHamdija Velagic
This document provides information about formwork, scaffolding, shoring, and underpinning. It defines each construction technique and describes the typical components and uses. Formwork supports wet concrete until it cures and is used for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. Scaffolding provides temporary work platforms at different heights using standards, ledgers, and boards. Shoring supports unsafe structures using horizontal, vertical, or inclined bracing. Underpinning strengthens foundations by installing supports beneath them.
This document provides information on roof construction, industrialized building systems, and precast roof systems. It discusses coated fiberglass membrane roofs, precast concrete walls, beams, columns, flooring, and staircases. Precast concrete is described as having advantages like ease of installation, consistent quality, and reduced weather dependency compared to site-cast construction. Details and specifications are given for various precast structural and envelope elements. The document serves as a reference for a student project on advanced roof systems and industrialized building techniques.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
Krishna final overall ppt (2) eccentrically loaded masonry wallskrishna
The document discusses experimental tests conducted on full-scale masonry walls to evaluate stress reduction factors under axial and eccentric loading. Tests were conducted on bricks, mortar, masonry prisms and two axially loaded walls and two eccentrically loaded walls. Stress reduction factors were computed using a secant formula and compared to code provisions. The stress reduction factor obtained from experiments was 0.40, which compared reasonably well with Eurocode and British code provisions but not with the Indian code.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
formwork centering and scaffolding by khalid shaikh khalid
This document discusses different types of scaffolding and formwork used in construction. It outlines four major types of scaffolding - brick-layer scaffolding, mason's scaffolding, needle scaffolding, and steel scaffolding. It also discusses different materials used for formwork like timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum and their advantages. Centering is defined as the part of formwork that supports horizontal surfaces like beam bottoms and slabs.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
La ley general de la educación en México establece 8 capítulos con el fin de regular la educación en el país. El primer capítulo habla sobre las disposiciones generales de la educación en los estados y municipios. El segundo capítulo trata sobre el federalismo educativo y la distribución de recursos. El tercer capítulo se enfoca en proveer educación con equidad e inclusión para todos los estudiantes. Los siguientes capítulos describen los requisitos para escuelas privadas, la validez de estudios, la participación de padres, y las sanciones
Este documento anuncia la nueva edición del concurso "Mejores Iniciativas TICs del Ecuador 2013", organizado por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra y la Sociedad de Internet de Ecuador, para seleccionar y premiar las mejores iniciativas ecuatorianas en áreas como e-educación, e-salud, e-gobierno, entre otras. Las iniciativas interesadas pueden postularse enviando información a info@isoc.org.ec antes del 30 de junio. Luego, un jurado seleccionará
El documento presenta información sobre la evolución del libro a través de la historia. Comienza describiendo que el primer libro fue creado por los sumerios en el siglo IV a.C. y consistía en tablillas de arcilla con signos escritos. Luego señala que la Biblia fue el primer libro traducido a nivel mundial y que los antecedentes de la imprenta moderna se encuentran en la antigua Roma. Menciona a Johannes Gutenberg como el impresor alemán que ideó el procedimiento de impresión con caracteres móv
En APNI tenemos muchas oportunidades en las que puedes aportar tus destrezas y habilidades
Como parte de nuestra plataforma, contamos con diferentes programas en los que puedes participar en calidad de voluntario.
Dance is an art form that uses body movement, usually with music, as a form of expression, social interaction, and entertainment or for artistic or religious purposes. It involves movement in space using the whole body or a part of it with a certain rhythm and tempo to express individual feelings or symbols of culture and society. The history of dance studies its evolution over time, from prehistory when humans felt the need for physical communication through rhythmic movements expressing emotions and moods, which also served to ritualize important events. Initially, dance had a ritual component, celebrated in fertility, hunting or war ceremonies, or of various religious nature, where breathing and heartbeats provided an early cadence to dance.
An electrician can enhance a property in several ways:
1. They can update security systems, install lighting, and set up backup generators.
2. They can rewire a home or business to improve safety and efficiency.
3. Regular maintenance and upgrades help ensure electrical systems meet code standards.
The document discusses topics covered in an SQL Server Optimizer seminar, including:
- Optimizer limitations with filtered indexes and how redundant predicates may be needed.
- Forcing parallel query execution plans and actions that force serial plans.
- Statistics on ascending columns and how trace flags can address problems on large tables.
The document provides conclusions and key points from demos on each topic. It outlines an agenda for the seminar with times for presentations, breaks, and questions.
Este documento es un compromiso firmado por un aprendiz del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA) en Colombia para cumplir con 15 puntos como parte de su formación, incluyendo asistir a todas las actividades programadas, usar uniforme cuando sea requerido, cuidar las instalaciones de SENA, respetar a otros estudiantes y mantener actualizados sus datos personales.
Kővágószőlős Község Önkormányzat Képviselő-testületének 3/2016. (I. 19.)
önkormányzati rendelete
a nem közművel összegyűjtött háztartási szennyvíz begyűjtésére vonatkozó
kötelező helyi közszolgáltatásról
El documento define los alimentos transgénicos como organismos creados artificialmente mediante la manipulación genética para transferir genes entre especies. Menciona algunos ejemplos como el maíz transgénico cultivado en España que produce insecticidas naturales. Explica brevemente los pros y contras de los alimentos transgénicos y la situación actual de la agricultura intensiva, señalando posibles efectos negativos en el medio ambiente y la salud. Finalmente, comenta que empresas como Monsanto solicitan permisos para cultivos transgénic
This powerpoint is about some basics of West Virginia, like the state bird and motto, the capital, and some tourist attractions. Done by Callie Miller and Brooke Mullhausen.
This site visit report summarizes Ng Bee Yee's visit to a construction site in Bandar Bukit Raja, Selangor. The objectives of the visit were to understand construction processes, identify building materials and technologies used, and observe construction equipment. Key activities included examining the construction of columns and beams through reinforced concrete formwork and placement of rebar. Temporary structures, cranes, and other machinery used to facilitate efficient construction were also documented. The report concludes that the hands-on experience of a site visit provided valuable practical learning that enhanced understanding beyond classroom theories.
This document provides an overview of prefabricated wall panels. It discusses the history and evolution of prefabricated construction, the key features of prefabricated wall panels including their advantages of faster construction and quality control. It also describes different types of precast components like concrete wall panels, beams, slabs, their uses and properties. The document outlines the equipment used in precast construction like cranes and concludes with defining structural elements like beams and slabs.
This document describes a group project to design a temporary bus shelter. It includes the design concept, massing, considerations, development, drawings, specifications, material analysis, joints, construction progress, loads and forces analysis, and photos of the final model. The design uses lightweight and removable materials like timber for the structure and polycarbonate for the roof. It is designed to accommodate 5-6 passengers and protect them from weather.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
The document provides details about the Structural Design and Drawing course CE8703 taught at Vivekanandha College of Technology for Women. It includes the course objectives, units covered, outcomes, design and drawing exercises, textbooks and code books referenced. The key topics covered in the course are design and drawing of retaining walls, flat slabs, bridges, liquid storage structures, industrial structures, girders and connections. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of structural engineering design principles and skills to design and draw various reinforced concrete and steel structures.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built in 1943, it was the third longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses mild steel and has a main span of 1663 feet, with a total length of over 2300 feet.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document discusses the components and process of estimating the costs for a post-tension slab-on-grade foundation. It covers calculating quantities and costs for excavation, forming, post-tension tendons, concrete, and other materials. Key steps include calculating cubic yards for excavation and concrete, converting square footage of forms to board feet, and taking off post-tension tendons by the linear foot and converting to pounds. Proper concrete mix design, placement, finishing, and curing are also important to consider in the estimate.
This is the study of industrial building which includes : Pre- engineered buildings, PEB, Concrete buildings, Portal frames, decking and flooring, sheeting and trimming, turbo air ventilators, etc.
This document discusses pile foundations and pile driving techniques. It begins with an introduction to deep foundations and classifications of deep foundations such as piles, piers, caissons, and sheet piles. It then focuses on pile foundations, describing their uses to transfer loads through soft soils or at required depths. The document classifies piles based on their mode of construction, material, function, shape, and size. It also discusses common pile installation methods like driving piles using hammers or boring piles using mechanical augers. Drop hammers and single/double-acting hammers are described as common techniques for pile driving.
This document discusses key considerations for earthquake-resistant building design. It recommends symmetrical building plans and structures, avoiding open ground used for parking, and limiting heavy masses like swimming pools at the top. It also discusses materials selection, ductility, load path design, seismic resistance techniques like bracing and shear walls, and structural systems like shear walls, braced tubes, and bundled tubes that enhance earthquake resistance. In conclusion, earthquake design is especially important for tall buildings and structures at risk, with modern constructions requiring strict factor safety for the entire building.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
The document provides information about various building components including lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It describes 6 different types of lintels - stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. It also discusses arches and their classification based on material, shape, and number of centers. Additionally, it covers vaults like barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it summarizes the different parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and half turn stairs.
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
1) The student visited a construction site to gain hands-on experience in measuring and understanding construction processes.
2) At the site, the contractor briefed the students and guided them around to explain the construction work, including the process of constructing pad footings using formwork, reinforcement bars, and concrete.
3) The student observed and documented various building materials used - including the concrete mix, reinforcement bars, and timber formwork system. Photos were also included in the report.
This document summarizes a student's report on a construction site visit. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and details of the site visit. The content section describes observations made at the site, including the type of foundation (bored pile), reinforced concrete grades used, and photos taken. It concludes that the visit provided valuable practical knowledge and insights into construction that supplements classroom learning. The site visit enhanced the student's understanding of construction site operations and safety.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals who supported and guided interns during their internship at Paragon Constructors. It then outlines details about the stakeholders in the Emaar Giga Coral Towers project, including the project client, contractor, and consultant. It proceeds to describe Paragon Constructors, Emaar, and Nespak and their roles. It concludes by describing the 18 day construction cycle for each floor of the towers, including formwork, reinforcement, concreting, and other activities.
2. IN PLANT TRAINING: REPORT
Name of student: Gayatri Ramdas
University: Amrita School of Engineering
Course: Civil III B.Tech
Doing In-Plant Training at Coromandel Engineering for 15 days (05/06/2014 to 19/06/2014)
Site –Esthell Homes, Velachery, Chennai
Project Name - Esthell Residential Complex and Mall
Client - Esthell Homes
Contractor - Coromandel Engineering
Architect - Cheralathan Associates
HR Manager - Mr Vivekanand
Type - Residential + Mall
Residential complex – 3 basements + 13 floors + terrace floor
Mall – 4 basements + 5 floors
Type of foundation - Raft foundation
Type of structure - RCC
Excavation depth - 11.05m
Scope - contractor: civil work only (along with providing the labour force with
electricity and water)
client : cement, steel, RMC
Project Value - Rs 29,88,29,929
3. Day 1: 05/06/2014
1. Introduction to staff members
2. Reading the work order; and terms and conditions of contractor’s work
3. Viva (on site-related topics in survey, construction materials, building technology)
4. Site. Saw the shoring works and shuttering of columns in the basement
Day 2: 06/06/2014
1. Erection of wall shuttering. Inclined shoring observed.
2. Erection of columns formwork in grid 53 (basement). Waterproofing materials already
included
3. Observed starting of scaffolding.
4. Cube test (compressive strength test)
- observed and noted down the values of the compressive strength of three M40 cubes
(150x150x150 mm3
)
5. Placement of one way slabs in the basement floor
Day 3: 07/06/2014
1. Calculated area of shuttering and volume of concrete used in rafts and columns.
2. Learnt to read the drawing plan of the given floor (AutoDesk product)
3. Concreting of columns
4. Removal of column shuttering in the basement floor
5. Curing carried out
Day 4: 09/06/2014
1. Learnt to calculate area of shuttering of walls and slabs.
2. Observed concreting of columns
3. Found out the unit weights of steel rods used in the site (dia – 8,10,12,16,20,25mm)
Cube Weight (kg) Load (kN) Strength (N/mm2
)
1. 8.58 630 28
2. 8.46 610 27.11
3. 8.44 750 33.33
4. 4. Calculated volume of concrete required for the retaining wall
5. Solved problems
Day 5: 10/06/2014
Not much work done at site, due to rains.
Calculated shuttering area of raft and columns and slabs. Also the weight of reinforcement for raft
(outer and inner)
Day 6: 11/06/2014
1. Started at the foundation, made the following observations:
It is a raft foundation (dia of steel rods used is 25mm. The columns start from the raft and go
on all the way up to through the floor levels. The reinforcement (dia of the steel rods)
reduces with increase in height. So it reduces every three floors
2. Columns:
A starter box is initially made (it is the base of the column) and from this starter box, the
steel rods (they are generally 12m long, can be cut to the desired length accordingly) are
placed and the column is gradually built. Stirrups are also placed (to prevent diagonal tensile
forces) one, two or three stirrups can be used in one go, overlapping each other. The leg
count is nothing but the number of overlapped layers.
Column offset drawings - done by the surveyor initially and this marks the places where the
columns are to be built. The positions are marked woth the help pf a total station and then
the offset drawings are made.
Column curtailment (CC) - the reinforcement decreases as we go upwards and sometimes,
so do the number of columns. So suppose we don’t need a column in a particular floor, then
we take the reinforcement that comes through (from the column in the lower floor) and we
bend it and join it to the slab. This is called column curtailing
Floating Columns (FC) - this is just the opposite of curtailed columns. If we need a new
column in a floor, then we start new reinforcements from the floor slab and take it upwards
to form a new column.
Shuttering - after the reinforcement is laid, the column shuttering is fixed (formwork, for the
column. 2.4m high )
concreting - the concrete is poured into the shuttering and once its set, the shuttering is
removed and the column is cured, the shuttering is then moved upwards and the rest of the
column is built. The shuttered column is supported by inclined shores. (poles, inclined props)
Head clamps are the steel rods that project out of the column through the shuttering (so
that the formwork can be bolted firmly) These give the column extra stability.
The verticality of the column can be checked by dangling a plumb bob and checking the
horizontal distance between it and the column. Should be the same everywhere.
5. 3. Beams and Slabs:
There are two types of slabs used – one way slab (L/B ratio is >2 ) and two way slab (L/B
ratio is <2 ). Two way slabs have cranks.
shorter span has the main rod, longer span has the distributors.
The general procedure is – (i) runner and beam placement (ii) slab shuttering (iii) slab rebar
work (iv) slab concreting.
For walls and columns, it’s called shuttering; for beams and slabs, it’s called centering. Tin
sheets are used and they provide the shape and structure. They are supported using props.
Loggers are wooden pieces which are used below to support the slab and the props are
vertical members that are bolted to the bottom surface to support these loggers
Beams and columns are used to give structural integrity to the building. The slabs are places
between them.
There are many types of beams, but two important types are - concealed beams and
inverted beams:
(i) Inverted beam - they come below the slab level and are clearly visible.
(ii) Concealed beam - they are hidden within the slab, not visible externally.
4. Learnt to calculate the weight of reinforcement in the raft
Day 7: 12/06/2014
1. Observed the construction of the lift well and the stair well.
2. Read the safety procedures to be followed in site. Read the Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment booklet (HIRA)
PPE - Personal Protection Equipment are (i) helmet (ii) safety shoes (iii) safety belt (iv) jacket
(v) visor blade mask (to prevent dust/cement/wooden particles from landing on your face)
(vi) safety gloves
3. Calculated weight of reinforcements in slabs.
4. RMC is brought in a truck mixer. And transferred into the concrete pump, which pumps the
concrete to the required area through long pipes.
Day 8: 13/06/2014
1. Rebar work for the new staircase (from 1st
basement to 2nd
basement) was started
2. One set of lift well walls were completed (concreted) and the shuttering was removed and
the curing process started
3. Two columns were demolished because of honeycombing observed after removing the
shuttering
(assignment on honeycombing will be attached.)
4. Walls: they are what finish the building and provide a distinctive shape. In the basement,
there is a retaining wall that’s built for the purpose of providing extra support and resistance
6. to the soil mass around it (11.05m below ground level). There are many types of walls used –
(i) partition walls (ii) load bearing walls (iii) blank walls (iv) cavity walls (v) shear walls
Day 9: 14/06/2014
1. Concrete casting for one part of the eastern wall.
2. Removal of shuttering of the completed part of the wall
3. Staircase – barbending work was done.
Day 10: 16/06/2014
1. A batch of concrete was discarded because of wrong mix proportions and low workability.
2. Fresh batch was produced. And used for casting of retaining wall on the west side
3. Shuttering was removed (retaining wall)
4. Bar bending work was continued for the stair wells
Day 11: 17/06/2014
1. Minor honeycombing in the columns were corrected by patching with mortar and then
cured.
2. Concrete casting of the walls were carried out
3. Casings and shutters are transferred with the help of a mobile crane
Day 12: 18/06/2014
1. De shuttering of wall and curing of the same.
2. Planning of slabs for the swimming pool area (sunken)
3. Bar bending work carried out for the swimming pool slabs
Day 13: 19/06/2014
1. Fresh concreting of columns (the ones that were destroyed when honeycombing was
observed)
2. Curing of the retaining walls (for 10 days atleast)
3. Finished the project report.
4. Returned the safety shoes and the helmet.
7. Apartment Details:
Residential complex. 3 basements + 13 floors (construction of the first basement was going on
during the time of training, 5th
to 19th
June)
Type of foundation : Raft
Excavation depth : 11.05m
Columns : 102 (22 in retaining walls)
Mix design : M40 for columns
M30 for other structural elements
Beams : depth 380-600mm; width 230-300mm
2 leg stirrup. 12,16,20mm dia rods
Columns : 1070x300 mm
6 leg stirrups. 16,20,25mm dia rods
Ramp : for 2 and 4 wheelers. Width – 4.385m
Lifts : 4 lifts
(1.87 m x 1.87 m) – 2
(1.905 m x 2.515 m) – 2
Stairwell : 4.140 m x 2.745 m
Swimming pool : 5.61 m x 10.53 m
Types of labour : Skilled (Carpenters, Barbenders, masons)
Unskilled (coolies; helpers to carpenters and barbenders)
8. ASSIGNMENT: HONEYCOMBING
Honeycombs:
Are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on surface or inside the concrete mass where concrete
could not reach. These look like honey bees nest.
Honeycombs which are on sides are visible to naked eyes and can be detected easily as soon shuttering is
removed. Honey combs which are inside mass of concrete can only be detected by advanced techniques like
ultrasonic testing etc.
Honeycomb is due to non-reaching of concrete to all places due to which cavities and hollow pockets are
created. Some reasons are:
1) Improper vibration during concrete.
2) Less cover to reinforcement bars
3) Use of very stiff concrete (this can be avoided by controlling water as per slump test).
4) Places like junction of beam to beam to column and to one or more beams are the typical spots where honey
combs are observed. This is due to jumbling of reinforcement of beams and column rods at one place; special
attention is required at such place during concreting and vibrating.
5) Presence of more percentage of bigger size of aggregate in concrete also prevents concrete to fill narrow
spaces between the reinforcement rods.
Treatment:
Strictly speaking wherever honeycombs are observer concrete should be broken and the portion should be re
concreted after applying grouting chemical to the old surface. Honeycombs as a defect not only reduces the load
bearing capacity but water finds an easy way to reinforcement rods and rusting and corrosion starts. Corrosion is
a process which continues through reinforcement rods even in good concrete, this result in loosing grip between
rods and concrete, which is very dangerous to safety and life of concrete structures. R.C.C. structures have failed
with in 20 or 30 years of their construction which is less than half their projected life. Especially no risk should be
taken in case of columns, Machine foundations, Rafts, Beams etc., where breaking and recasting is the only best
way. In case of honey combs on surface pressure grouting with cement based chemicals which are non-
shrinkable can be adopted after taking opinion of the designer and acting as per his advice.
Sometimes, contractors and their supervisors are in the habit of hiding honey combs by applying super facially
cement plaster on the honey combs, hence site engineer must be very cautious.
At places of junction of columns and beams concrete with strictly 20mm and lesser, aggregates should be used
with slightly more water and cement to avoid honeycombs. Tapping the shuttering framework from outs side with
a wooden hammer during concreting and vibrating will help in minimizing honeycombs to a great extent. Use of
thinner needle say 25mm or less with vibrator at intricate places of concreting will also help in reducing honey
combs.